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Miao X, Wu Y, Liu D, Jiang H, Woods D, Stern MT, Blair NIS, Airan RD, Bettegowda C, Rosch KS, Qin Q, van Zijl PCM, Pillai JJ, Hua J. Whole-Brain Functional and Diffusion Tensor MRI in Human Participants with Metallic Orthodontic Braces. Radiology 2020; 294:149-157. [PMID: 31714192 PMCID: PMC6939835 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019190070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background MRI performed with echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences is sensitive to susceptibility artifacts in the presence of metallic objects, which presents a substantial barrier for performing functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in patients with metallic orthodontic material and other head implants. Purpose To evaluate the ability to reduce susceptibility artifacts in healthy human participants wearing metallic orthodontic braces for two alternative approaches: T2-prepared functional MRI and diffusion-prepared DTI with three-dimensional fast gradient-echo readout. Materials and Methods In this prospective study conducted from February to September 2018, T2-prepared functional MRI and diffusion-prepared DTI were performed in healthy human participants. Removable dental braces with bonding trays were used so that MRI could be performed with braces and without braces in the same participants. Results were evaluated in regions with strong (EPI dropout regions for functional MRI and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus for DTI) and minimal (motor cortex for functional MRI and the posterior limb of internal capsule for DTI) susceptibility artifacts. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio for functional MRI, apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy for DTI, and degree of distortion (quantified with the Jaccard index, which measures the similarity of geometric shapes) were compared in regions with strong or minimal susceptibility effects between the current standard EPI sequences and the proposed alternatives by using paired t test. Results Six participants were evaluated (mean age ± standard deviation, 40 years ± 6; three women). In brain regions with strong susceptibility effects from the metallic braces, T2-prepared functional MRI showed significantly higher SNR (37.8 ± 2.4 vs 15.5 ± 5.3; P < .001) and contrast-to-noise ratio (0.83 ± 0.16 vs 0.29 ± 0.10; P < .001), whereas diffusion-prepared DTI showed higher SNR (5.8 ± 1.5 vs 3.8 ± 0.7; P = .03) than did conventional EPI methods. Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy were consistent with the literature. Geometric distortion was substantially reduced throughout the brain with the proposed methods (significantly higher Jaccard index, 0.95 ± 0.12 vs 0.81 ± 0.61; P < .001). Conclusion T2-prepared functional MRI and diffusion-prepared diffusion tensor imaging can acquire functional and diffusion MRI, respectively, in healthy human participants wearing metallic dental braces with less susceptibility artifacts and geometric distortion than with conventional echo-planar imaging. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Dietrich in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dapeng Liu
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Hangyi Jiang
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - David Woods
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Moshe T. Stern
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Nicholas I. S. Blair
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Raag D. Airan
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Keri S. Rosch
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Qin Qin
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Peter C. M. van Zijl
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Jay J. Pillai
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Jun Hua
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
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Wang M, Liu H, Wei X, Liu C, Liang T, Zhang X, Jin C, Li X, Sun Q, Jiang H, Yang J. Application of Reduced-FOV Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Evaluation of Normal Pituitary Glands and Pituitary Macroadenomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:1499-1504. [PMID: 30026383 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE FOV optimized and constrained undistorted single-shot imaging provides relatively high-resolution images with few artifacts. This study evaluated the image quality and value of FOV optimized and constrained undistorted single-shot DWI in the evaluation of normal pituitary glands and pituitary macroadenomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects with normal pituitary glands and patients with pituitary macroadenomas underwent FOV optimized and constrained undistorted single-shot and EPI DWI. Two neuroradiologists graded the image quality based on visualization of the pituitary stalk, pituitary gland, and pituitary macroadenoma. Intra- and interobserver agreements were assessed by κ statistics. Image quality and ADCs were compared between the 2 methods by the paired Wilcoxon signed rank test and t test. Differences in ADC between normal pituitary glands and macroadenomas were analyzed by the independent-samples t test. RESULTS Twenty-eight subjects with normal pituitary glands and 16 patients with macroadenomas were enrolled. Intra- and interobserver agreements for image-quality assessment were moderate to substantial. Relative to EPI DWI, FOV optimized and constrained undistorted single-shot DWI exhibited obviously better image quality both in normal pituitary glands and macroadenomas. There was no significant difference in ADCs of macroadenomas between the 2 methods. Macroadenomas with soft consistency (0.75 ± 0.14 × 10-3 mm2/s) had significantly lower mean ADC than normal pituitary glands (1.18 ± 0.19 × 10-3 mm2/s; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS FOV optimized and constrained undistorted single-shot DWI helps acquire high-resolution images of normal pituitary glands and pituitary macroadenomas with relatively few susceptibility artifacts in a clinically feasible scan time. This sequence might be helpful for evaluating the consistency of pituitary macroadenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital
| | - H Liu
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.L., T.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Wei
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital
| | - C Liu
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital
| | - T Liang
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.L., T.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Zhang
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital
| | - C Jin
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital
| | - X Li
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Q Sun
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.L., T.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - H Jiang
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.L., T.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - J Yang
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.M.W., H.L., X.C.W., C.C.L., T.L., X.H.Z., C.J., X.J.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the First Affiliated Hospital .,Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.L., T.L., Q.L.S., H.X.J., J.Y.), the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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