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Strandgren C, Wiman KG. Therapeutic targeting of TP53 nonsense mutations in cancer. Ups J Med Sci 2024; 129:10719. [PMID: 38863730 PMCID: PMC11165251 DOI: 10.48101/ujms.v129.10719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene occur with high prevalence in a wide range of human tumors. A significant fraction of these mutations (around 10%) are nonsense mutations, creating a premature termination codon (PTC) that leads to the expression of truncated inactive p53 protein. Induction of translational readthrough across a PTC in nonsense mutant TP53 allows the production of full-length protein and potentially restoration of normal p53 function. Aminoglycoside antibiotics and a number of novel compounds have been shown to induce full-length p53 in tumor cells carrying various TP53 nonsense mutations. Full-length p53 protein generated by translational readthrough retains the capacity to transactivate p53 target genes and trigger tumor cell death. These findings raise hopes for efficient therapy of TP53 nonsense mutant tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Karolinska Institutet, Departement of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Zandanell J, Wießner M, Bauer JW, Wagner RN. Stop codon readthrough as a treatment option for epidermolysis bullosa-Where we are and where we are going. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15042. [PMID: 38459626 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
In the context of rare genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations, the concept of induced stop codon readthrough (SCR) represents an attractive avenue in the ongoing search for improved treatment options. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB)-exemplary for this group of diseases-describes a diverse group of rare, blistering genodermatoses. Characterized by extreme skin fragility upon minor mechanical trauma, the most severe forms often result from nonsense mutations that lead to premature translation termination and loss of function of essential proteins at the dermo-epidermal junction. Since no curative interventions are currently available, medical care is mainly limited to alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. Complementary to attempts of gene, cell and protein therapy in EB, SCR represents a promising medical alternative. While gentamicin has already been examined in several clinical trials involving EB, other potent SCR inducers, such as ataluren, may also show promise in treating the hitherto non-curative disease. In addition to the extensively studied aminoglycosides and their derivatives, several other substance classes-non-aminoglycoside antibiotics and non-aminoglycoside compounds-are currently under investigation. The extensive data gathered in numerous in vitro experiments and the perspectives they reveal in the clinical setting will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Zandanell
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Wießner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland N Wagner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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3
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Tuval A, Strandgren C, Heldin A, Palomar-Siles M, Wiman KG. Pharmacological reactivation of p53 in the era of precision anticancer medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:106-120. [PMID: 38102383 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
p53, which is encoded by the most frequently mutated gene in cancer, TP53, is an attractive target for novel cancer therapies. Despite major challenges associated with this approach, several compounds that either augment the activity of wild-type p53 or restore all, or some, of the wild-type functions to p53 mutants are currently being explored. In wild-type TP53 cancer cells, p53 function is often abrogated by overexpression of the negative regulator MDM2, and agents that disrupt p53-MDM2 binding can trigger a robust p53 response, albeit potentially with induction of p53 activity in non-malignant cells. In TP53-mutant cancer cells, compounds that promote the refolding of missense mutant p53 or the translational readthrough of nonsense mutant TP53 might elicit potent cell death. Some of these compounds have been, or are being, tested in clinical trials involving patients with various types of cancer. Nonetheless, no p53-targeting drug has so far been approved for clinical use. Advances in our understanding of p53 biology provide some clues as to the underlying reasons for the variable clinical activity of p53-restoring therapies seen thus far. In this Review, we discuss the intricate interactions between p53 and its cellular and microenvironmental contexts and factors that can influence p53's activity. We also propose several strategies for improving the clinical efficacy of these agents through the complex perspective of p53 functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Tuval
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Angelos Heldin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Klas G Wiman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Chen JL, Leeder WM, Morais P, Adachi H, Yu YT. Pseudouridylation-mediated gene expression modulation. Biochem J 2024; 481:1-16. [PMID: 38174858 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
RNA-guided pseudouridylation, a widespread post-transcriptional RNA modification, has recently gained recognition for its role in cellular processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and the modulation of premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough. This review provides insights into its mechanisms, functions, and potential therapeutic applications. It examines the mechanisms governing RNA-guided pseudouridylation, emphasizing the roles of guide RNAs and pseudouridine synthases in catalyzing uridine-to-pseudouridine conversion. A key focus is the impact of RNA-guided pseudouridylation of U2 small nuclear RNA on pre-mRNA splicing, encompassing its influence on branch site recognition and spliceosome assembly. Additionally, the review discusses the emerging role of RNA-guided pseudouridylation in regulating PTC readthrough, impacting translation termination and genetic disorders. Finally, it explores the therapeutic potential of pseudouridine modifications, offering insights into potential treatments for genetic diseases and cancer and the development of mRNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Hironori Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, U.S.A
| | - Yi-Tao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, U.S.A
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5
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Li S, Li J, Shi W, Nie Z, Zhang S, Ma F, Hu J, Chen J, Li P, Xie X. Pharmaceuticals Promoting Premature Termination Codon Readthrough: Progress in Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:988. [PMID: 37371567 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 11% of all known gene lesions causing human genetic diseases are nonsense mutations that introduce a premature stop codon (PTC) into the protein-coding gene sequence. Drug-induced PTC readthrough is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating hereditary diseases caused by nonsense mutations. To date, it has been found that more than 50 small-molecular compounds can promote PTC readthrough, known as translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs), and can be divided into two major categories: aminoglycosides and non-aminoglycosides. This review summarizes the pharmacodynamics and clinical application potential of the main TRIDs discovered so far, especially some newly discovered TRIDs in the past decade. The discovery of these TRIDs brings hope for treating nonsense mutations in various genetic diseases. Further research is still needed to deeply understand the mechanism of eukaryotic cell termination and drug-induced PTC readthrough so that patients can achieve the greatest benefit from the various TRID treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ziyan Nie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fengdie Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peiqiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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6
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Chen CC, Liao RY, Yeh FY, Lin YR, Wu TY, Pastor AE, Zul DD, Hsu YC, Wu KY, Liu KF, Kannagi R, Chen JY, Cai BH. A Simple and Affordable Method to Create Nonsense Mutation Clones of p53 for Studying the Premature Termination Codon Readthrough Activity of PTC124. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051310. [PMID: 37238980 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A premature termination codon (PTC) can be induced by a type of point mutation known as a nonsense mutation, which occurs within the coding region. Approximately 3.8% of human cancer patients have nonsense mutations of p53. However, the non-aminoglycoside drug PTC124 has shown potential to promote PTC readthrough and rescue full-length proteins. The COSMIC database contains 201 types of p53 nonsense mutations in cancers. We built a simple and affordable method to create different nonsense mutation clones of p53 for the study of the PTC readthrough activity of PTC124. (2) Methods: A modified inverse PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis method was used to clone the four nonsense mutations of p53, including W91X, S94X, R306X, and R342X. Each clone was transfected into p53 null H1299 cells and then treated with 50 μM of PTC124. (3) Results: PTC124 induced p53 re-expression in H1299-R306X and H1299-R342X clones but not in H1299-W91X and H1299-S94X clones. (4) Conclusions: Our data showed that PTC124 more effectively rescued the C-terminal of p53 nonsense mutations than the N-terminal of p53 nonsense mutations. We introduced a fast and low-cost site-directed mutagenesis method to clone the different nonsense mutations of p53 for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Chen
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Yeh
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Rou Lin
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Tze-You Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Alexa Escobar Pastor
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Danny Danilo Zul
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chien Hsu
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yo Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Fang Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bi-He Cai
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
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7
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Spelier S, van Doorn EPM, van der Ent CK, Beekman JM, Koppens MAJ. Readthrough compounds for nonsense mutations: bridging the translational gap. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:297-314. [PMID: 36828712 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 10% of all pathological mutations are nonsense mutations that are responsible for several severe genetic diseases for which no treatment regimens are currently available. The most widespread strategy for treating nonsense mutations is by enhancing ribosomal readthrough of premature termination codons (PTCs) to restore the production of the full-length protein. In the past decade several compounds with readthrough potential have been identified. However, although preclinical results on these compounds are promising, clinical studies have not yielded positive outcomes. We review preclinical and clinical research related to readthrough compounds and characterize factors that contribute to the observed translational gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Spelier
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline P M van Doorn
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis K van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A J Koppens
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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8
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Recoding of Nonsense Mutation as a Pharmacological Strategy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030659. [PMID: 36979640 PMCID: PMC10044939 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 11% of genetic human diseases are caused by nonsense mutations that introduce a premature termination codon (PTC) into the coding sequence. The PTC results in the production of a potentially harmful shortened polypeptide and activation of a nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. The NMD pathway reduces the burden of unproductive protein synthesis by lowering the level of PTC mRNA. There is an endogenous rescue mechanism that produces a full-length protein from a PTC mRNA. Nonsense suppression therapies aim to increase readthrough, suppress NMD, or are a combination of both strategies. Therefore, treatment with translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs) and NMD inhibitors may increase the effectiveness of PTC suppression. Here we discuss the mechanism of PTC readthrough and the development of novel approaches to PTC suppression. We also discuss the toxicity and bioavailability of therapeutics used to stimulate PTC readthrough.
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9
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Palomar-Siles M, Heldin A, Zhang M, Strandgren C, Yurevych V, van Dinter JT, Engels SAG, Hofman DA, Öhlin S, Meineke B, Bykov VJN, van Heesch S, Wiman KG. Translational readthrough of nonsense mutant TP53 by mRNA incorporation of 5-Fluorouridine. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:997. [PMID: 36433934 PMCID: PMC9700717 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
TP53 nonsense mutations in cancer produce truncated inactive p53 protein. We show that 5-FU metabolite 5-Fluorouridine (FUr) induces full-length p53 in human tumor cells carrying R213X nonsense mutant TP53. Ribosome profiling visualized translational readthrough at the R213X premature stop codon and demonstrated that FUr-induced readthrough is less permissive for canonical stop codon readthrough compared to aminoglycoside G418. FUr is incorporated into mRNA and can potentially base-pair with guanine, allowing insertion of Arg tRNA at the TP53 R213X UGA premature stop codon and translation of full-length wild-type p53. We confirmed that full-length p53 rescued by FUr triggers tumor cell death by apoptosis. FUr also restored full-length p53 in TP53 R213X mutant human tumor xenografts in vivo. Thus, we demonstrate a novel strategy for therapeutic rescue of nonsense mutant TP53 and suggest that FUr should be explored for treatment of patients with TP53 nonsense mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Palomar-Siles
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelos Heldin
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meiqiongzi Zhang
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Strandgren
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktor Yurevych
- grid.487647.ePrincess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jip T. van Dinter
- grid.487647.ePrincess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sem A. G. Engels
- grid.487647.ePrincess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Damon A. Hofman
- grid.487647.ePrincess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Öhlin
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birthe Meineke
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir J. N. Bykov
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastiaan van Heesch
- grid.487647.ePrincess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Klas G. Wiman
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Wu MH, Lu RY, Yu SJ, Tsai YZ, Lin YC, Bai ZY, Liao RY, Hsu YC, Chen CC, Cai BH. PTC124 Rescues Nonsense Mutation of Two Tumor Suppressor Genes NOTCH1 and FAT1 to Repress HNSCC Cell Proliferation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112948. [PMID: 36428516 PMCID: PMC9687978 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: PTC124 (Ataluren) is an investigational drug for the treatment of nonsense mutation-mediated genetic diseases. With the exception of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, there has been little research on cancers with nonsense mutation. By conducting a database search, we found that another two tumor suppressor genes, NOTCH1 and FAT1, have a high nonsense mutation rate in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PTC124 may re-express the functional NOTCH1 or FAT1 in nonsense mutation NOTCH1 or FAT1 in HSNCC (2) Methods: DOK (with NOTCH1 Y550X) or HO-1-u-1 (with FAT1 E378X) HNSCC cells were treated with PTC124, and the NOTCH1 or FAT1 expression, cell viability, and NOTCH1- or FAT1-related downstream gene profiles were assayed. (3) Results: PTC124 was able to induce NOTCH1 or FAT1 expression in DOK and HO-1-u-1 cells. PTC124 was able to upregulate NOTCH downstream genes HES5, AJUBA, and ADAM10 in DOK cells. PTC124 enhanced DDIT4, which is under the control of the FAT1-YAP1 pathway, in HO-1-u-1 cells. FLI-06 (a NOTCH signaling inhibitor) reversed PTC124-mediated cell growth inhibition in DOK cells. PTC124 could reverse TT-10 (a YAP signaling activator)-mediated HO-1-u-1 cell proliferation. (4) Conclusions: PTC124 can rescue nonsense mutation of NOTCH1 and FAT1 to repress HNSCC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Wu
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Yu Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Si-Jie Yu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zhen Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Yu Bai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Hsu
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (C.-C.C.); (B.-H.C.)
| | - Chia-Chi Chen
- Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, No.1, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (C.-C.C.); (B.-H.C.)
| | - Bi-He Cai
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (C.-C.C.); (B.-H.C.)
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11
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Christie M, Friesen Westley J, Suresh B, Baiazitov Ramil Y, Wu D, Karloff Diane B, Chang-Sun L, Young-Choon M, Hongyu R, Jairo S, Yuki T, Priya V, Welch Ellen M, Xiaojiao X, Jin Z. Guanidino Quinazolines and Pyrimidines Promote Readthrough of Premature Termination Codons in Cells with Native Nonsense Mutations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 76:128989. [PMID: 36150638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using small molecules to induce readthrough of premature termination codons is a promising therapeutic approach to treating genetic diseases and cancers caused by nonsense mutations, as evidenced by the widespread use of ataluren to treat nonsense mutation Duchene muscular dystrophy. Herein we describe a series of novel guanidino quinazoline and pyrimidine scaffolds that induce readthrough in both HDQ-P1 mammary carcinoma cells and mdx myotubes. Linkage of basic, tertiary amines with aliphatic, hydrophobic substituents to the terminal guanidine nitrogen of these scaffolds led to significant potency increases. Further potency gains were achieved by flanking the pyrimidine ring with hydrophobic substituents, inducing readthrough at concentrations as low as 120 nM and demonstrating the potential of these compounds to be used either in combination with ataluren or as stand-alone therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morrill Christie
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - J Friesen Westley
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Babu Suresh
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Y Baiazitov Ramil
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Du Wu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - B Karloff Diane
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Lee Chang-Sun
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Moon Young-Choon
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Ren Hongyu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Sierra Jairo
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Tomizawa Yuki
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Vazirani Priya
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - M Welch Ellen
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Xue Xiaojiao
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Zhuo Jin
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
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12
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2-Guanidino-quinazoline promotes the readthrough of nonsense mutations underlying human genetic diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122004119. [PMID: 35994666 PMCID: PMC9436315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122004119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations account for approximately 11% of all described gene lesions causing human inherited diseases. This premature termination codon (PTC) leads to the premature arrest of translation that generates a truncated peptide and the degradation of the corresponding mRNA through the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. The possibility of restoring the protein expression by promoting PTC readthrough using drugs appears to be an important therapeutic strategy. Unfortunately, this strategy is limited by the small number of molecules known to promote PTC readthrough without affecting normal translation termination. In this work, we identify a new molecule, TLN468, that promotes a high level of PTC readthrough without a detectable effect on normal stop codons. Premature termination codons (PTCs) account for 10 to 20% of genetic diseases in humans. The gene inactivation resulting from PTCs can be counteracted by the use of drugs stimulating PTC readthrough, thereby restoring production of the full-length protein. However, a greater chemical variety of readthrough inducers is required to broaden the medical applications of this therapeutic strategy. In this study, we developed a reporter cell line and performed high-throughput screening (HTS) to identify potential readthrough inducers. After three successive assays, we isolated 2-guanidino-quinazoline (TLN468). We assessed the clinical potential of this drug as a potent readthrough inducer on the 40 PTCs most frequently responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We found that TLN468 was more efficient than gentamicin, and acted on a broader range of sequences, without inducing the readthrough of normal stop codons (TC).
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13
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Yu J, Tang B, He X, Zou P, Zeng Z, Xiao R. Nonsense Suppression Therapy: An Emerging Treatment for Hereditary Skin Diseases. Acta Derm Venereol 2022; 102:adv00658. [DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v102.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations cause the premature termination of protein translation via premature termination codons (PTCs), leading to the synthesis of incomplete functional proteins and causing large numbers of genetic disorders. The emergence of nonsense suppression therapy is considered to be an effective method for the treatment of hereditary diseases, but its application in hereditary skin diseases is relatively limited. This review summarizes the current research status of nonsense suppression therapy for hereditary skin diseases, and discusses the potential opportunities and challenges of applying new technologies related to nonsense suppression therapy to dermatology. Further research is needed into the possible use of nonsense suppression therapy as a strategy for the safer and specific treatment of hereditary skin diseases.
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14
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Martins-Dias P, Romão L. Nonsense suppression therapies in human genetic diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4677-4701. [PMID: 33751142 PMCID: PMC11073055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
About 11% of all human disease-associated gene lesions are nonsense mutations, resulting in the introduction of an in-frame premature translation-termination codon (PTC) into the protein-coding gene sequence. When translated, PTC-containing mRNAs originate truncated and often dysfunctional proteins that might be non-functional or have gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects. Therapeutic strategies aimed at suppressing PTCs to restore deficient protein function-the so-called nonsense suppression (or PTC readthrough) therapies-have the potential to provide a therapeutic benefit for many patients and in a broad range of genetic disorders, including cancer. These therapeutic approaches comprise the use of translational readthrough-inducing compounds that make the translational machinery recode an in-frame PTC into a sense codon. However, most of the mRNAs carrying a PTC can be rapidly degraded by the surveillance mechanism of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), thus decreasing the levels of PTC-containing mRNAs in the cell and their availability for PTC readthrough. Accordingly, the use of NMD inhibitors, or readthrough-compound potentiators, may enhance the efficiency of PTC suppression. Here, we review the mechanisms of PTC readthrough and their regulation, as well as the recent advances in the development of novel approaches for PTC suppression, and their role in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Martins-Dias
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luísa Romão
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Luna S, Torices L, Mingo J, Amo L, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Ruiz-Ibarlucea P, Erramuzpe A, Cortés JM, Tejada MI, Molina M, Nunes-Xavier CE, López JI, Cid VJ, Pulido R. A global analysis of the reconstitution of PTEN function by translational readthrough of PTEN pathogenic premature termination codons. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:551-566. [PMID: 33600059 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PTEN tumor suppressor gene is mutated with high incidence in tumors and in the germline of patients with cancer predisposition or with macrocephaly associated with autism. PTEN nonsense mutations generating premature termination codons (PTC) and producing nonfunctional truncated PTEN proteins are frequent in association with human disease. However, there are no studies addressing the restoration of full-length PTEN proteins from the PTC-mutated PTEN gene by translational readthrough. Here, we have performed a global translational and functional readthrough analysis of the complete collection of PTEN PTC somatic or hereditary mutations found in tumors or in the germline of patients (disease-associated PTEN PTCome), and we set standards for the analysis of the potential of readthrough functional reconstitution in disease-relevant genes. Our analysis indicates that prevalent pathogenic PTEN PTC mutations are susceptible to PTEN functional restoration in response to readthrough-inducing compounds. Comprehensive readthrough analyses of disease-associated PTComes will be valuable tools for the implementation of readthrough-based precision interventions in specific groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Leire Torices
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Laura Amo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Asier Erramuzpe
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Cortés
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María I Tejada
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - José I López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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16
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Palma M, Lejeune F. Deciphering the molecular mechanism of stop codon readthrough. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:310-329. [PMID: 33089614 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of the stop codon by the translation machinery is essential to terminating translation at the right position and to synthesizing a protein of the correct size. Under certain conditions, the stop codon can be recognized as a coding codon promoting translation, which then terminates at a later stop codon. This event, called stop codon readthrough, occurs either by error, due to a dedicated regulatory environment leading to generation of different protein isoforms, or through the action of a readthrough compound. This review focuses on the mechanisms of stop codon readthrough, the nucleotide and protein environments that facilitate or inhibit it, and the therapeutic interest of stop codon readthrough in the treatment of genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Palma
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Lejeune
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
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17
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Pibiri I, Melfi R, Tutone M, Di Leonardo A, Pace A, Lentini L. Targeting Nonsense: Optimization of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole TRIDs to Rescue CFTR Expression and Functionality in Cystic Fibrosis Cell Model Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176420. [PMID: 32899265 PMCID: PMC7504161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients develop a severe form of the disease when the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene is affected by nonsense mutations. Nonsense mutations are responsible for the presence of a premature termination codon (PTC) in the mRNA, creating a lack of functional protein. In this context, translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs) represent a promising approach to correct the basic defect caused by PTCs. By using computational optimization and biological screening, we identified three new small molecules showing high readthrough activity. The activity of these compounds has been verified by evaluating CFTR expression and functionality after treatment with the selected molecules in cells expressing nonsense–CFTR–mRNA. Additionally, the channel functionality was measured by the halide sensitive yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) quenching assay. All three of the new TRIDs displayed high readthrough activity and low toxicity and can be considered for further evaluation as a therapeutic approach toward the second major cause of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Pibiri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.M.); (M.T.); (A.D.L.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (L.L.); Tel.: +39-091-238-97545 (I.P.); +39-091-238-97341 (L.L.)
| | - Raffaella Melfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.M.); (M.T.); (A.D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Marco Tutone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.M.); (M.T.); (A.D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Aldo Di Leonardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.M.); (M.T.); (A.D.L.); (A.P.)
- Centro di OncoBiologia Sperimentale (COBS), via San Lorenzo Colli, 90145 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.M.); (M.T.); (A.D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Laura Lentini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.M.); (M.T.); (A.D.L.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (L.L.); Tel.: +39-091-238-97545 (I.P.); +39-091-238-97341 (L.L.)
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18
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Wang K, Romm EL, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF. Prediction of Premature Termination Codon Suppressing Compounds for Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Machine Learning. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173886. [PMID: 32858918 PMCID: PMC7503396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant percentage of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cases are caused by premature termination codon (PTC) mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to the production of a truncated, non-functional dystrophin polypeptide. PTC-suppressing compounds (PTCSC) have been developed in order to restore protein translation by allowing the incorporation of an amino acid in place of a stop codon. However, limitations exist in terms of efficacy and toxicity. To identify new compounds that have PTC-suppressing ability, we selected and clustered existing PTCSC, allowing for the construction of a common pharmacophore model. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models were developed for prediction of new PTCSC based on known compounds. We conducted a search of the NCI compounds database using the pharmacophore-based model and a search of the DrugBank database using pharmacophore-based, ML and DL models. Sixteen drug compounds were selected as a consensus of pharmacophore-based, ML, and DL searches. Our results suggest notable correspondence of the pharmacophore-based, ML, and DL models in prediction of new PTC-suppressing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Wang
- MAP program, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Eden L. Romm
- Curematch Inc., 6440 Lusk Blvd, Suite D206, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;
| | - Valentina L. Kouznetsova
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Igor F. Tsigelny
- Curematch Inc., 6440 Lusk Blvd, Suite D206, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Dept. of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Baiazitov RY, Friesen W, Johnson B, Mollin A, Sheedy J, Sierra J, Weetall M, Branstrom A, Welch E, Moon YC. Chemical modifications of G418 (geneticin): Synthesis of novel readthrough aminoglycosides results in an improved in vitro safety window but no improvements in vivo. Carbohydr Res 2020; 495:108058. [PMID: 32658832 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G418 is currently the most potent and active aminoglycoside to promote readthrough of eukaryotic nonsense mutations. However, owing to its toxicity G418 cannot be used in vivo to study readthrough activity A robust and scalable method for selective derivatization of G418 was developed to study the biological activity and toxicity of a series of analogs. Despite our synthetic efforts, an improvement in readthrough potency was not achieved. We discovered several analogs that demonstrated reduced zebra fish hair cell toxicity (a surrogate for ototoxicity), but this reduction in cellular toxicity did not translate to reduced in vivo toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramil Y Baiazitov
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA.
| | - Westley Friesen
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Briana Johnson
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Anna Mollin
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Josephine Sheedy
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Jairo Sierra
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Arthur Branstrom
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Ellen Welch
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Young-Choon Moon
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
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20
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2,6-Diaminopurine as a highly potent corrector of UGA nonsense mutations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1509. [PMID: 32198346 PMCID: PMC7083880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations cause about 10% of genetic disease cases, and no treatments are available. Nonsense mutations can be corrected by molecules with nonsense mutation readthrough activity. An extract of the mushroom Lepista inversa has recently shown high-efficiency correction of UGA and UAA nonsense mutations. One active constituent of this extract is 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP). In Calu-6 cancer cells, in which TP53 gene has a UGA nonsense mutation, DAP treatment increases p53 level. It also decreases the growth of tumors arising from Calu-6 cells injected into immunodeficient nude mice. DAP acts by interfering with the activity of a tRNA-specific 2′-O-methyltransferase (FTSJ1) responsible for cytosine 34 modification in tRNATrp. Low-toxicity and high-efficiency UGA nonsense mutation correction make DAP a good candidate for the development of treatments for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. Nonsense mutations can be corrected by several molecules that activate readthrough of premature termination codon. Here, the authors report that 2,6-diaminopurine efficiently corrects UGA nonsense mutations with no significant toxicity.
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21
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Didiasova M, Banning A, Brennenstuhl H, Jung-Klawitter S, Cinquemani C, Opladen T, Tikkanen R. Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency: An Update. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020477. [PMID: 32093054 PMCID: PMC7072817 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADH-D) is a genetic disorder that results from the aberrant metabolism of the neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). The disease is caused by impaired activity of the mitochondrial enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. SSADH-D manifests as varying degrees of mental retardation, autism, ataxia, and epileptic seizures, but the clinical picture is highly heterogeneous. So far, there is no approved curative therapy for this disease. In this review, we briefly summarize the molecular genetics of SSADH-D, the past and ongoing clinical trials, and the emerging features of the molecular pathogenesis, including redox imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction. The main aim of this review is to discuss the potential of further therapy approaches that have so far not been tested in SSADH-D, such as pharmacological chaperones, read-through drugs, and gene therapy. Special attention will also be paid to elucidating the role of patient advocacy organizations in facilitating research and in the communication between researchers and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Didiasova
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Antje Banning
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Heiko Brennenstuhl
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | - Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | | | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9947-420
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22
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Screening Readthrough Compounds to Suppress Nonsense Mutations: Possible Application to β-Thalassemia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020289. [PMID: 31972957 PMCID: PMC7073686 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of thalassemia (including β039-thalassemia) are caused by nonsense mutations in genes controlling globin production, leading to premature translation termination and mRNA destabilization mediated by the nonsense mediated mRNA decay. Drugs (for instance, aminoglycosides) can be designed to suppress premature translation termination by inducing readthrough (or nonsense suppression) at the premature termination codon. These findings have introduced new hopes for the development of a pharmacologic approach to cure this genetic disease. In the present review, we first summarize the principle and current status of the chemical relief for the expression of functional proteins from genes otherwise unfruitful for the presence of nonsense mutations. Second, we compare data available on readthrough molecules for β0-thalassemia. The examples reported in the review strongly suggest that ribosomal readthrough should be considered as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of β0-thalassemia caused by nonsense mutations. Concluding, the discovery of molecules, exhibiting the property of inducing β-globin, such as readthrough compounds, is of great interest and represents a hope for several patients, whose survival will depend on the possible use of drugs rendering blood transfusion and chelation therapy unnecessary.
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23
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Campofelice A, Lentini L, Di Leonardo A, Melfi R, Tutone M, Pace A, Pibiri I. Strategies against Nonsense: Oxadiazoles as Translational Readthrough-Inducing Drugs (TRIDs). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133329. [PMID: 31284579 PMCID: PMC6651739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of oxadiazoles as translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs) to rescue the functional full-length protein expression in mendelian genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. These mutations in specific genes generate premature termination codons (PTCs) responsible for the translation of truncated proteins. After a brief introduction on nonsense mutations and their pathological effects, the features of various classes of TRIDs will be described discussing differences or similarities in their mechanisms of action. Strategies to correct the PTCs will be presented, particularly focusing on a new class of Ataluren-like oxadiazole derivatives in comparison to aminoglycosides. Additionally, recent results on the efficiency of new candidate TRIDs in restoring the production of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein will be presented. Finally, a prospectus on complementary strategies to enhance the effect of TRIDs will be illustrated together with a conclusive paragraph about perspectives, opportunities, and caveats in developing small molecules as TRIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Campofelice
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Lentini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Leonardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Raffaella Melfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Tutone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ivana Pibiri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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2-Aminothiazole-4-carboxamides Enhance Readthrough of Premature Termination Codons by Aminoglycosides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:726-731. [PMID: 31097990 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations introduce a premature termination codon (PTC) and are the underlying cause of multiple rare genetic diseases and cancers. Although certain aminoglycosides bind to eukaryotic ribosomes enabling incorporation of an amino acid at the PTC and formation of full-length protein, they are inefficient and toxic at therapeutic doses. Library screening in assays that measure readthrough at a PTC in the TP53 gene in human HDQ-P1 cells identified six novel 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxamide derivatives that potentiate the PTC readthrough (PTCR) efficiency of G418 when used in combination. The two most potent compounds incorporated a 4-indazole motif on the 2-aminothiazole nitrogen and a hydrophobic aryl substituent on the carboxamide nitrogen. These compounds are valuable tools to further investigate the therapeutic potential of aminoglycoside-induced PTCR.
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Friesen WJ, Johnson B, Sierra J, Zhuo J, Vazirani P, Xue X, Tomizawa Y, Baiazitov R, Morrill C, Ren H, Babu S, Moon YC, Branstrom A, Mollin A, Hedrick J, Sheedy J, Elfring G, Weetall M, Colacino JM, Welch EM, Peltz SW. The minor gentamicin complex component, X2, is a potent premature stop codon readthrough molecule with therapeutic potential. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206158. [PMID: 30359426 PMCID: PMC6201930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations, resulting in a premature stop codon in the open reading frame of mRNAs are responsible for thousands of inherited diseases. Readthrough of premature stop codons by small molecule drugs has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to treat disorders resulting from premature termination of translation. The aminoglycoside antibiotics are a class of molecule known to promote readthrough at premature termination codons. Gentamicin consists of a mixture of major and minor aminoglycoside components. Here, we investigated the readthrough activities of the individual components and show that each of the four major gentamicin complex components representing 92–99% of the complex each had similar potency and activity to that of the complex itself. In contrast, a minor component (gentamicin X2) was found to be the most potent and active readthrough component in the gentamicin complex. The known oto- and nephrotoxicity associated with aminoglycosides preclude long-term use as readthrough agents. Thus, we evaluated the components of the gentamicin complex as well as the so-called “designer” aminoglycoside, NB124, for in vitro and in vivo safety. In cells, we observed that gentamicin X2 had a safety/readthrough ratio (cytotoxicity/readthrough potency) superior to that of gentamicin, G418 or NB124. In rodents, we observed that gentamicin X2 showed a safety profile that was superior to G418 overall including reduced nephrotoxicity. These results support further investigation of gentamicin X2 as a therapeutic readthrough agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Westley J. Friesen
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Briana Johnson
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jairo Sierra
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jin Zhuo
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Priya Vazirani
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Xiaojiao Xue
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Yuki Tomizawa
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ramil Baiazitov
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Christie Morrill
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Ren
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Suresh Babu
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Young-Choon Moon
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Art Branstrom
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Anna Mollin
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jean Hedrick
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Josephine Sheedy
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Gary Elfring
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | | | - Ellen M. Welch
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Stuart W. Peltz
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
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Dabrowski M, Bukowy-Bieryllo Z, Zietkiewicz E. Advances in therapeutic use of a drug-stimulated translational readthrough of premature termination codons. Mol Med 2018; 24:25. [PMID: 30134808 PMCID: PMC6016875 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature termination codons (PTCs) in the coding regions of mRNA lead to the incorrect termination of translation and generation of non-functional, truncated proteins. Translational readthrough of PTCs induced by pharmaceutical compounds is a promising way of restoring functional protein expression and reducing disease symptoms, without affecting the genome or transcriptome of the patient. While in some cases proven effective, the clinical use of readthrough-inducing compounds is still associated with many risks and difficulties. This review focuses on problems directly associated with compounds used to stimulate PTC readthrough, such as their interactions with the cell and organism, their toxicity and bioavailability (cell permeability; tissue deposition etc.). Various strategies designed to overcome these problems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Dabrowski
- Institute of Human Genetics; Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Zietkiewicz
- Institute of Human Genetics; Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Optimized approach for the identification of highly efficient correctors of nonsense mutations in human diseases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187930. [PMID: 29131862 PMCID: PMC5683606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
About 10% of patients with a genetic disease carry a nonsense mutation causing their pathology. A strategy for correcting nonsense mutations is premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough, i.e. incorporation of an amino acid at the PTC position during translation. PTC-readthrough-activating molecules appear as promising therapeutic tools for these patients. Unfortunately, the molecules shown to induce PTC readthrough show low efficacy, probably because the mRNAs carrying a nonsense mutation are scarce, as they are also substrates of the quality control mechanism called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). The screening systems previously developed to identify readthrough-promoting molecules used cDNA constructs encoding mRNAs immune to NMD. As the molecules identified were not selected for the ability to correct nonsense mutations on NMD-prone PTC-mRNAs, they could be unsuitable for the context of nonsense-mutation-linked human pathologies. Here, a screening system based on an NMD-prone mRNA is described. It should be suitable for identifying molecules capable of efficiently rescuing the expression of human genes harboring a nonsense mutation. This system should favor the discovery of candidate drugs for treating genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. One hit selected with this screening system is presented and validated on cells from three cystic fibrosis patients.
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28
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Kenny J, Forsythe E, Beales P, Bacchelli C. Toward personalized medicine in Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Per Med 2017; 14:447-456. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine is becoming routine in the treatment of common diseases such as cancer, but has lagged behind in the field of rare diseases. It is currently in the early stages for the treatment of Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Advances in the understanding of ciliary biology and diagnostic techniques have opened up the prospect of treating BBS in a patient-specific manner. Owing to their structure and function, cilia provide an attractive therapeutic target and genetic therapies are being explored in ciliopathy treatment. Promising avenues include gene therapy, gene editing techniques and splice-correcting and read-through therapies. Targeted drug design has been successful in the treatment of genetic disease and research is underway in the discovery of known and novel drugs to treat Bardet–Biedl syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kenny
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Forsythe
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip Beales
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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