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Bednarczyk M, Peters JK, Kasprzyk R, Starek J, Warminski M, Spiewla T, Mugridge JS, Gross JD, Jemielity J, Kowalska J. Fluorescence-Based Activity Screening Assay Reveals Small Molecule Inhibitors of Vaccinia Virus mRNA Decapping Enzyme D9. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1460-1471. [PMID: 35576528 PMCID: PMC9207806 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) represents a family of poxviruses, which possess their own decapping machinery as a part of their strategy to eliminate host mRNAs and evade the innate immune response. D9 is one of the two encoded VACV decapping enzymes that is responsible for cap removal from the 5' end of both host mRNA transcripts and viral double-stranded RNAs. Little is known about the structural requirements for D9 inhibition by small molecules. Here, we identified a minimal D9 substrate and used it to develop a real-time fluorescence assay for inhibitor discovery and characterization. We screened a panel of nucleotide-derived substrate analogues and pharmacologically active candidates to identify several compounds with nano- and low micromolar IC50 values. m7GpppCH2p was the most potent nucleotide inhibitor (IC50 ∼ 0.08 μM), and seliciclib and CP-100356 were the most potent drug-like compounds (IC50 0.57 and 2.7 μM, respectively). The hits identified through screening inhibited D9-catalyzed decapping of 26 nt RNA substrates but were not active toward VACV D10 or human decapping enzyme, Dcp1/2. The inhibition mode for one of the compounds (CP-100356) was elucidated based on the X-ray cocrystal structure, opening the possibility for structure-based design of novel D9 inhibitors and binding probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Bednarczyk
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Jessica K. Peters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Renata Kasprzyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Jagoda Starek
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Marcin Warminski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Tomasz Spiewla
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Jeffrey S. Mugridge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - John D. Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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2
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Luo Y, Schofield JA, Na Z, Hann T, Simon MD, Slavoff SA. Discovery of cellular substrates of human RNA-decapping enzyme DCP2 using a stapled bicyclic peptide inhibitor. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 28:463-474.e7. [PMID: 33357462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
DCP2 is an RNA-decapping enzyme that controls the stability of human RNAs that encode factors functioning in transcription and the immune response. While >1,800 human DCP2 substrates have been identified, compensatory expression changes secondary to genetic ablation of DCP2 have complicated a complete mapping of its regulome. Cell-permeable, selective chemical inhibitors of DCP2 could provide a powerful tool to study DCP2 specificity. Here, we report phage display selection of CP21, a bicyclic peptide ligand to DCP2. CP21 has high affinity and selectivity for DCP2 and inhibits DCP2 decapping activity toward selected RNA substrates in human cells. CP21 increases formation of P-bodies, liquid condensates enriched in intermediates of RNA decay, in a manner that resembles the deletion or mutation of DCP2. We used CP21 to identify 76 previously unreported DCP2 substrates. This work demonstrates that DCP2 inhibition can complement genetic approaches to study RNA decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Jeremy A Schofield
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06529, USA
| | - Zhenkun Na
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Tanja Hann
- Yale Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew D Simon
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06529, USA
| | - Sarah A Slavoff
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06529, USA.
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3
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Charenton C, Graille M. mRNA decapping: finding the right structures. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2018.0164. [PMID: 30397101 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the elimination of the m7GpppN mRNA cap, a process known as decapping, is a critical, largely irreversible and highly regulated step of mRNA decay that withdraws the targeted mRNAs from the pool of translatable templates. The decapping reaction is catalysed by a multi-protein complex formed by the Dcp2 catalytic subunit and its Dcp1 cofactor, a holoenzyme that is poorly active on its own and needs several accessory proteins (Lsm1-7 complex, Pat1, Edc1-2, Edc3 and/or EDC4) to be fully efficient. Here, we discuss the several crystal structures of Dcp2 domains bound to various partners (proteins or small molecules) determined in the last couple of years that have considerably improved our current understanding of how Dcp2, assisted by its various activators, is recruited to its mRNA targets and adopts its active conformation upon substrate recognition. We also describe how, over the years, elegant integrative structural biology approaches combined to biochemistry and genetics led to the identification of the correct structure of the active Dcp1-Dcp2 holoenzyme among the many available conformations trapped by X-ray crystallography.This article is part of the theme issue '5' and 3' modifications controlling RNA degradation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Charenton
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Marc Graille
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
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4
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Heck AM, Wilusz J. The Interplay between the RNA Decay and Translation Machinery in Eukaryotes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a032839. [PMID: 29311343 PMCID: PMC5932591 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA decay plays a major role in regulating gene expression and is tightly networked with other aspects of gene expression to effectively coordinate post-transcriptional regulation. The goal of this work is to provide an overview of the major factors and pathways of general messenger RNA (mRNA) decay in eukaryotic cells, and then discuss the effective interplay of this cytoplasmic process with the protein synthesis machinery. Given the transcript-specific and fluid nature of mRNA stability in response to changing cellular conditions, understanding the fundamental networking between RNA decay and translation will provide a foundation for a complete mechanistic understanding of this important aspect of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Heck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
- Program in Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
- Program in Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
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5
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Falcone C, Mazzoni C. RNA stability and metabolism in regulated cell death, aging and diseases. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4978431. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Falcone
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185-Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185-Rome, Italy
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6
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Mugridge JS, Tibble RW, Ziemniak M, Jemielity J, Gross JD. Structure of the activated Edc1-Dcp1-Dcp2-Edc3 mRNA decapping complex with substrate analog poised for catalysis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1152. [PMID: 29559651 PMCID: PMC5861098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved decapping enzyme Dcp2 recognizes and removes the 5′ eukaryotic cap from mRNA transcripts in a critical step of many cellular RNA decay pathways. Dcp2 is a dynamic enzyme that functions in concert with the essential activator Dcp1 and a diverse set of coactivators to selectively and efficiently decap target mRNAs in the cell. Here we present a 2.84 Å crystal structure of K. lactis Dcp1–Dcp2 in complex with coactivators Edc1 and Edc3, and with substrate analog bound to the Dcp2 active site. Our structure shows how Dcp2 recognizes cap substrate in the catalytically active conformation of the enzyme, and how coactivator Edc1 forms a three-way interface that bridges the domains of Dcp2 to consolidate the active conformation. Kinetic data reveal Dcp2 has selectivity for the first transcribed nucleotide during the catalytic step. The heterotetrameric Edc1–Dcp1–Dcp2–Edc3 structure shows how coactivators Edc1 and Edc3 can act simultaneously to activate decapping catalysis. The decapping enzyme Dcp2 removes the 5′ eukaryotic cap from mRNA transcripts and acts in concert with its essential activator Dcp1 and various coactivators. Here the authors present the structure of the fully-activated mRNA decapping complex, which reveals how Dcp2 recognizes the cap substrate and coactivators Edc1 and Edc3 activate catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Mugridge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ryan W Tibble
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Marcin Ziemniak
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - John D Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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7
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Warminski M, Sikorski PJ, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Applications of Phosphate Modification and Labeling to Study (m)RNA Caps. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:16. [PMID: 28116583 PMCID: PMC5396385 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cap is a natural modification present at the 5' ends of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA), which because of its unique structural features, mediates essential biological functions during the process of gene expression. The core structural feature of the mRNA cap is an N7-methylguanosine moiety linked by a 5'-5' triphosphate chain to the first transcribed nucleotide. Interestingly, other RNA 5' end modifications structurally and functionally resembling the m7G cap have been discovered in different RNA types and in different organisms. All these structures contain the 'inverted' 5'-5' oligophosphate bridge, which is necessary for interaction with specific proteins and also serves as a cleavage site for phosphohydrolases regulating RNA turnover. Therefore, cap analogs containing oligophosphate chain modifications or carrying spectroscopic labels attached to phosphate moieties serve as attractive molecular tools for studies on RNA metabolism and modification of natural RNA properties. Here, we review chemical, enzymatic, and chemoenzymatic approaches that enable preparation of modified cap structures and RNAs carrying such structures, with emphasis on phosphate-modified mRNA cap analogs and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Warminski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel J Sikorski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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8
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Strenkowska M, Grzela R, Majewski M, Wnek K, Kowalska J, Lukaszewicz M, Zuberek J, Darzynkiewicz E, Kuhn AN, Sahin U, Jemielity J. Cap analogs modified with 1,2-dithiodiphosphate moiety protect mRNA from decapping and enhance its translational potential. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9578-9590. [PMID: 27903882 PMCID: PMC5175369 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with a growing interest in mRNA-based gene therapies, efforts are increasingly focused on reaching the full translational potential of mRNA, as a major obstacle for in vivo applications is sufficient expression of exogenously delivered mRNA. One method to overcome this limitation is chemically modifying the 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5′ end of mRNA (m7Gppp-RNA). We report a novel class of cap analogs designed as reagents for mRNA modification. The analogs carry a 1,2-dithiodiphosphate moiety at various positions along a tri- or tetraphosphate bridge, and thus are termed 2S analogs. These 2S analogs have high affinities for translation initiation factor 4E, and some exhibit remarkable resistance against the SpDcp1/2 decapping complex when introduced into RNA. mRNAs capped with 2S analogs combining these two features exhibit high translation efficiency in cultured human immature dendritic cells. These properties demonstrate that 2S analogs are potentially beneficial for mRNA-based therapies such as anti-cancer immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Strenkowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93 Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Renata Grzela
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Majewski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93 Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wnek
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93 Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93 Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Maciej Lukaszewicz
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93 Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Joanna Zuberek
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93 Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Edward Darzynkiewicz
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93 Warsaw 02-089, Poland.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andreas N Kuhn
- BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Translational Oncology (TRON), Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Translational Oncology (TRON), Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Structural basis of mRNA-cap recognition by Dcp1-Dcp2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:987-994. [PMID: 27694842 PMCID: PMC5113729 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Removal of the 5′ cap on mRNA by the decapping enzyme Dcp2 is a critical step in 5′-to-3′ mRNA decay. Understanding the structural basis of Dcp2 activity has been a significant challenge because Dcp2 is dynamic, with weak affinity for cap substrate. Here we present a 2.6-Å-resolution crystal structure of a heterotrimer of fission yeast Dcp2, its essential activator Dcp1, and the human NMD cofactor PNRC2, in complex with a tight-binding cap analog. Cap binding is accompanied by a conformational change of Dcp2 to form a composite nucleotide binding site using conserved residues on the catalytic and regulatory domains. Kinetic analysis of PNRC2 reveals a conserved short linear motif enhances both substrate affinity and the catalytic step of decapping. These findings explain why Dcp2 requires a conformational change for efficient catalysis and reveals that coactivators can promote RNA binding and the catalytic step of decapping, possibly through different conformational states.
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