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Roset-Altadill A, Domenech-Ximenos B, Cañete N, Juanpere S, Rodriguez-Eyras L, Hidalgo A, Vargas D, Pineda V. Epicardial Space: Comprehensive Anatomy and Spectrum of Disease. Radiographics 2024; 44:e230160. [PMID: 38483831 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The epicardial space (ES) is the anatomic region located between the myocardium and the pericardium. This space includes the visceral pericardium and the epicardial fat that contains the epicardial coronary arteries, cardiac veins, lymphatic channels, and nerves. The epicardial fat represents the main component of the ES. This fat deposit has been a focus of research in recent years owing to its properties and relationship with coronary gossypiboma plaque and atrial fibrillation. Although this region is sometimes forgotten, a broad spectrum of lesions can be found in the ES and can be divided into neoplastic and nonneoplastic categories. Epicardial neoplastic lesions include lipoma, paraganglioma, metastases, angiosarcoma, and lymphoma. Epicardial nonneoplastic lesions encompass inflammatory infiltrative disorders, such as immunoglobulin G4-related disease and Erdheim-Chester disease, along with hydatidosis, abscesses, coronary abnormalities, pseudoaneurysms, hematoma, lipomatosis, and gossypiboma. Initial imaging of epicardial lesions may be performed with echocardiography, but CT and cardiac MRI are the best imaging modalities to help characterize epicardial lesions. Due to the nonspecific onset of signs and symptoms, the clinical history of a patient can play a crucial role in the diagnosis. A history of malignancy, multisystem diseases, prior trauma, myocardial infarction, or cardiac surgery can help narrow the differential diagnosis. The diagnostic approach to epicardial lesions should be made on the basis of the specific location, characteristic imaging features, and clinical background. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Roset-Altadill
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Av França S/N, 17007, Girona, Spain (A.R.A., N.C., S.J., A.H., V.P.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (B.D.X.); Department of Cardiology, Clinica Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.R.E.); and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo (D.V.)
| | - Blanca Domenech-Ximenos
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Av França S/N, 17007, Girona, Spain (A.R.A., N.C., S.J., A.H., V.P.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (B.D.X.); Department of Cardiology, Clinica Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.R.E.); and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo (D.V.)
| | - Noemi Cañete
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Av França S/N, 17007, Girona, Spain (A.R.A., N.C., S.J., A.H., V.P.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (B.D.X.); Department of Cardiology, Clinica Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.R.E.); and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo (D.V.)
| | - Sergi Juanpere
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Av França S/N, 17007, Girona, Spain (A.R.A., N.C., S.J., A.H., V.P.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (B.D.X.); Department of Cardiology, Clinica Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.R.E.); and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo (D.V.)
| | - Lucia Rodriguez-Eyras
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Av França S/N, 17007, Girona, Spain (A.R.A., N.C., S.J., A.H., V.P.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (B.D.X.); Department of Cardiology, Clinica Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.R.E.); and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo (D.V.)
| | - Alberto Hidalgo
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Av França S/N, 17007, Girona, Spain (A.R.A., N.C., S.J., A.H., V.P.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (B.D.X.); Department of Cardiology, Clinica Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.R.E.); and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo (D.V.)
| | - Daniel Vargas
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Av França S/N, 17007, Girona, Spain (A.R.A., N.C., S.J., A.H., V.P.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (B.D.X.); Department of Cardiology, Clinica Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.R.E.); and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo (D.V.)
| | - Victor Pineda
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Av França S/N, 17007, Girona, Spain (A.R.A., N.C., S.J., A.H., V.P.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (B.D.X.); Department of Cardiology, Clinica Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.R.E.); and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo (D.V.)
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Sedky M, Gohar S, Ahmed S, Zaky I, Salama A, Hassanein O, Maher E, ElHaddad A. Pediatric pulmonary multisystem langerhans cell histiocytosis: does lung lesion severity affect the outcome? Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:361. [PMID: 37978394 PMCID: PMC10655418 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pediatric pulmonary multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PPM LCH) is associated with either low risk or high risk organ(s). The nodulo-cystic lung lesions although pathognomonic, yet are very variable in severity and remain a source of controversy in certifying pulmonary LCH diagnosis. The study aimed to examine the prognostic value of clinical respiratory manifestations and radiological lung lesions severity. This is through associating a CT chest triad of bilateral, extensive and diffuse lesions. It is a retrospective study of 350 LCH patients who received systemic treatment at Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt during the period from 2007 to 2020. RESULTS Sixty-seven patients (67/350-19.1%) had PPM LCH at presentation. Severe lung lesions were present in 24 of them. The median follow-up period was 61 months (IQR: 3.4-8.3). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) was 89% and 56.6% respectively. The EFS, for severe radiological lesions triad was 38% ± 20.7 versus 66% ± 16.2 for non-severe lesions triad p 0.002, while for presence of chest X-ray changes 27% ± 22.344 versus absence of chest X ray changes 66% ± 14.7 p 0.001, for clinical respiratory manifestations 13% ± 13.9 versus none 62% ± 22.9 p < 0.001, for RO- with severe lung lesions 47% ± 30.4 versus RO- without severe lung lesions 69% ± 5.9 p 0.04. There was a tendency for the independent prognostic impact of severe lung involvement; aHR = 1.7 (95% CI 0.92-3.13, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION Although the lung is a low -risk organ per se in LCH, our study demonstrates a non negligeable prognostic impact of severe lung involvement in the risk stratification of pediatric LCH. This warrants further study and external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sedky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 1 (11617), Sekket Al-Imam St., Al Sayyeda Zeinab, Cairo, 11617, Egypt.
- Department of Pediatrics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Seham Gohar
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 1 (11617), Sekket Al-Imam St., Al Sayyeda Zeinab, Cairo, 11617, Egypt
| | - Sonia Ahmed
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 1 (11617), Sekket Al-Imam St., Al Sayyeda Zeinab, Cairo, 11617, Egypt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Zaky
- Department of Radiology, Children Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 (11617), Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Radiology National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Salama
- Department of Pathology, Children's Cancer Hospital 57357 (11617), Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pathology National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma Hassanein
- Department of Clinical Research, Children's Cancer Hospital 57357 (11617), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eslam Maher
- Department of Clinical Research, Children's Cancer Hospital 57357 (11617), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa ElHaddad
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 1 (11617), Sekket Al-Imam St., Al Sayyeda Zeinab, Cairo, 11617, Egypt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ünal E, Karcaaltincaba M, Akpinar E, Ariyurek OM. The imaging appearances of various pericardial disorders. Insights Imaging 2019; 10:42. [PMID: 30927107 PMCID: PMC6441059 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pericardium could be involved in a variety of clinical disorders. The imaging findings are not specific for an individual pathology in most of the cases; however, patient’s clinical history may guide radiologist to a definitive diagnosis. Congenital absence of the pericardium could be recognized with the imaging appearance of interposed lung tissue between the main pulmonary artery and aorta. Pericardial effusion is a non-specific condition that may occur due to inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders. Cardiac tamponade may occur in case of massive or rapid accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. Pericardial calcification is a common and easily identified entity on a computed tomography (CT) scan. Presence of calcification and/or fibrosis may result in pericardial constriction. Nevertheless, the pulsation of an adjacent coronary artery may prevent calcification formation in a focal area and consequently may result in pericardial diverticulum containing epicardial fat and coronary artery. The imaging findings encountered in patients with pericardial hydatid disease and Erdheim-Chester disease may mimic those of pericardial neoplasia. Pericardial adhesions and pedicled fat flaps may cause confusion on a CT scan in the post-surgical period following cardiac surgery. Pericardial fat necrosis can be diagnosed by CT in patients with chest pain. The radiologists should be familiar with the medical devices placed in pericardial space for certain individual indications. A pericardial patch and temporary epicardial pacemaker wires could be identified on a CT scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Ünal
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Erhan Akpinar
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Macit Ariyurek
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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