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Freitas SC, Sanderson D, Caspani S, Magalhães R, Cortés-Llanos B, Granja A, Reis S, Belo JH, Azevedo J, Gómez-Gaviro MV, de Sousa CT. New Frontiers in Colorectal Cancer Treatment Combining Nanotechnology with Photo- and Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:383. [PMID: 36672333 PMCID: PMC9856291 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Despite recent advances in the treatment of this pathology, which include a personalized approach using radio- and chemotherapies in combination with advanced surgical techniques, it is imperative to enhance the performance of these treatments and decrease their detrimental side effects on patients' health. Nanomedicine is likely the pathway towards solving this challenge by enhancing both the therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. In particular, plasmonic nanoparticles show remarkable potential due to their dual therapeutic functionalities as photothermal therapy agents and as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. Their dual functionality, high biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and targeting capabilities make them potential agents for inducing efficient cancer cell death with minimal side effects. This review aims to identify the main challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. The heterogeneous nature of this cancer is also discussed from a single-cell point of view. The most relevant works in photo- and radiotherapy using nanotechnology-based therapies for colorectal cancer are addressed, ranging from in vitro studies (2D and 3D cell cultures) to in vivo studies and clinical trials. Although the results using nanoparticles as a photo- and radiosensitizers in photo- and radiotherapy are promising, preliminary studies showed that the possibility of combining both therapies must be explored to improve the treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. Freitas
- IFIMUP-Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics of University of Porto, LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Sanderson
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Sofia Caspani
- IFIMUP-Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics of University of Porto, LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- IFIMUP-Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics of University of Porto, LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Andreia Granja
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Horta Belo
- IFIMUP-Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics of University of Porto, LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Azevedo
- Colorectal Surgery—Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Célia Tavares de Sousa
- IFIMUP-Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics of University of Porto, LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomas y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Akter Z, Khan FZ, Khan MA. Gold Nanoparticles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:316-334. [PMID: 34477507 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210902141257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer with enhanced metastasis and poor survival. Though chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and gene delivery are used to treat TNBC, various side effects limit these therapeutics against TNBC. In this review article, we have focused on the mechanism of action of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to enhance the efficacy of therapeutics with targeted delivery on TNBC cells. METHODS Research data were accumulated from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using searching criteria "gold nanoparticles and triple-negative breast cancer" and "gold nanoparticles and cancer". Though we reviewed many old papers, the most cited papers were from the last ten years. RESULTS Various studies indicate that AuNPs can enhance bioavailability, site-specific drug delivery, and efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, PTT, and PDT as well as modulate gene expression. The role of AuNPs in the modulation of TNBC therapeutics through the inhibition of cell proliferation, progression, and metastasis has been proved in vitro and in vivo studies. As these mechanistic actions of AuNPs are most desirable to develop drugs with enhanced therapeutic efficacy against TNBC, it might be a promising approach to apply AuNPs for TNBC therapeutics. CONCLUSION This article reviewed the mechanism of action of AuNPs and their application in the enhancement of therapeutics against TNBC. Much more attention is required for studying the role of AuNPs in developing them either as a single or synergistic anticancer agent against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Akter
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Fabiha Zaheen Khan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- Key laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Repurposing Antimalarial Pyronaridine as a DNA Repair Inhibitor to Exploit the Full Potential of Gold-Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiation Response. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122795. [PMID: 36559288 PMCID: PMC9783290 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used to locally treat tumors. One of the major issues in RT is normal tissue toxicity; thus, it is necessary to limit dose escalation for enhanced local control in patients that have locally advanced tumors. Integrating radiosensitizing agents such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs) into RT has been shown to greatly increase the cure rate of solid tumors. The objective of this study was to explore the repurposing of an antimalarial drug, pyronaridine (PYD), as a DNA repair inhibitor to further enhance RT/GNP-induced DNA damage in cancerous cell lines. We were able to achieve inhibitory effects of DNA repair due to PYD at 500 nM concentration. Our results show a significant enhancement in DNA double-strand breaks of 42% in HeLa cells treated with PYD/GNP/RT in comparison to GNP/RT alone when irradiated with a dose of 2 Gy. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in cellular proliferation for both HeLa and HCT-116 irradiated cells with the combined treatment of PYD/GNP/RT. Therefore, the emergence of promising novel concepts introduced in this study could lay the foundation for the transition of this treatment modality into clinical environments.
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Bute B, Alkis ME. Anticancer activity of methotrexate in electrochemotherapy and electrochemotherapy plus ionizing radiation treatments in human breast cancer cells. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:28. [PMID: 36459220 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have several limitations. Therefore, their performance must be enhanced with combined methods. The purpose of this study is to investigate both the efficacy of electroporation (EP) on the activity of methotrexate (MTX) and the combined treatment of electrochemotherapy (ECT) + ionizing radiation (IR) in MCF-7 cancer cells. Different treatment techniques, such as EP, MTX, MTX + EP (ECT), 140 kV X-ray alone (IR_140kV), 500 kV X-ray alone (IR_500kV), ECT + IR_140kV and ECT + IR_500kV, were applied to cancer cells. Eight electric pulse trains with square wave (800 V/cm, 100 µs and 1 Hz) were used in EP and ECT applications. The MTT assay was used to assess the efficacy of the therapies used. When the EP, MTX, ECT, IR_140kV, and IR_500kV treatment groups were compared to the control group, there was a significant reduction in MCF-7 cancer cells viability (p < 0.05). ECT was the most effective of these treatments, decreasing viability of cancer cells to 58.78%. The ECT + IR_140kV and ECT + IR_500kV groups were compared to the ECT group to examine the impact of X-ray radiation on ECT treatment. When compared to the ECT alone group, both groups that exposed to X-rays after ECT had a significant decrease in cell viability (p < 0.05). Furthermore, viability of MCF-7 cells reduced to 46.38% in the ECT + IR_140kV group and 35.89% in the ECT + IR_500kV group. In conclusion, the study shows that the cytotoxicity of MTX is significantly increased in ECT treatment compared to standard chemotherapy (p < 0.05). In addition, ECT + IR combined therapy application is much more effective than MTX or ECT treatments alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Bute
- Department of Nuclear Energy and Energy Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Esref Alkis
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muş Alparslan University, Guzeltepe, 49250, Muş, Turkey.
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Varzandeh M, Labbaf S, Varshosaz J, Laurent S. An overview of the intracellular localization of high-Z nanoradiosensitizers. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:14-30. [PMID: 36029849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a method commonly used for cancer treatment worldwide. Commonly, RT utilizes two routes for combating cancers: 1) high-energy radiation to generate toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) (through the dissociation of water molecules) for damaging the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inside the nucleus 2) direct degradation of the DNA. However, cancer cells have mechanisms to survive under intense RT, which can considerably decrease its therapeutic efficacy. Excessive radiation energy damages healthy tissues, and hence, low doses are applied for cancer treatment. Additionally, different radiosensitizers were used to sensitize cancer cells towards RT through individual mechanisms. Following this route, nanoparticle-based radiosensitizers (herein called nanoradiosensitizers) have recently gained attention owing to their ability to produce massive electrons which leads to the production of a huge amount of ROS. The success of the nanoradiosensitizer effect is closely correlated to its interaction with cells and its localization within the cells. In other words, tumor treatment is affected from the chain of events which is started from cell-nanoparticle interaction followed by the nanoparticles direction and homing inside the cell. Therefore, passive or active targeting of the nanoradiosensitizers in the subcellular level and the cell-nano interaction would determine the efficacy of the radiation therapy. The importance of the nanoradiosensitizer's targeting is increased while the organelles beyond nucleus are recently recognized as the mediators of the cancer cell death or resistance under RT. In this review, the principals of cell-nanomaterial interactions and which dominate nanoradiosensitizer efficiency in cancer therapy, are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Varzandeh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Sheyda Labbaf
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging, Department of General, Organic Chemistry and Biomedical, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
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Korman DB, Ostrovskaya LA, Bluhterova NV, Rykova VA, Fomina MM. Gold Nanoparticles as Potential Radiosensitizing and Cytotoxic Agents. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Advances in Gold Nanoparticle-Based Combined Cancer Therapy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091671. [PMID: 32858957 PMCID: PMC7557687 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the global cancer observatory (GLOBOCAN), there are approximately 18 million new cancer cases per year worldwide. Cancer therapies are largely limited to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. In radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the maximum tolerated dose is presently being used to treat cancer patients. The integrated development of innovative nanoparticle (NP) based approaches will be a key to address one of the main issues in both radiotherapy and chemotherapy: normal tissue toxicity. Among other inorganic NP systems, gold nanoparticle (GNP) based systems offer the means to further improve chemotherapy through controlled delivery of chemotherapeutics, while local radiotherapy dose can be enhanced by targeting the GNPs to the tumor. There have been over 20 nanotechnology-based therapeutic products approved for clinical use in the past two decades. Hence, the goal of this review is to understand what we have achieved so far and what else we can do to accelerate clinical use of GNP-based therapeutic platforms to minimize normal tissue toxicity while increasing the efficacy of the treatment. Nanomedicine will revolutionize future cancer treatment options and our ultimate goal should be to develop treatments that have minimum side effects, for improving the quality of life of all cancer patients.
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Kempson I. Mechanisms of nanoparticle radiosensitization. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1656. [PMID: 32686321 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles applied to potentiating the effects of radiotherapy have drawn significant attention from the research community and are now available clinically. By improving our mechanistic understanding, nanoparticles are likely to evolve to provide very significant improvements in radiotherapy outcomes with only incremental increase in cost. This review critically assesses the inconsistent observations surrounding physical, physicochemical, chemical and biological mechanisms of radiosensitization. In doing so, a number of needs are identified for continuing research and are highlighted. The large degree of variability from one nanoparticle to another emphasizes that it is a mistake to generalize nanoparticle radiosensitizer mechanisms. Nanoparticle formulations should be considered in an analogous way as pharmacological agents and as a broad class of therapeutic agents, needing to be considered with a high degree of individuality with respect to their interactions and ultimate impact on radiobiological response. In the same way that no universal anti-cancer drug exists, it is unlikely that a single nanoparticle formulation will lead to the best therapeutic outcomes for all cancers. The high degree of complexity and variability in mechanistic action provides notable opportunities for nanoparticle formulations to be optimized for specific indications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
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Modulation of the Microtubule Network for Optimization of Nanoparticle Dynamics for the Advancement of Cancer Nanomedicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7020056. [PMID: 32545909 PMCID: PMC7355834 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promise in both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. NPs are mainly transported along cellular microtubules (MTs). Docetaxel (DTX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug that can manipulate the cellular MT network to maximize its clinical benefit. However, the effect of DTX on NP behaviour has not yet been fully elucidated. We used gold NPs of diameters 15 and 50 nm at a concentration of 0.2 nM to investigate the size dependence of NP behaviour. Meanwhile, DTX concentrations of 0, 10 and 50 nM were used to uphold clinical relevance. Our study reveals that a concentration of 50 nM DTX increased NP uptake by ~50% and their retention by ~90% compared to cells treated with 0 and 10 nM DTX. Smaller NPs had a 20-fold higher uptake in cells treated with 50 nM DTX vs. 0 and 10 nM DTX. With the treatment of 50 nm DTX, the cells became more spherical in shape, and NPs were redistributed closer to the nucleus. A significant increase in NP uptake and retention along with their intracellular distribution closer to the nucleus with 50 nM DTX could be exploited to target a higher dose to the most important target, the nucleus in both radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Bannister AH, Bromma K, Sung W, Monica M, Cicon L, Howard P, Chow RL, Schuemann J, Chithrani DB. Modulation of nanoparticle uptake, intracellular distribution, and retention with docetaxel to enhance radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2019; 93:20190742. [PMID: 31778316 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the major issues in current radiotherapy (RT) is the normal tissue toxicity. A smart combination of agents within the tumor would allow lowering the RT dose required while minimizing the damage to healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. We chose gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and docetaxel (DTX) as our choice of two radiosensitizing agents. They have a different mechanism of action which could lead to a synergistic effect. Our first goal was to assess the variation in GNP uptake, distribution, and retention in the presence of DTX. Our second goal was to assess the therapeutic results of the triple combination, RT/GNPs/DTX. METHODS We used HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells for our study. Cells were incubated with GNPs (0.2 nM) in the absence and presence of DTX (50 nM) for 24 h to determine uptake, distribution, and retention of NPs. For RT experiments, treated cells were given a 2 Gy dose of 6 MV photons using a linear accelerator. RESULTS Concurrent treatment of DTX and GNPs resulted in over 85% retention of GNPs in tumor cells. DTX treatment also forced GNPs to be closer to the most important target, the nucleus, resulting in a decrease in cell survival and increase in DNA damage with the triple combination of RT/ GNPs/DTX vs RT/DTX. Our experimental therapeutic results were supported by Monte Carlo simulations. CONCLUSION The ability to not only trap GNPs at clinically feasible doses but also to retain them within the cells could lead to meaningful fractionated treatments in future combined cancer therapy. Furthermore, the suggested triple combination of RT/GNPs/DTX may allow lowering the RT dose to spare surrounding healthy tissue. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This is the first study to show intracellular GNP transport disruption by DTX, and its advantage in radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Bromma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Wonmo Sung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mesa Monica
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Leah Cicon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Perry Howard
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Robert L Chow
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Devika Basnagge Chithrani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Division of medical sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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