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Saeed MK, Alshamrani HA, Sulieman A, Abdullah YM, Yousef M, Ali ASAM, Alshamrani KA. AUTOMATED ESTIMATION OF PATIENT'S SIZE USING AUTOWED TOOL AND INDOSECT PROGRAM: A DOSIMETRIC STUDY FOR PAEDIATRIC HEAD CT EXAMINATIONS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:1238-1243. [PMID: 35870200 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Size-specific dose estimate (SSDE), which can be calculated by measuring the effective diameter (De) or water equivalent diameter (Dw) of the patient, is one of the recent approaches for verifying the individual doses during computer tomography (CT) examinations. This work aimed to compare the Dw estimated by the AutoWED tool and IndoseCT software and to investigate CT axial (ARH) and paediatric head (PH) protocols used in southern Saudi Arabia to calculate the dose received by paediatric patients using metrics of volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and SSDE. The distribution between the ARH and PH protocols was 57.8 and 42.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in Dw values between the AutoWED tool and the IndoseCT program (0.13%). Including CT table or other objects during estimation of Dw can lead to variation up to 11.4%. The impact of selecting IndoseCT options to identify the border of the patient may be part of the explanation for these variations. A strong linear relationship was obtained between De and Dw in paediatric head size (R2 = 0.96). Using IndoseCT, for 0-1.5, 1.5-5 and 5.0-18 age groups (years), the Dw was found to be 13.2, 15.3 and 16.8 cm, respectively. The SSDE for the PH protocol was substantially lower than that of the ARH protocol. As a result, education of the individuals engaging in paediatric CT examinations is necessary for dose optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Saeed
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alshamrani
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Ali S A M Ali
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Khalaf A Alshamrani
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
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Hilmawati R, Sutanto H, Anam C, Arifin Z, Asiah RH, Soedarsono JW. Development of a head CT dose index (CTDI) phantom based on polyester resin and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP): a preliminary study. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2020; 40:544-553. [PMID: 32197265 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab81a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to develop phantoms for measurement of computed tomography dose index (CTDI) based on a polyester resin mixed with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as catalyst. CT number and CTDI values of the polyester resin phantoms were compared with a standard polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom as reference. The percentage of MEKP was varied from 0.3 to 0.6 wt%. The polyester resin phantoms had diameter of 160 mm, length of 150 mm and five cylindrical holes with diameter of 13.5 mm. One hole was positioned at the centre of the phantom and the other four near its periphery, 10 mm from the edge. The results show that the CT number of the polyester resin phantom was about 1%-9% higher than that of the standard PMMA phantom. Among the polyester resin phantoms, the one with 0.3 wt% MEKP is closest to the standard PMMA phantom in terms of CT number. In addition, the difference in weighted CTDI value between the 0.3 wt% polyester resin phantom and the PMMA is less than 5%. Thus, the 0.3 wt% polyester resin is potentially used as an alternative to the standard PMMA, with the advantage of a lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumaisya Hilmawati
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
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Howard A, West R, Iball G, Panteli M, Pandit H, Giannoudis PV. An Estimation of Lifetime Fatal Carcinogenesis Risk Attributable to Radiation Exposure in the First Year Following Polytrauma: A Major Trauma Center's Experience Over 10 Years. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2019; 101:1375-1380. [PMID: 31393428 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.18.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of medical imaging continues to rise, including routine use in major trauma centers. The aims of this study were to estimate the amount of radiation exposure from radiographic imaging and the associated fatal carcinogenesis risk among patients treated for polytrauma at 1 institution. METHODS Included were patients who were admitted to our institution with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of ≥16 during the period of January 2007 to December 2016. Records of patients were reviewed to assess exposures to radiation (excluding fluoroscopy) in the 12 months following injury. The risk of developing a fatal cancer of any type was modeled using patient age and sex, on the basis of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations. Estimates of cancer risk were based on the exposure received and then imported into previously developed models. RESULTS Overall, 2,394 patients, with a mean ISS of 28.66 (range, 17 to 66), were included in our analysis. The mean total radiation dose received was 30.45 mSv and the median dose was 18.46 mSv. One hundred and fifteen patients (4.8% of the cohort) received ≥100 mSv of radiation. The total patient group had a 3.56% mean risk of fatal carcinogenesis of any type that related solely to medical exposure of radiation as a result of their injuries. In their lifetime, 85 patients would be expected to develop cancer as a result of medical imaging that they had undergone in the year following their accident. The ISS and the body region of injury contributing to the ISS were predictive of the level of radiation exposure. CONCLUSIONS Those involved in trauma care can use the ISS and body region to predict radiation exposure and the risk of fatal carcinogenesis of any type. We found that, for injuries to the limb and pelvis, the greater the severity of injury, the greater the radiation exposure and fatal carcinogenesis risk. However, this study does not provide an actuarial analysis. It is unknown how many patients in the study went on to develop cancer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Howard
- Leeds Orthopaedic Trauma Sciences, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert West
- School of Medicine, Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Iball
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michalis Panteli
- Leeds Orthopaedic Trauma Sciences, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hemant Pandit
- Leeds Orthopaedic Trauma Sciences, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Leeds Orthopaedic Trauma Sciences, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Gharbi S, Labidi S, Mars M, Chelli M, Meftah S, Ladeb MF. Assessment of organ dose and image quality in head and chest CT examinations: a phantom study. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2018; 38:807-818. [PMID: 29869615 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aac336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess dose for radiosensitive organs and image quality in head and chest computed tomography (CT) examinations. Our focus was in the brain, eye lens and lung organs using two protocols; one protocol with fixed mAs and filtered back projection (FBP) and another with tube current modulation (TCM) and sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE). Measurements were performed on a 128-slice CT scanner by placing thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in an anthropomorphic adult phantom. Results were compared to a CT-Expo software. Objective image quality was assessed in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). SPSS software was used for data analyses. Results showed that, using TCM, doses were reduced by 22.84%-25.06% for brain, by 21.82%-23.48% for eye lens and by 54%-53.22% for lung with TLD and CT-Expo respectively. The increased SNR and CNR values achieved for scans performed with TCM combined with iterative reconstruction techniques were 38.68%-58.81% and 38.91%-43.60% respectively. We conclude that, using TCM, a significant mean organ dose reduction is achieved for brain, eye lens and lung organs. Then, combined with iterative reconstruction, image quality was well maintained in terms of SNR and CNR. Thus it is highly recommended in clinical practice optimization in head and chest CT examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gharbi
- Université Tunis EL Manar, Institut Supérieur des Technologies Médicales de Tunis, Laboratoire de recherche de Biophysique et de Technologies Médicales, 9, Avenue du Docteur Z. Essafi, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
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The impact of patient table on size-specific dose estimate (SSDE). AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2016; 40:153-158. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-016-0497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Anam C, Haryanto F, Widita R, Arif I, Dougherty G. Automated Calculation of Water-equivalent Diameter (DW) Based on AAPM Task Group 220. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2016; 17:320-333. [PMID: 27455491 PMCID: PMC5690059 DOI: 10.1120/jacmp.v17i4.6171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to accurately and effectively automate the calculation of the water‐equivalent diameter (DW) from 3D CT images for estimating the size‐specific dose. DW is the metric that characterizes the patient size and attenuation. In this study, DW was calculated for standard CTDI phantoms and patient images. Two types of phantom were used, one representing the head with a diameter of 16 cm and the other representing the body with a diameter of 32 cm. Images of 63 patients were also taken, 32 who had undergone a CT head examination and 31 who had undergone a CT thorax examination. There are three main parts to our algorithm for automated DW calculation. The first part is to read 3D images and convert the CT data into Hounsfield units (HU). The second part is to find the contour of the phantoms or patients automatically. And the third part is to automate the calculation of DW based on the automated contouring for every slice (DW,all). The results of this study show that the automated calculation of DW and the manual calculation are in good agreement for phantoms and patients. The differences between the automated calculation of DW and the manual calculation are less than 0.5%. The results of this study also show that the estimating of DW,all using DW,n=1 (central slice along longitudinal axis) produces percentage differences of −0.92%±3.37% and 6.75%±1.92%, and estimating DW,all using DW,n=9 produces percentage differences of 0.23%±0.16% and 0.87%±0.36%, for thorax and head examinations, respectively. From this study, the percentage differences between normalized size‐specific dose estimate for every slice (nSSDEall) and nSSDEn=1 are 0.74%±2.82% and −4.35%±1.18% for thorax and head examinations, respectively; between nSSDEall and nSSDEn=9 are 0.00%±0.46% and −0.60%±0.24% for thorax and head examinations, respectively. PACS number(s): 87.57.Q‐, 87.57.uq‐
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Affiliation(s)
- Choirul Anam
- Diponegoro University; Bandung Institute of Technology.
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Anam C, Haryanto F, Widita R, Arif I, Dougherty G. A fully automated calculation of size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) in thoracic and head CT examinations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/694/1/012030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sica G, Guida F, Bocchini G, Iaselli F, Iadevito I, Scaglione M. Imaging of drug smuggling by body packing. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2014; 36:39-47. [PMID: 25639176 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Body packing, pushing, and stuffing are hazardous practices with complex medicolegal and social implications. A radiologist plays both a social and a medicolegal role in their assessment, and it should not be limited only to the identification of the packages but must also provide accurate information about their number and their exact location so as to prevent any package remains in the body packer. Radiologists must also be able to recognize the complications associated with these risky practices. Imaging assessment of body packing is performed essentially through plain abdominal X-ray and computed tomography scans. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, although with some advantages, actually have a limited use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Sica
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Pineta Grande Medical Center, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Franco Guida
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Pineta Grande Medical Center, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bocchini
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Pineta Grande Medical Center, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Iaselli
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Pineta Grande Medical Center, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Isabella Iadevito
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Pineta Grande Medical Center, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Mariano Scaglione
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Pineta Grande Medical Center, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy.
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Pinto A, Reginelli A, Pinto F, Sica G, Scaglione M, Berger FH, Romano L, Brunese L. Radiological and practical aspects of body packing. Br J Radiol 2014; 87:20130500. [PMID: 24472727 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Body packing represents the concealment of illegal substances in a person's body with the aim of smuggling. "Body packers" either swallow drug-filled packets or introduce drug-filled packets into their bodies rectally or vaginally with the purpose of concealing them. The three main smuggled drugs are cocaine, heroin and cannabis products. Body packing represents a serious risk of acute narcotic toxicity from drug exposure, intestinal obstruction owing to pellet impaction and bowel perforation with consequent abdominal sepsis. A suspected body packer is generally admitted to hospital to perform imaging investigations and confirm the presence of drugs in his/her body. Radiological imaging methods are essential to diagnose body packing and to detect potential complications. Increasing sophistication of traffickers and improvements in packaging add to the detection difficulty. Radiologists should be aware of the appearance of drug packets in a range of imaging modalities. This article informs physicians about the challenging aspects of body packing, its background and medicolegal issues, what imaging methods can be used and what criteria are necessary to perform a correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinto
- Department of Radiology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Computed tomography plays a central and increasingly important role in medical imaging. From the very beginning more than 30 years ago, computed tomography technology has continued to develop and provide a wide variety of applications for evaluation of disorders of virtually any organ system in both children and adults. The benefits are particularly evident with the newer, fast, high-resolution multidetector scanners. However, these benefits must be carefully weighed against the potential risks, which include a relatively high radiation dose. Current research efforts are directed at both further improvements in the diagnostic potential with computed tomography, as well as managing radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Frush
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, 1905 McGovern-Davison Children's Health Center, Box 3808, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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O'Leary RA, Houlihane C, McLaughlin P, Maher M, Breen D. Radiation doses in young ICU patients: a cause for concern? Crit Care 2012. [PMCID: PMC3363940 DOI: 10.1186/cc11129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Wallace AB, Goergen SK, Schick D, Soblusky T, Jolley D. Multidetector CT dose: clinical practice improvement strategies from a successful optimization program. J Am Coll Radiol 2011; 7:614-24. [PMID: 20678731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to collect data relating to radiation dose delivered by multidetector CT scanning at 10 hospitals and private practices in Queensland, Australia, and to test methods for dose optimization training, including audit feedback and didactic, face-to-face, small-group teaching of optimization techniques. METHODS Ten hospital-based public and private sector radiology practices, with one CT scanner per site, volunteered for the project. Data were collected for a variety of common adult and pediatric CT scanning protocols, including tube current-time product, pitch, collimation, tube voltage, the use of dose modulation, and scan length. A one-day feedback and optimization training workshop was conducted for participating practices and was attended by the radiologist and medical imaging technologist responsible for the project at each site. Data were deidentified for the workshop presentation. During the feedback workshop, a detailed analysis and discussion of factors contributing to dose for higher dosing practices for each protocol occurred. The postoptimization training data collection phase allowed changes to median and spread of doses to be measured. RESULTS During the baseline survey period, data for 1,208 scans were collected, and data from 1,153 scans were collected for the postoptimization dose survey for the 4 adult protocols (noncontrast brain CT, CT pulmonary angiography , CT lumbar spine, and CT urography). A mean decrease in effective dose was achieved with all scan protocols. Average reductions of 46% for brain CT, 28% for CT pulmonary angiography, 29% for CT lumbar spine, and 24% CT urography were calculated. It proved impossible to collect valid pediatric data from most sites, because of the small numbers of children presenting for multidetector CT, and phantom data were acquired during the preoptimization and postoptimization phase. Substantial phantom dose reductions were demonstrated at all sites. CONCLUSION Audit feedback and small-group teaching about optimization enabled clinically meaningful dose reduction for a variety of common adult scans. However, access to medical radiation physicists, assistance with time-consuming data collection, and technical support from a medical imaging technologist were costly and critical to the success of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Wallace
- Medical Physics Section, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Yallambie, Australia.
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Ruan C, Yukihara EG, Clouse WJ, Gasparian PBR, Ahmad S. Determination of multislice computed tomography dose index (CTDI) using optically stimulated luminescence technology. Med Phys 2010; 37:3560-8. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3455285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Stop Breast Cancer Now! Imagining Imaging Pathways Toward Search, Destroy, Cure, and Watchful Waiting of Premetastasis Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84996-314-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zarb F, Rainford L, Foley S, McEntee MF. Rationale for National and Local Dose Reference Levels and Collective Effective Dose in CT. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2009; 40:109-115. [PMID: 31051842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article is intended as a review of the methods of establishing dose reference levels (DRLs) in relation to computerized tomography (CT) and their role in the standardization and auditing of radiation dose in CT. DISCUSSION CT is considered a high radiation dose examination. The potential for dose reduction resulting from the establishment of DRLs is discussed. The rationale for the use of DRLs in relation to the use of appropriate radiation measurements and CT dose descriptors are discussed. The estimation of the radiation risk to the irradiated individual is given by the effective dose, which takes into consideration the type of radiation and the radiosensitivity of the irradiated tissues. The collective dose is used to describe the radiation exposure of a population from low doses of different sources of radiation. CONCLUSION Dose comparison between individual imaging sites is a vital part of DRL establishment and facilitates standardization of radiation dose levels for patients attending for a CT examination. Measurements of both effective and collective dose are difficult to achieve in practice. CT dose descriptors such as CT dose index and dose length product provide the means of comparing and monitoring the effect of optimized CT scanning protocols on the radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Zarb
- Institute of Health Care, University of Malta, Malta.
| | - Louise Rainford
- School of Medicine & Medical Science, Health Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Foley
- School of Medicine & Medical Science, Health Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark F McEntee
- School of Medicine & Medical Science, Health Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Livingstone RS, Dinakaran PM. Regional survey of CT dose indices in India. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2009; 136:222-227. [PMID: 19687133 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study intends to evaluate the current level of computed tomography (CT) scanner doses installed in a region in India. In-site CT dose measurement was performed for 127 CT scanners in a region in India. CT dose index (CTDI) was measured using a 10 cm3 pencil ion chamber and 32-cm polymethyl methacrylate body phantom. The CT numbers and image noise were measured for the phantom using software available on each CT scanner. Of the 127 CT scanners, 13 were conventional, 53 helical single-section, 44 multidetector row CT (MDCT) and 17 refurbished machines. The mean-weighted CTDI (CTDI(w)) values calculated using standard exposure parameters for conventional, conventional refurbished, single-section helical scanner (SSHS), refurbished SSHS and MDCT scanners were 7.5, 6.53, 6.8, 6.6 and 7.04 mGy. Twenty-seven CT scanners had deranged CT numbers. Periodic quality assurance and regional dose surveys would be beneficial to set up regional reference levels in India.
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Misoperation of CT automatic tube current modulation systems with inappropriate patient centering: phantom studies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192:862-5. [PMID: 19304687 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.08.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inappropriate patient centering on the gantry changes the size of the localizer radiographs used for CT examinations, influencing the operation of CT automatic tube current modulation because tube current is controlled with information from localizer radiographs. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of inappropriate patient centering on the gantry isocenter on automatic tube current modulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS An elliptical phantom was scanned with four automatic tube current modulation techniques after acquisition of localizer radiographs in the horizontal and vertical directions with the phantom center shifted from the gantry isocenter in the vertical direction. After scanning, the magnification rate of the frontal localizer radiographs, tube current-time product, and image noise were examined. RESULTS On phantom studies, the magnification rate of localizer radiographs showed a linear relation to the vertical deviation of the phantom from the gantry isocenter. From 50 mm above to 50 mm below the gantry isocenter, tube current-time products ranged from 75% to 141% compared with those at the gantry isocenter. In addition, increases and decreases in the amount of image noise related to changes in tube current-time product were confirmed. CONCLUSION Inappropriate patient centering causes misoperation of automatic tube current modulation systems, in which tube current is controlled with information from localizer radiographs, and thus causes increases in tube current or image noise.
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Chest CT performed with 3D and z-axis automatic tube current modulation technique: breast and effective doses. Acad Radiol 2009; 16:450-5. [PMID: 19268857 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Chest computed tomographic (CT) scans are the most effective examinations for detecting lung cancer at an early stage. In chest CT examinations, it is important to consider the reduction of radiation dose, particularly to the mammary gland. The objective of this study was to assess breast doses and effective doses on chest CT examinations between three-dimensional and z-axis automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Absorbed dose to the breast, lung, mediastinum, and skin was evaluated with an anthropomorphic phantom and radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters using two different CT scanners. The dosimeters were placed inside and outside the phantom. The phantom was scanned using three-dimensional and z-axis ATCM techniques after scanning localizer radiographs from the horizontal and vertical directions. After scanning, each organ dose was calculated. Moreover, the dose-length product recorded in the dose reports was examined, and each effective dose was calculated. RESULTS Compared with z-axis ATCM, three-dimensional ATCM reduced breast dose by 0.7% to 18.6% and effective dose by 4.9% to 10.2%. In particular, three-dimensional ATCM reduced frontal breast dose. For other organs, three-dimensional ATCM reduced absorbed doses by 3.4% to 13.6% compared to z-axis ATCM. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional ATCM can reduce absorbed doses to the breast and other organs, in addition to reducing effective dose, compared to z-axis ATCM.
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Medeiros FSR, Sapienza MT, Prado ES, Agena F, Shimizu MHM, Lemos FBC, Buchpiguel CA, Ianhez LE, David-Neto E. Validation of plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA in adult renal transplant recipients: comparison with inulin renal clearance. Transpl Int 2008; 22:323-31. [PMID: 19055616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma clearance of (51)Cr-EDTA ((51)Cr-EDTA-Cl) is an alternative method to evaluate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This study aimed to investigate the concordance between (51)Cr-EDTA-Cl and renal inulin clearance (In-Cl) in renal transplant recipients as well to determine the repeatability of (51)Cr-EDTA-Cl in kidney donors. Forty four kidney recipients and 22 kidney donors were enrolled. Simultaneous measurements of (51)Cr-EDTA-Cl and In-Cl were performed. A single dose of 3.7MBq of (51)Cr-EDTA was injected and the plasma disappearance curve was created by taking blood samples at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after injection. Bland and Altman statistical approach was used to quantify the agreement between In-Cl and (51)Cr-EDTA-Cl and to determine the better concordance between all possibilities of measure for the (51)Cr-EDTA-Cl. The mean of In-Cl was 44.5 +/- 17.9 ml/min/1.73 m(2). There was a positive correlation between In-Cl and all possible measurements of (51)Cr-EDTA-Cl. (51)Cr-EDTA-Cl with two samples taken at 4 and 8 h or at 4 and 6 h presenting the narrow limits of agreement and a difference (bias) of 2.8 and 2.7 ml/min, respectively. Two plasma sampling for (51)Cr-EDTA-Cl was a reliable method to measure GFR compared with In-Cl and comprises a suitable method to be used in kidney transplanted patients.
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Azari A, Nikzad S. Computer-assisted implantology: historical background and potential outcomes-a review. Int J Med Robot 2008; 4:95-104. [PMID: 18348182 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate transfer of preoperatively determined implant positions to the patient mouth is very beneficial to the dental practitioner as well as patients. The objective of this paper was to review the gradual development of computer-assisted implant surgery. METHODS All of the major data sources including unpublished data in the internet are considered RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Computer-assisted/-guided/-aided implantology has been founded to overcome the errors encountered during implant osteotomies and to position the implants more precisely. The protocols followed by this sophisticated technique are based upon the advocated concept of prosthetic-driven implantology and CT-scan analysis recently approved. Although several attempts have been made to improve this approach more and more, little has been done regarding the patient's demands, including cost. The inherent complexity of the techniques and materials utilized necessitates several degrees of training before attempting treatment and must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Azari
- Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Tehran, Quds Street, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Contrast resolution in multidetector-row CT with 16 detector rows: phantom study. Radiol Phys Technol 2008; 1:13-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12194-007-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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The thyroid dose burden in medical imaging A re-examination. Eur J Radiol 2007; 69:74-9. [PMID: 18068322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation is the best defined causative factor in thyroid cancer. The thyroid is especially susceptible to injury from radiation to which it may be exposed in a variety of circumstances in addition to natural background: radiotherapy, including, historically, therapy of such benign conditions as ring worm and haemangiomata, radiation exposure in nuclear accidents and fallout from nuclear bomb tests, and diagnostic exposures, particularly in the relatively high dose CT examination of head and neck. Both use of CT and the incidence of thyroid cancer appear to be increasing worldwide and it has been suggested that there may be a causative relationship between the two. It has been further posited that the iodine content of the thyroid might play a role in increasing the radiation dose absorption. Indeed, on the same basis, iodine administered in the form of an X-ray contrast-enhancing agent might also be expected to play some role in increasing thyroid radiation absorption resulting in a yet higher dose burden in any give circumstances than is generally assumed. In view of the importance of these ideas we have performed some calculations to estimate the magnitude of the iodine effects. We conclude that they are not great enough to cause concern.
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Strzelczyk JJ, Damilakis J, Marx MV, Macura KJ. Facts and controversies about radiation exposure, part 1: controlling unnecessary radiation exposures. J Am Coll Radiol 2007; 3:924-31. [PMID: 17412203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this 2-part article, the authors address the need to put in perspective the risks of radiation exposure in the rapidly changing field of radiology, considering the current state of knowledge of effects at low levels. The article is based on the content of the refresher course RC 516 presented at the Radiological Society of North America's 2005 annual meeting. After a brief review of epidemiologic studies, part 1 contains a discussion of typical radiation doses experienced in medicine, by both patients and professionals, and it concludes with a description of practical approaches to reduce unnecessary exposures. Part 2 of the article addresses a special concern for the unborn and discusses advisory and regulatory cancer risk estimates based mainly on epidemiologic studies. The limitations of epidemiologic studies at low-level exposures and recent new findings in radiobiology, some of which are summarized, challenge the notion that any amount of radiation causes adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Jodi Strzelczyk
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
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24
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Paterson A, Frush DP. Dose reduction in paediatric MDCT: general principles. Clin Radiol 2007; 62:507-17. [PMID: 17467387 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of multi-detector array computed tomography (MDCT) examinations performed per annum continues to increase in both the adult and paediatric populations. Estimates from 2003 suggested that CT contributed 17% of a radiology department's workload, yet was responsible for up to 75% of the collective population dose from medical radiation. The effective doses for some CT examinations today overlap with those argued to have an increased risk of cancer. This is especially pertinent for paediatric CT, as children are more radiosensitive than adults (and girls more radiosensitive than boys). In addition, children have a longer life ahead of them, in which radiation induced cancers may become manifest. Radiologists must be aware of these facts and practise the ALARA (as low as is reasonably achievable) principle, when it comes to deciding CT protocols and parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paterson
- Radiology Department, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, UK.
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25
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Rothkamm K, Balroop S, Shekhdar J, Fernie P, Goh V. Leukocyte DNA Damage after Multi–Detector Row CT: A Quantitative Biomarker of Low-Level Radiation Exposure. Radiology 2007; 242:244-51. [PMID: 17185671 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2421060171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively determine if gammaH2AX (phosphorylated form of H2AX histone variant)-based visualization and quantification of DNA damage induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be used to estimate the radiation dose received by adult patients who undergo multidetector computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS After institutional review board approval and written informed patient consent were obtained, eight women and five men (mean age, 63.8 years) who would be undergoing chest-abdominal-pelvic CT or chest CT only were recruited. Venous blood samples obtained before scanning were exposed to different radiation doses in vitro and incubated for 5-30 minutes to obtain reference values of gammaH2AX focus yield. Additional blood samples were taken 5-30 minutes after CT. Leukocytes were isolated, fixed, and stained for gammaH2AX expression. The gammaH2AX focus yields were determined with fluorescence microscopy, and the radiation doses delivered during CT were estimated by comparing post-CT focus yields with in vitro pre-CT focus yields. These CT radiation doses were compared with doses calculated by using phantom dosimetry and Monte Carlo data sets. Data were analyzed by using linear regression, the dispersion index test, and the contaminated Poisson method. RESULTS Compared with the gammaH2AX focus yields in blood samples taken before CT (0.06 focus per cell+/-0.01 [mean+/-standard error of mean]), the yields in blood samples taken 5 minutes after chest-abdominal-pelvic CT (0.52 focus per cell+/-0.02) were 8-10-fold higher and corresponded to a mean radiation dose of 16.4 mGy (95% confidence interval: 15.1, 17.7). The mean yield of 0.24 focus per cell+/-0.04 in one patient after chest CT corresponded to a mean radiation dose of 6.3 mGy+/-1.4. In comparison, phantom dosimetry-calculated total blood doses were 13.85 mGy with whole-body CT and 5.16 mGy with chest CT. CONCLUSION gammaH2AX focus yield in blood cells may be a useful quantitative biomarker of human low-level radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rothkamm
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, and Paul Strickland Scanner Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Middlesex, England.
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Henckel J, Richards R, Lozhkin K, Harris S, Rodriguez y Baena FM, Barrett ARW, Cobb JP. Very low-dose computed tomography for planning and outcome measurement in knee replacement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 88:1513-8. [PMID: 17075100 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.88b11.17986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Surgeons need to be able to measure angles and distances in three dimensions in the planning and assessment of knee replacement. Computed tomography (CT) offers the accuracy needed but involves greater radiation exposure to patients than traditional long-leg standing radiographs, which give very little information outside the plane of the image. There is considerable variation in CT radiation doses between research centres, scanning protocols and individual scanners, and ethics committees are rightly demanding more consistency in this area. By refining the CT scanning protocol we have reduced the effective radiation dose received by the patient down to the equivalent of one long-leg standing radiograph. Because of this, it will be more acceptable to obtain the three-dimensional data set produced by CT scanning. Surgeons will be able to document the impact of implant position on outcome with greater precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henckel
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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27
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Wall BF, Kendall GM, Edwards AA, Bouffler S, Muirhead CR, Meara JR. What are the risks from medical X-rays and other low dose radiation? Br J Radiol 2006; 79:285-94. [PMID: 16585719 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/55733882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of the risks from low doses of radiation is one of the central questions in radiological protection. It is particularly relevant when discussing the justification and optimization of diagnostic medical exposures. Medical X-rays can undoubtedly confer substantial benefits in the healthcare of patients, but not without exposing them to effective doses ranging from a few microsieverts to a few tens of millisieverts. Do we have any evidence that these levels of exposure result in significant health risks to patients? The current consensus held by national and international radiological protection organizations is that, for these comparatively low doses, the most appropriate risk model is one in which the risk of radiation-induced cancer and hereditary disease is assumed to increase linearly with increasing radiation dose, with no threshold (the so-called linear no threshold (LNT) model). However, the LNT hypothesis has been challenged both by those who believe that low doses of radiation are more damaging than the hypothesis predicts and by those who believe that they are less harmful, and possibly even beneficial (often referred to as hormesis). This article reviews the evidence for and against both the LNT hypothesis and hormesis, and explains why the general scientific consensus is currently in favour of the LNT model as the most appropriate dose-response relationship for radiation protection purposes at low doses. Finally, the impact of the LNT model on the assessment of the risks from medical X-rays and how this affects the justification and optimization of such exposures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Wall
- Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon. OX11 0RQ, UK
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Heaney DE, Norvill CAJ. A Comparison of reduction in CT dose through the use of gantry angulations or bismuth shields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 29:172-8. [PMID: 16845922 DOI: 10.1007/bf03178890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of gantry angulation and eye shielding on radiation dose to the eye lens during brain Computed Tomography (CT), and secondly the effectiveness of thyroid and breast bismuth shielding during routine neck and chest CT. An anthropomorphic 'Rando' phantom was scanned at three commonly used gantry angles using this centre's normal adult brain protocol, and for normal adult neck and chest protocols. Bismuth shields were placed over the appropriate organs and dose measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). Angling the gantry along the supraorbital meatal plane could reduce the dose by approximately 88% relative to the hard palate and Reid's base line protocols. Bismuth eye shields reduce dose by up to 48% when using either of the first two angles but gave no significant reduction in the supra-orbital plane. Reduction in thyroid dose for neck and chest scans were 55% and 47% respectively, and dose reduction in breast was 23%. We thus conclude that angling the gantry to avoid the orbits is the more effective method of reducing radiation dose to the eyes, with single use bismuth shields to be used where this is not feasible. Thyroid and breast shields should be used where the resultant artefact is not detrimental to image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Heaney
- Medical Imaging Department, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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van der Laan MJ, Bartels LW, Viergever MA, Blankensteijn JD. Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging of endoleaks after EVAR. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 32:361-5. [PMID: 16630731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of study was to compare the sensitivity of MRI and CTA for endoleak detection and classification after EVAR. PATIENTS & METHODS Twenty-eight patients, between 2 days and 65 months after EVAR, were evaluated with both CT and MRI. Twenty-five patients had an Ancure graft and the other three had an Excluder. The MRI protocol for endoleak evaluation included: a T1-weighted spin echo, a high-resolution 3D CE-MRA, and a post-contrast T1-weighted spin echo. In total 40 ml Gadolinium was administered. The CT protocol consisted of a blank survey followed by a spiral CT angiography (CTA) using 140 ml of Ultravist. An experienced, blinded observer evaluated all CTs and MRIs. RESULTS Using MRI and MRA techniques significantly more endoleaks (23/35) were detected than with CTA (11/35) (p=0.01, Chi-Square). CT could not determine the type of endoleak in 3 of the 11 endoleaks detected and was uncertain in one. MRI was uncertain about the type in 14 of the 23 endoleaks detected. All endoleaks visible on CT were visible by MRI as well. CONCLUSIONS MRI techniques are more sensitive for the detection of endoleak after endovascular AAA repair than CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J van der Laan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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van der Laan MJ, Bakker CJG, Blankensteijn JD, Bartels LW. Dynamic CE-MRA for Endoleak Classification after Endovascular Aneurysm Repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 31:130-5. [PMID: 16202631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the value of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) for classification of endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight patients, between 2 days and 54 months after EVAR, were evaluated with CTA, MRI and dynamic CE-MRA. The additional diagnostic value of the dynamic 3D CE-MRA was evaluated by determining the ability of the dynamic series in pinpointing the site of inflow of an endoleak. RESULTS An endoleak was detected in 23 patients. Seventeen of the 23 dynamic series were technically successful (no disturbing artifacts limiting the diagnostic value). Using MRI our findings were: 2 type I, 6 type II, 1 type III, no type IV endoleaks and in 14 cases classification could not be made. The classification results for MRI plus the dynamic CE-MRA were: 2 type I, 12 type II, 1 type III, no type IV endoleaks and in eight cases classification could not be made. In six cases the dynamic MRA allowed classification of the endoleak, which was not possible with the non-dynamic images alone (p=0.091, Fisher exact). CONCLUSION This pilot study shows that dynamic CE-MRA can have additional value in the classification of endoleaks. Dynamic CE-MRA might obviate the need for diagnostic digital subtraction angiography and aid planning for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J van der Laan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lewis
- ImPACT, Department of Medical Physics & Bioengineering, St. George's Hospital, London, UK
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