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Abstract
Burns are a severe form of trauma that account for 1.1 million cases necessitating medical attention and 4500 mortalities annually in the United States alone. Importantly, the initial trauma is succeeded by extensive, prolonged physiological alterations that detrimentally impact multiple organ systems. Given the complexity of post-burn pathophysiology, in vitro experiments are insufficient to model thermal injuries. Therefore, compatible animal burn models are essential for studying burn-related phenomena. In this chapter, we discuss commonly employed small animal burn models and their comparability and applicability to human studies. In particular, we compare post-burn wound healing between the species as well as relevant hypermetabolic and inflammatory characteristics, providing a better understanding of the pros and cons of utilizing a small animal surrogate for human burns. We further provide an overview of the rodent scald burn model methodology as well as a comparison between elderly, aged and young animals, providing a guide for tailoring animal model choice based on the relevant research question.
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A simplified method for bronchoalveolar lavage in mice by orotracheal intubation avoiding tracheotomy. Biotechniques 2021; 71:534-537. [PMID: 34517774 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2021-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) represents an important method to sample immune cells and soluble substances from the lungs of humans and animals suffering from respiratory disease. The mouse is the most commonly used model organism to study lung disease. Performing BAL in mice is difficult due to their small size and the currently used method requires tracheotomy, a complex and time-consuming procedure. Here, we describe a simple alternative procedure that avoids this step. To perform the BAL, a rigid, olive tip cannula is inserted from the mouth into the trachea under visual inspection. This novel method requires minimal training, is simple, fast, inexpensive and should be useful for researchers studying mouse models of human lung disease.
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Rice NC, Frechette BP, Myers TM. Implementation of Manual and Automated Water Regulation for Rats ( Rattus norvegicus) and Ferrets ( Mustela putorius). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 60:519-528. [PMID: 34452658 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Water regulation is a procedure that allows animals to consume water volumes equivalent to ad libitum access, but access is limited to specific time intervals (that is, water is not available outside of the designated access periods). Despite the relatively common use of water regulation in research, the implementation method is rarely detailed, stating only that water was available in the animal's home cage at specific times. For planned toxicologic assessments, we placed rats (n = 510) and ferrets (n = 16) on water regulation using both automated and manual methods. In testing our systems, we defined "successful implementation" as maintenance of appropriate weight gain and health status. An automated system that controlled water access to an entire rat rack was successful for most rats, but several rats failed to consume enough water even after 2 wk of experience. Manual methods of water regulation were successful in rats by either moving the cage to prevent access to the drinking valve or by placing/removing water bottles. An automated system that controlled water access from water bottles was implemented for ferrets and was maintained for up to 30 wk. Retrospective comparison of body weights to standard growth curves for both species showed that all animals grew normally despite water regulation. Differences in the systems and some species considerations provide insights into the key elements necessary for successful water regulation in rats and ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Rice
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Gunpowder, Maryland
| | | | - Todd M Myers
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Gunpowder, Maryland;,
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4
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Zhao S, Yuan L, Li Y, Liu L, Luo Z, Lv Q, Rong R, Yang Y. Secretory IgA in Mucosa of Pharynx and Larynx Plays an Important Role against Influenza A Virus Infection in Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:9316763. [PMID: 32308721 PMCID: PMC7146091 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9316763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Influenza virus poses a major threat to human health and has serious morbidity and mortality which commonly occurs in high-risk populations. Pharynx and larynx of the upper respiratory tract mucosa is the first defense line against influenza virus infection. However, the ability of the pharynx and larynx organ to eliminate the influenza pathogen is still not clear under different host conditions. METHODS In this study, a mouse model of kidney yang deficiency syndrome (KYDS) was used to mimic high-risk peoples. Two different methods of influenza A (H1N1) virus infection by nasal dropping or tracheal intubation were applied to these mice, which were divided into four groups: normal intubation (NI) group, normal nasal dropping (ND) group, model intubation (MI) group, and model nasal dropping (MD) group. The normal control (NC) group was used as a negative control. Body weight, rectal temperature, and survival rate were observed every day. Histopathologic changes, visceral index, gene expressions of H1N1, cytokine expressions, secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies of tracheal lavage fluids in the upper respiratory tract, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS The MD group had an earlier serious morbidity and mortality than the others. MI and NI groups became severe only in the 6th to 7th day after infection. The index of the lung increased significantly in NI, MI, and MD groups. Conversely, indices of the thymus and spleen increased significantly in NC and ND groups. H&E staining showed severe tissue lesions in MD, MI, and NI groups. H1N1 gene expressions were higher in the MD group compared with the MI group on the 3rd day; however, the MD group decreased significantly on the 7th day. IL-6 levels increased remarkably, and SIgA expressions decreased significantly in the MD group compared with the NC group. CONCLUSIONS SIgA secretions are influenced directly by different conditions of the host in the pharynx and larynx in the upper respiratory tract mucosa. In the KYDS virus disease mode, SIgA expressions could be inhibited severely, which leads to serious morbidity and mortality after influenza A virus infection. The SIgA expressions of the pharynx and larynx would be an important target in high-risk populations against the influenza A virus for vaccine or antiviral drugs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhe Zhao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Yi Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Longchan Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Zixin Luo
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Qingtao Lv
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
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5
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Bonnardel E, Prevel R, Campagnac M, Dubreuil M, Marthan R, Berger P, Dupin I. Determination of reliable lung function parameters in intubated mice. Respir Res 2019; 20:211. [PMID: 31521163 PMCID: PMC6744631 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models and, in particular, mice models, are important tools to investigate the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and to test potential new therapeutic drugs. Lung function measurement is a key step in such investigation. In mice, it is usually performed using forced oscillation technique (FOT), negative pressure-driven forced expiratory (NPFE) and pressure-volume (PV) curve maneuvers. However, these techniques require a tracheostomy, which therefore only allows end-point measurements. Orotracheal intubation has been reported to be feasible and to give reproducible lung function measurements, but the agreement between intubation and tracheostomy generated-data remains to be tested. Methods Using the Flexivent system, we measured lung function parameters (in particular, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first 0.1 s (FEV0.1), compliance (Crs) of the respiratory system, compliance (C) measured using PV loop and an estimate of inspiratory capacity (A)) in healthy intubated BALB/cJ mice and C57BL/6 J mice and compared the results with similar measurements performed in the same mice subsequently tracheostomized after intubation, by means of paired comparison method, correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. The feasibility of repetitive lung function measurements by intubation was also tested. Results We identified parameters that are accurately evaluated in intubated animals (i.e., FVC, FEV0.1, Crs, C and A in BALB/cJ and FVC, FEV0.1, and A in C57BL/6 J). Repetitive lung function measurements were obtained in C57BL/6 J mice. Conclusion This subset of lung function parameters in orotracheally intubated mice is reliable, thereby allowing relevant longitudinal studies. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at (10.1186/s12931-019-1177-9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Bonnardel
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Renaud Prevel
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marilyne Campagnac
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marielle Dubreuil
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, CIC 1401, F-33604, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick Berger
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, CIC 1401, F-33604, Pessac, France
| | - Isabelle Dupin
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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6
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Jin H, Nishino T, Aoe T, Isono S. A simple and safe method for tracheal intubation using a supraglottic intubation-aid device in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 263:9-13. [PMID: 30790746 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although mice are a commonly used animal species in experimental medicine, airway management of this species is not easy due to their small size. In order to develop a new method of tracheal intubation in mice, we produced a supraglottic intubation-aid conduit (SIAC) for mice, and tested the efficacy of this device in spontaneously breathing mice anesthetized with sevoflurane inhalation. The success rate of tracheal intubation with the crude prototype of the SIAC was 50% and adverse effects on respiration and some trauma in the upper airway were occasionally observed. After refining the size and shape of the SIAC, the success rate of tracheal intubation with the refined prototype of the SIAC was 100% without any serious adverse effects. This study showed that it is possible to produce a supraglottic airway device to aid tracheal intubation in mice and that the shape and size of the SIAC play a crucial role in successful tracheal intubation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Aoe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain research, Teikyo Medical Center, Teikyo University, Japan
| | - Shiroh Isono
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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Dao DT, Nandivada P, Vuong JT, Anez-Bustillos L, Pan A, Kishikawa H, Mitchell PD, Baker MA, Fell GL, Martin T, Puder M. Vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates compensatory lung growth by increasing the alveolar units. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:1182-1189. [PMID: 29638228 PMCID: PMC6019135 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2018.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundDeficiency of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with hypoplastic lung diseases, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Provision of VEGF has been demonstrated to be beneficial in hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and hence could induce lung growth and improve the outcome in hypoplastic lung diseases. We aimed to determine the effects of exogenous VEGF in a rodent model of compensatory lung growth after left pneumonectomy.MethodsEight-to-ten-week-old C57Bl6 male mice underwent left pneumonectomy, followed by daily intra-peritoneal injections of saline or VEGF (0.5 mg/kg). Lung volume measurement, pulmonary function tests, and morphometric analyses were performed on post-operative day (POD) 4 and 10. The pulmonary expression of angiogenic factors was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot.ResultsLung volume on POD 4 was higher in the VEGF-treated mice (P=0.03). On morphometric analyses, VEGF increased the parenchymal volume (P=0.001), alveolar volume (P=0.0003), and alveolar number (P<0.0001) on POD 4. The VEGF group displayed higher levels of phosphorylated-VEGFR2/VEGFR2 (P=0.03) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) messenger RNA (P=0.01).ConclusionVEGF accelerated the compensatory lung growth in mice, by increasing the alveolar units. These changes may be mediated by VEGFR2 and EGF-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy T. Dao
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Prathima Nandivada
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jacqueline T. Vuong
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amy Pan
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hiroko Kishikawa
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paul D. Mitchell
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Meredith A. Baker
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gillian L. Fell
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Martin
- Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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8
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Guillon A, Sécher T, Dailey LA, Vecellio L, de Monte M, Si-Tahar M, Diot P, Page CP, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Insights on animal models to investigate inhalation therapy: Relevance for biotherapeutics. Int J Pharm 2017; 536:116-126. [PMID: 29180257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic respiratory diseases account for major causes of illness and deaths worldwide. Recent developments of biotherapeutics opened a new era in the treatment and management of patients with respiratory diseases. When considering the delivery of therapeutics, the inhaled route offers great promises with a direct, non-invasive access to the diseased organ and has already proven efficient for several molecules. To assist in the future development of inhaled biotherapeutics, experimental models are crucial to assess lung deposition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety. This review describes the animal models used in pulmonary research for aerosol drug delivery, highlighting their advantages and limitations for inhaled biologics. Overall, non-clinical species must be selected with relevant scientific arguments while taking into account their complexities and interspecies differences, to help in the development of inhaled medicines and ensure their successful transposition in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guillon
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Intensive - Réanimation, F-37000, Tours, France
| | - T Sécher
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - L A Dailey
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck Str. 4, 06122, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - L Vecellio
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France; Aerodrug, Université François Rabelais - Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - M de Monte
- Plateforme Scientifique et Technique (PST) Animaleries, Université F. Rabelais, F-37000, Tours, France
| | - M Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - P Diot
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Pneumologie, F-37000, Tours, France
| | - C P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - N Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France.
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9
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Su CS, Lai HC, Wang CY, Lee WL, Wang KY, Yang YL, Wang LC, Liu CN, Liu TJ. Efficacious and safe orotracheal intubation for laboratory mice using slim torqueable guidewire-based technique: comparisons between a modified and a conventional method. BMC Anesthesiol 2016; 16:5. [PMID: 26776367 PMCID: PMC4716634 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-016-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tracheal intubation of laboratory mice remains essential yet challenging for most researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this procedure can be more efficiently and safely accomplished by a novel method using slim and torqueable guidewires to guide access to the trachea. METHODS This study was carried out in an animal laboratory affiliated to a tertiary medical center. Mice weighing 22 to 28 g were subjected to various open-chest experiments after being anesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine (100 mg/kg) and lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg). The oropharyngeal cavity was opened with angled tissue forceps, and the trachea was transilluminated using an external light. The vocal cords were then crossed using either the Conventional method with a 38-mm-long, end-blunted stiff needle as a guide for insertion of a 22-gauge, 25-mm-long intravenous catheter into the trachea, or the Modified method utilizing using a 0.014-inch-thin torqueable wire as the guide to introduce an identical tube over it into the trachea. The epithelial integrity of the trachea was later examined histologically when the animals were sacrificed either immediately after the surgery or at 28 days post-surgery, depending on the corresponding research protocols. RESULTS Orotracheal intubation was successfully completed in all mice using either the Conventional (N = 42) or the Modified method (N = 50). With the Modified method, intubation took less time (1.73 vs. 2.17 min, Modified vs. Conventional, p < 0.001) and fewer attempts (1.0 vs. 1.33, p < 0.001), and there were fewer procedural difficulties (0% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.009) and complications (0% vs. 11.9%, p = 0.041) compared with the Conventional method. Histological analysis revealed a significantly lower incidence of immediate (0% vs. 39%, p < 0.001) and late (0% vs. 58%, p < 0.001) injuries to the tracheal epithelial lining with the Modified method compared to the Conventional method. CONCLUSIONS Tracheal intubation for laboratory mice can be completed efficiently, safely and atraumatically using the proposed Modified method employing readily available inexpensive instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Shou Su
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chin Lai
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Departments of Medicine and Surgery, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Wang
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lieng Lee
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Departments of Medicine and Surgery, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Yang
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chun Wang
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Liu
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jui Liu
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Departments of Medicine and Surgery, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, China Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan.
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10
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Limjunyawong N, Mock J, Mitzner W. Instillation and Fixation Methods Useful in Mouse Lung Cancer Research. J Vis Exp 2015:e52964. [PMID: 26381993 DOI: 10.3791/52964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to instill live agents, cells, or chemicals directly into the lung without injuring or killing the mice is an important tool in lung cancer research. Although there are a number of methods that have been published showing how to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements, none are without potential problems for rapid tracheal instillation in large cohorts of mice. In the present paper, a simple and quick method is described that enables an investigator to carry out such instillations in an efficient manner. The method does not require any special tools or lighting and can be learned with very little practice. It involves anesthetizing a mouse, making a small incision in the neck to visualize the trachea, and then inserting an intravenous catheter directly. The small incision is quickly closed with tissue adhesive, and the mice are allowed to recover. A skilled student or technician can do instillations at an average rate of 2 min/mouse. Once the cancer is established, there is frequently a need for quantitative histologic analysis of the lungs. Traditionally pathologists usually do not bother to standardize lung inflation during fixation, and analyses are often based on a scoring system that can be quite subjective. While this may sometime be sufficiently adequate for gross estimates of the size of a lung tumor, any proper stereological quantification of lung structure or cells requires a reproducible fixation procedure and subsequent lung volume measurement. Here we describe simple reliable procedures for both fixing the lungs under pressure and then accurately measuring the fixed lung volume. The only requirement is a laboratory balance that is accurate over a range of 1 mg-300 g. The procedures presented here thus could greatly improve the ability to create, treat, and analyze lung cancers in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathachit Limjunyawong
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Jason Mock
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University;
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11
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Konno K, Shiotani Y, Itano N, Ogawa T, Hatakeyama M, Shioya K, Kasai N. Visible, safe and certain endotracheal intubation using endoscope system and inhalation anesthesia for rats. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1375-81. [PMID: 25030602 PMCID: PMC4221171 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia strongly influences
laboratory animals, and it can also greatly affect the experimental data. Rats rank only
second to mice in the number used in research fields, such as organ transplantation,
regenerative medicine and imaging. Therefore, appropriate and effective anesthesia,
including the protocol of the endotracheal intubation and inhalation anesthesia, is
crucial. Hence, we evaluated these methods in this study. Twelve Wistar rats were
intraperitoneally injected with M/M/B: 0.3/4/5, comprising of medetomidine, midazolam and
butorphanol at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg + 4.0 mg/kg + 5.0 mg/kg body weight/rat, respectively.
An endotracheal tube was then intubated into the trachea. After intubation, the rats were
connected to the inhalation anesthesia circuit using isoflurane, and vital signs were
measured until 30 min after connection. All intubations were successfully finished within
1 min, and the values of the vital signs were normal and stable. In addition,
histopathological observation of the trachea and lungs showed no trauma. These results
suggest that this visible endotracheal intubation method is simple, reliable, safe and
favorable with regard to the rats’ welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Konno
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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12
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Thomas JL, Dumouchel J, Li J, Magat J, Balitzer D, Bigby TD. Endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24747695 DOI: 10.3791/50269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Thomas
- Medical and Research Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Jenna Magat
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Dana Balitzer
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Timothy D Bigby
- Medical and Research Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego;
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Konno K, Itano N, Ogawa T, Hatakeyama M, Shioya K, Kasai N. New visible endotracheal intubation method using the endoscope system for mice inhalational anesthesia. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:863-8. [PMID: 24584082 PMCID: PMC4108770 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate and effective anesthesia is critical, because it has a strong
influence on laboratory animals, and its affect greatly impacts the experimental data.
Inhalational anesthesia by endotracheal intubation is currently prevailing in general
anesthesia and is prefered over injection anesthesia, especially for large laboratory
animals, because it is a safe and easy control agent. However, it is not common for small
laboratory animals, because of the high degree of technical skills required. We assessed
the capability of use for mice of the endotracheal intubation by using the endoscope
system “TESALA AE-C1” and inhalational anesthesia using a ventilator. Endotracheal
intubation was successfully performed on all 10 C57BL/6 mice injected with M/M/B: 0.3/4/5
comprised of medetomidine, midazoram and butorphanol, at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg + 4.0 mg/kg +
5.0 mg/kg body weight/mouse, respectively. After the intubated mice were connected with
the inhalational anesthesia circuit and the ventilator, vital signs were measured until 15
min after the connection. The data with M/M/B: 0.3/4/5 showed stable and normal values,
which indicated that this new endotracheal intubation method was simple, reliable and
safe, which mean that this anesthesia is favorable in regard to the animal’s welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Konno
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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Non-invasive airway health assessment: synchrotron imaging reveals effects of rehydrating treatments on mucociliary transit in-vivo. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3689. [PMID: 24418935 PMCID: PMC3891397 DOI: 10.1038/srep03689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the efficacy of potential cystic fibrosis (CF) therapies we have developed a novel mucociliary transit (MCT) measurement that uses synchrotron phase contrast X-ray imaging (PCXI) to non-invasively measure the transit rate of individual micron-sized particles deposited into the airways of live mice. The aim of this study was to image changes in MCT produced by a rehydrating treatment based on hypertonic saline (HS), a current CF clinical treatment. Live mice received HS containing a long acting epithelial sodium channel blocker (P308); isotonic saline; or no treatment, using a nebuliser integrated within a small-animal ventilator circuit. Marker particle motion was tracked for 20 minutes using PCXI. There were statistically significant increases in MCT in the isotonic and HS-P308 groups. The ability to quantify in vivo changes in MCT may have utility in pre-clinical research studies designed to bring new genetic and pharmaceutical treatments for respiratory diseases into clinical trials.
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15
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van den Brink I, van de Pol F, Vaneker M, Kox M, Schellekens WJ, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Scheffer GJ. Mechanical ventilation of mice under general anesthesia during experimental procedures. Lab Anim (NY) 2013; 42:253-7. [PMID: 23783316 DOI: 10.1038/laban.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation is frequently used in patients under general anesthesia during invasive procedures. Invasive animal experiments similarly require the maintenance of normal hemodynamic and pulmonary parameters during long-term general anesthesia. The authors describe a method for mechanical ventilation of mice. Mice were ventilated and monitored for up to 8 h of general anesthesia during surgery. Hemodynamic and pulmonary parameters remained within the normal ranges. The authors believe that this ventilation technique can be of great value for experimental procedures in mice that require general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona van den Brink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Das S, MacDonald K, Chang HYS, Mitzner W. A simple method of mouse lung intubation. J Vis Exp 2013:e50318. [PMID: 23542122 DOI: 10.3791/50318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Das
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Program in Respiratory Biology and Lung Disease, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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17
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Yeap XY, Dehn S, Adelman J, Lipsitz J, Thorp EB. Quantitation of acute necrosis after experimental myocardial infarction. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1004:115-33. [PMID: 23733573 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-383-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is death and necrosis of myocardial tissue secondary to ischemia. MI is associated with adverse cardiac remodeling, progressive heart chamber dilation, ventricular wall thinning, and loss of cardiac function. Myocardial necrosis can be experimentally induced in rodents to simulate human MI by surgical occlusion of coronary arteries. When induced in knockout or transgenic mice, this model is useful for the identification of molecular modulators of cell death, cardiac remodeling, and preclinical therapeutic potential. Herein we outline in tandem, methods for microsurgical ligation of the left anterior descending artery followed by quantitation of myocardial necrosis. Necrosis is quantified after staining the heart with triphenyltetrazolium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Yeap
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Roy RM, Wüthrich M, Klein BS. Chitin elicits CCL2 from airway epithelial cells and induces CCR2-dependent innate allergic inflammation in the lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2545-52. [PMID: 22851704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitin exposure in the lung induces eosinophilia and alternative activation of macrophages and is correlated with allergic airway disease. However, the mechanism underlying chitin-induced polarization of macrophages is poorly understood. In this paper, we show that chitin induces alternative activation of macrophages in vivo but does not do so directly in vitro. We further show that airway epithelial cells bind chitin in vitro and produce CCL2 in response to chitin both in vitro and in vivo. Supernatants of chitin-exposed epithelial cells promoted alternative activation of macrophages in vitro, whereas Ab neutralization of CCL2 in the supernate abolished the alternative activation of macrophages. CCL2 acted redundantly in vivo, but mice lacking the CCL2 receptor, CCR2, showed impaired alternative activation of macrophages in response to chitin, as measured by arginase I, CCL17, and CCL22 expression. Furthermore, CCR2 knockout mice exposed to chitin had diminished reactive oxygen species products in the lung, blunted eosinophil and monocyte recruitment, and impaired eosinophil functions as measured by expression of CCL5, IL-13, and CCL11. Thus, airway epithelial cells secrete CCL2 in response to chitin and CCR2 signaling mediates chitin-induced alternative activation of macrophages and allergic inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- René M Roy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Moehrlen U, Lechner A, Bäumel M, Dostert K, Röhrl J, Meuli M, Männel DN, Hamacher J. Immune cell populations and cytokine production in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes after laparoscopic surgery versus conventional laparotomy in mice. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28:507-13. [PMID: 22426493 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence that open as well as minimally invasive abdominal surgery impair post-operative innate and acquired immune function. To compare the impact of these approaches as well as the one of different peritoneal gas exposures on immune function, we investigated cellular as well as cytokine-based immune parameters in mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen postoperatively. METHODS Mice (n = 26) were randomly assigned to the 4 study groups: (1) sham controls undergoing anesthesia alone, (2) laparotomy, and (3) air, or (4) carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Mice were sacrificed 48 h after the intervention, and their spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested. Cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ), splenic T cell subpopulations (cytotoxic T cells, T helper cells, and regulatory T cells) were analyzed. RESULTS TNF-α production of splenocytes 16 h after ex vivo lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation was significantly increased in the laparotomy group compared to all other groups. In contrast, TNF-α production of lymph node cells and IL-6 production of splenocytes after ex vivo LPS stimulation did not differ significantly between the groups. The numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the spleen differed between groups. A significant reduction in Treg cell frequency was detected in the CO(2) insufflation group compared to the laparotomy and the air insufflation group. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a distinct difference in immune effector functions and cellular composition of the spleen with regard to splenic TNF-α production and increased numbers of Treg cells in the spleen. These findings are in line with a higher peritoneal inflammatory status consequent to peritoneal air rather than CO(2) exposure. Treg turned out to be key modulators of postoperative dysfunction of acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Moehrlen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstr. 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Miller MA, Stabenow JM, Parvathareddy J, Wodowski AJ, Fabrizio TP, Bina XR, Zalduondo L, Bina JE. Visualization of murine intranasal dosing efficiency using luminescent Francisella tularensis: effect of instillation volume and form of anesthesia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31359. [PMID: 22384012 PMCID: PMC3286442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal instillation is a widely used procedure for pneumonic delivery of drugs, vaccine candidates, or infectious agents into the respiratory tract of research mice. However, there is a paucity of published literature describing the efficiency of this delivery technique. In this report we have used the murine model of tularemia, with Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (FTLVS) infection, to evaluate the efficiency of pneumonic delivery via intranasal dosing performed either with differing instillation volumes or different types of anesthesia. FTLVS was rendered luminescent via transformation with a reporter plasmid that constitutively expressed the Photorhabdus luminescens lux operon from a Francisella promoter. We then used an IVIS Spectrum whole animal imaging system to visualize FT dissemination at various time points following intranasal instillation. We found that instillation of FT in a dose volume of 10 µl routinely resulted in infection of the upper airways but failed to initiate infection of the pulmonary compartment. Efficient delivery of FT into the lungs via intranasal instillation required a dose volume of 50 µl or more. These studies also demonstrated that intranasal instillation was significantly more efficient for pneumonic delivery of FTLVS in mice that had been anesthetized with inhaled (isoflurane) vs. parenteral (ketamine/xylazine) anesthesia. The collective results underscore the need for researchers to consider both the dose volume and the anesthesia type when either performing pneumonic delivery via intranasal instillation, or when comparing studies that employed this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Miller
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.
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High-speed single-breath-hold micro-computed tomography of thoracic and abdominal structures in mice using a simplified method for intubation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2010; 34:783-90. [PMID: 20861787 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e3181e1050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory gating with and without controlled ventilation has been applied for in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of thoracic and abdominal structures in mice. We describe a simplified method for intubation and demonstrate its applicability for single-breath-hold micro-CT in mice. METHODS Mice (n = 10) were anesthetized, intubated, ventilated, and relaxed by intraperitoneal administration of rocuronium. Contrast-enhanced micro-CT of the complete thorax including the upper abdominal organs (80 kV; 37.5 μA; 190-degree rotation; 600 projections/20 seconds or 1200 projections/40 seconds; 39 × 39 × 50-μm voxel size) was performed with and without single-breath-hold technique. RESULTS The simplified method of intubation was fast (<1 minute) and required no special hardware in all mice. Relaxation of mice allowed prolonged single-breath-hold imaging of up to 40 seconds. Diameter of smallest identifiable lung vessels was 100 μm. CONCLUSIONS The presented simplified method for intubation in mice is fast, safe, and effective. Additional relaxation allowed high-resolution single-breath-hold micro-CT in mice.
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Singer T, Brand V, Moehrlen U, Fehrenbach H, Purkabiri K, Ott SR, Stammberger U, Ochs M, Hamacher J. Left-sided mouse intubation: description and evaluation. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:25-30. [PMID: 20128679 DOI: 10.3109/01902140903042597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A method of left main bronchus intubation was developed based on a wire guide-based microscopic endotrachael mouse intubation technique. The authors used a 22 G x 1 inch catheter elongated by a 38-mm silicone tube, and a wire guide with a tag to assign the length of the wire completely covered by the silicon tube. The isoflurane-anesthetized mouse was hung perpendicularly with its incisors on a thread and transorally intubated under strict vision with the wire guide tip advanced 3 mm out of the catheter. Then the catheter was advanced about 6 to 8 mm into the trachea. Afterwards the wire guide was redrawn to the level of the catheter tip (blue tag on the wire guide appeared at the upper end of catheter) to prevent injury. Then the neck was pushed into a right lateral flexion with one finger against a foam block fixed on the vertical plate, causing a straight distance between mouth and left main bronchus. This positioning allows to gently advance the catheter into the left main bronchus by another about 20 mm, using the wire guide with its tip just within the tube, to achieve there a wedge position with gentle pressure.The technique had a success rate of more than 80% in 81 mice weighing 23 to 48 g. It may be of interest for unilateral lung intervention, e.g., with injurious substances or with drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Singer
- Internal Medicine V/Pulmonary Division, and Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Homburg/Saar, University of Saarland, Germany
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Kimura H, Hayashi K, Yamauchi K, Yamamoto N, Tsuchiya H, Tomita K, Kishimoto H, Bouvet M, Hoffman RM. Real-time imaging of single cancer-cell dynamics of lung metastasis. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:58-64. [PMID: 19911396 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new in vivo mouse model to image single cancer-cell dynamics of metastasis to the lung in real-time. Regulating airflow volume with a novel endotracheal intubation method enabled controlling lung expansion adequate for imaging of the exposed lung surface. Cancer cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the nucleus and red fluorescent protein (RFP) in the cytoplasm were injected in the tail vein of the mouse. The right chest wall was then opened in order to image metastases on the lung surface directly. After each observation, the chest wall was sutured and the air was suctioned in order to re-inflate the lung, in order to keep the mice alive. Observations have been carried out for up to 8 h per session and repeated up to six times per mouse thus far. The seeding and arresting of single cancer cells on the lung, accumulation of cancer-cell emboli, cancer-cell viability, and metastatic colony formation were imaged in real-time. This new technology makes it possible to observe real-time monitoring of cancer-cell dynamics of metastasis in the lung and to identify potential metastatic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kimura
- AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, California 92111, USA
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Morello M, Krone CL, Dickerson S, Howerth E, Germishuizen WA, Wong YL, Edwards D, Bloom BR, Hondalus MK. Dry-powder pulmonary insufflation in the mouse for application to vaccine or drug studies. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:371-7. [PMID: 19632897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of substances in small animal models is often useful for experimental testing of various vaccine and drug candidates. One of the most challenging elements to such protocols is the efficient disposition of test materials in the lungs of mice. Herein we detail a means to deliver dry powders of an inhalant live-attenuated Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the lungs of mice. The direct delivery methodology is quick, safe, and allows for repeated pulmonary insufflation of substances if boosting is desired. This model system could be easily adapted for use with other dry-powder vaccine and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Morello
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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25
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MacDonald KD, Chang HYS, Mitzner W. An improved simple method of mouse lung intubation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:984-7. [PMID: 19150857 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91376.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the ubiquitous use of mice to study lung disease, it is curious that more investigators do not use repeated intubation to study mechanical and cellular changes in individual mice. One of the reasons for this limited use of intubation is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper, we describe a complete procedure, including novel approaches that simplify this intubation, so that it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. The technique can also be set up with relatively little expense and expertise. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice and potentially increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin D MacDonald
- Dept of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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