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Abstract
Embryo cryopreservation has been used to archive mouse strains. Protocols have evolved over this time and now vary considerably in terms of cryoprotectant solution, cooling and warming rates, methods to add and remove cryoprotectant, container or carrier type, volume of cryoprotectant, the stage of preimplantation development, and the use of additional treatments such as blastocyst puncture and microinjection. The rapid cooling methods use concentrated solutions of cryoprotectants to reduce the water content of the cell before cooling commences, thus preventing the formation of ice crystals. Embryos are equilibrated with the cryoprotectants, loaded into a carrier, and then rapidly cooled (e.g., by being plunged directly into LN2 or onto a surface cooled in LN2). The rapid cooling methods eliminate the need for controlled-rate freezers and seeding procedures. However, they are much more sensitive to minor variations when performing the steps. The rapid-cooling protocol described here is suitable for use with plastic insemination straws. Because it uses relatively large volumes, it is less technically demanding than some other methods that use minivolume devices.
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Song S, Ge X, Cheng Y, Lu R, Zhang T, Yu B, Ji X, Qi Z, Rong Y, Yuan Y, Cheng Y. High-level expression of a novel recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) in the milk of transgenic rabbits and its thrombolytic bioactivity in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:775-83. [PMID: 27230577 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key kinase of fibrinolysis that plays an important role in dissolving fibrin clots to promote thrombolysis. The recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) has more thrombolytic advantages than the wild type tPA. To increase the half-life and thrombolytic activity of tPA, a mutant containing only the essential K2 fibrin-binding and P activating plasminogen domains of the wild type tPA was cloned. This fragment was then inserted into goat β-casein regulatory sequences. Then, a mammary gland-specific expression vector, PCL25/rhPA, was constructed, and the transgenic rabbits were generated. In this study, 18 live transgenic founders (12♀, 6♂) were generated using pronuclear microinjection. Six transgenic rabbits were obtained, and the expression levels of rhPA in the milk had a range of 15.2-630 µg/ml. A fibrin agarose plate assay of rhPA showed that it had strong thrombolytic bioactivity in vitro, and the highest specific activity was >360 (360 times more than that of alteplase). The results indicated that the rhPA containing only the K2 and P domains is efficiently expressed with higher thrombolytic bioactivity in the milk of transgenic rabbits. Our study also demonstrated a new method for the large-scale production of clinically relevant recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in the mammary glands of transgenic rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozheng Song
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ge
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaobin Cheng
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Lu
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoli Yu
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiao Ji
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqiang Qi
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Rong
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Yuan
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Rodriguez‐Villamil P, Ongaratto FL, Fernandez Taranco M, Bó GA. Solid‐Surface Vitrification and In‐Straw Dilution After Warming of In Vitro‐Produced Bovine Embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 49:79-84. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - FL Ongaratto
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Córdoba (IRAC) Córdoba Argentina
| | - M Fernandez Taranco
- Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Area de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Villa María Villa María Córdoba Argentina
| | - GA Bó
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Córdoba (IRAC) Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Area de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Villa María Villa María Córdoba Argentina
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Vutyavanich T, Sreshthaputra O, Piromlertamorn W, Nunta S. Closed-system solid surface vitrification versus slow programmable freezing of mouse 2-cell embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet 2009; 26:285-90. [PMID: 19603263 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-009-9324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare closed-system solid surface vitrification with slow freezing. METHODS Mouse 2-cell embryos (n = 348) were divided into vitrification, slow freezing and non-frozen groups. For vitrification, embryos were exposed to 10% ethylene glycol (EG), 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 10 min, then transferred into 17.5% EG, 17.5% DMSO, 0.25 M trehalose and 10% FBS in PBS. They were placed on hemi-straws and inserted into 0.5 ml straws inside a previously cooled aluminum cylinder. Slow freezing was done in straws by the conventional method. RESULTS Vitrified embryos had significantly higher survival, further cleavage and blastocyst formation rates than those in the slow freezing group (p < 0.001) and were comparable to controls. Blastocysts in the vitrification and control groups had significantly more cells than those in the slow freezing group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Closed-system vitrification was more effective than conventional slow freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teraporn Vutyavanich
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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