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Mantri M, Zhang HH, Spanos E, Ren YA, De Vlaminck I. A spatiotemporal molecular atlas of the ovulating mouse ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317418121. [PMID: 38252830 PMCID: PMC10835069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317418121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovulation is essential for reproductive success, yet the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are far from clear. Here, we applied high-resolution spatiotemporal transcriptomics to map out cell type- and ovulation stage-specific molecular programs as function of time during follicle maturation and ovulation in mice. Our analysis revealed dynamic molecular transitions within granulosa cell types that occur in tight coordination with mesenchymal cell proliferation. We identified molecular markers for the emerging cumulus cell fate during the preantral-to-antral transition. We describe transcriptional programs that respond rapidly to ovulation stimulation and those associated with follicle rupture, highlighting the prominent roles of apoptotic and metabolic pathways during the final stages of follicle maturation. We further report stage-specific oocyte-cumulus cell interactions and diverging molecular differentiation in follicles approaching ovulation. Collectively, this study provides insights into the cellular and molecular processes that regulate mouse ovarian follicle maturation and ovulation with important implications for advancing therapeutic strategies in reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Mantri
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
| | | | - Emmanuel Spanos
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
| | - Yi A. Ren
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
| | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
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2
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Mantri M, Zhang HH, Spanos E, Ren YA, Vlaminck ID. A Spatiotemporal Molecular Atlas of the Ovulating Mouse Ovary. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554210. [PMID: 37662215 PMCID: PMC10473623 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovulation is essential for reproductive success, yet the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are far from clear. Here, we applied high-resolution spatiotemporal transcriptomics to map out cell-type- and ovulation-stage-specific molecular programs as function of time during follicle maturation and ovulation in mice. Our analysis revealed dynamic molecular transitions within granulosa cell types that occur in tight coordination with mesenchymal cell proliferation. We identified new molecular markers for the emerging cumulus cell fate during the preantral-to-antral transition. We describe transcriptional programs that respond rapidly to ovulation stimulation and those associated with follicle rupture, highlighting the prominent roles of apoptotic and metabolic pathways during the final stages of follicle maturation. We further report stage-specific oocyte-cumulus cell interactions and diverging molecular differentiation in follicles approaching ovulation. Collectively, this study provides insights into the cellular and molecular processes that regulate mouse ovarian follicle maturation and ovulation with important implications for advancing therapeutic strategies in reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Mantri
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Emmanuel Spanos
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Yi A Ren
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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3
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Saha P, Kumar S, Datta K, Tyagi RK. Upsurge in autophagy, associated with mifepristone-treated polycystic ovarian condition, is reversed upon thymoquinone treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 208:105823. [PMID: 33484844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multi-factorial gynecological endocrine disorder. It affects fertility in women and also predisposes to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity etc. Earlier, significance of autophagy has been explored in PCOS-related metabolic disorders and during normal folliculogenesis. Increasing evidences reveal connection of autophagy with chronic inflammatory behaviour, an associated phenomena in polycystic ovaries. However, understanding of the association of autophagy with PCOS is still obscure. This study reveals that increased autophagy in mifepristone (RU486) treated KK-1 cells and in vivo PCO rat model is characterized by upregulated Androgen Receptor (AR) expression and downregulated PCO biomarker aromatase. The prevalence of autophagy has been observed to be concomitant with increased expression of two autophagic markers Beclin1 and MAP-LC3-II while the autophagy substrate p62/SQSTM1 was downregulated. Immunohistochemical staining revealed increased localization of MAP-LC3 in the compacted granulosa layers of the follicular cysts in the PCO model. The PCO rat models also demonstrated augmented levels of p65, the active subunit of NF-κB, which acts as a transcriptional regulator of several pro-inflammatory factors. NF-κB repressor and anti-inflammatory herbal drug thymoquinone, known to alleviate PCO condition, downregulated autophagy modules substantially. Pre-treatment with thymoquinone upregulated aromatase, reduced AR levels and decreased autophagic markers as well as p65 levels, simulating super-ovulated condition. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory phytochemical thymoquinone alleviated PCO condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Saha
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India; Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kasturi Datta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India; Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Chapon RDCB, Genro VK, de Souza CAB, Cunha-Filho JS. Randomized controlled trial comparing embryonic quality in rFSH versus hMG in the IVF protocol with GnRH Antagonist. JBRA Assist Reprod 2021; 25:131-135. [PMID: 33118716 PMCID: PMC7863090 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to investigate embryo quality (score) after controlled ovarian stimulation for IVF using rFSH or hMG with the GnRH antagonist protocol. METHODS Open, randomized, single center study. The patients were randomized to receive rFSH or hMG according to randomized cards inside a black envelope with the name of the respective treatment following a computer generated list (85 patients were allocated to rFSH group and 83 patients to hMG group). Inclusion criteria were patients with IVF indication and normal ovarian reserve. Embryo evaluation was performed on day three, after fertilization based on the Graduated Embryo Score (GES). RESULTS There were no relevant differences in demographic characteristics. There was no difference in pregnancy rates with 27 (31%) and 25 (30.1%) pregnancies for rFSH and hMG, respectively (p=0.87). The total embryo score was the same for both groups, but the best embryo score was significant higher for the rFSH group (77.33±34.0 x 65.07±33.2 p=0.03). The total number of embryos was statistical different, also in favor of the rFSH group (4.17±3.1 x 3.26±2.4 p=0.04). CONCLUSION The total embryo score was the same for both groups, but the best embryo score was significantly higher for the rFSH group. Moreover, rFSH was associated with an increased number of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cassia Borges Chapon
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Krebs Genro
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Bastos de Souza
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Sabino Cunha-Filho
- Professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Di Paolo V, Mangialardo C, Zacà C, Barberi M, Sereni E, Borini A, Centanni M, Coticchio G, Verga-Falzacappa C, Canipari R. Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 regulate human luteinized granulosa cells, counteracting apoptosis and promoting cell survival. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:821-831. [PMID: 31894536 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fine and balanced regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis are key to achieve ovarian follicle development from the primordial to the preovulatory stage and therefore assure female reproductive function. While gonadotropins are the major and most recognized regulators of follicle cell growth and function, other factors, both systemic and local, play equally important roles. This work is aimed at evaluating the effects of thyroid hormones (THs) on human granulosa luteinized (hGL) viability. METHODS Human GL cells derived from assisted reproduction treatments were exposed to T3 or T4. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL assay and active caspase-3 staining. StAR, CYP19A1,Caspase-3, P53 and BAX mRNA were evaluated by real-time PCR. LC3-I/-II, AKT and pAKT were evaluated by western blot. RESULTS T3 and T4 promoted cell viability in a dose-dependent modality and modulate StAR and CYP19A1 expression. T3 and to a lesser extent T4 mitigated cell death induced by serum starvation by inhibition of caspase-3 activity and expression of P53 and BAX; and attenuate cell death experimentally induced by C2-ceramide. Cell death derived from starvation appeared to be involved in autophagic processes, as the levels of autophagic markers (LC3-II/LC3-I ratio) decreased when starved cells were exposed to T3 and T4. This effect was associated with an increase in pAkt levels. CONCLUSION From the present study, THs emerge as potent anti-apoptotic agents in hGL cells. This effect is achieved by inhibiting the apoptosis signalling pathway of BAX and caspase-3, while maintaining active the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Paolo
- DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - C Mangialardo
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Zacà
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Barberi
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Sereni
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Borini
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Centanni
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Coticchio
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Verga-Falzacappa
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R Canipari
- DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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ROS-Induced GATA4 and GATA6 Downregulation Inhibits StAR Expression in LPS-Treated Porcine Granulosa-Lutein Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5432792. [PMID: 31178965 PMCID: PMC6501234 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5432792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
LPS is a major endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria, and exposure to it commonly occurs in animal husbandry. Previous studies have shown that LPS infection disturbs steroidogenesis, including progesterone production, and subsequently decreases animal reproductive performance. However, little information about the underlying mechanisms is available thus far. In the present study, an in vitro-luteinized porcine granulosa cell model was used to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of LPS treatment. We found that LPS significantly inhibits progesterone production and downregulates the expressions of progesterone synthesis-associated genes (StAR, CYP11A1, and 3β-HSD). Furthermore, the levels of ROS were significantly increased in an LPS dose-dependent manner. Moreover, transcriptional factors GATA4 and GATA6, but not NR5A1, were significantly downregulated. Elimination of LPS-stimulated ROS by melatonin or vitamin C could restore the expressions of GATA4, GATA6, and StAR. In parallel, StAR expression was also inhibited by the knockdown of GATA4 and GATA6. Based on these data, we conclude that LPS impairs StAR expression via the ROS-induced downregulation of GATA4 and GATA6. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the understanding of reproductive losses in animals suffering from bacterial infection and LPS exposure.
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Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G, Simoni M. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:549-592. [PMID: 29905829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental to sexual development and reproduction. Because they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), the general consensus has been that LH and human CG (hCG) are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ~85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in an ~90-minute half-life molecule targeting the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone," exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours) and angiogenic potential and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (also known as protein kinase B), resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/antiapoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated steroidogenic and proapoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data have been confirmed by a large data set from assisted reproduction, because the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively affects the number of retrieved oocytes, and LH affects the pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation compared with LH and testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG has been disproved by such data, highlighting their sex-specific functions and thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
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Choi Y, Wilson K, Hannon PR, Rosewell KL, Brännström M, Akin JW, Curry TE, Jo M. Coordinated Regulation Among Progesterone, Prostaglandins, and EGF-Like Factors in Human Ovulatory Follicles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1971-1982. [PMID: 28323945 PMCID: PMC5470773 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In animal models, the luteinizing hormone surge increases progesterone (P4) and progesterone receptor (PGR), prostaglandins (PTGs), and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like factors that play essential roles in ovulation. However, little is known about the expression, regulation, and function of these key ovulatory mediators in humans. OBJECTIVE To determine when and how these key ovulatory mediators are induced after the luteinizing hormone surge in human ovaries. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Timed periovulatory follicles were obtained from cycling women. Granulosa/lutein cells were collected from in vitro fertilization patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The in vivo and in vitro expression of PGR, PTG synthases and transporters, and EGF-like factors were examined at the level of messenger RNA and protein. PGR binding to specific genes was assessed. P4 and PTGs in conditioned media were measured. RESULTS PGR, PTGS2, and AREG expressions dramatically increased in ovulatory follicles at 12 to 18 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In human granulosa/lutein cell cultures, hCG increased P4 and PTG production and the expression of PGR, specific PTG synthases and transporters, and EGF-like factors, mimicking in vivo expression patterns. Inhibitors for P4/PGR and EGF-signaling pathways reduced hCG-induced increases in PTG production and the expression of EGF-like factors. PGR bound to the PTGS2, PTGES, and SLCO2A1 genes. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrated the time-dependent induction of PGR, AREG, and PTGS2 in human periovulatory follicles. In vitro studies indicated that collaborative actions of P4/PGR and EGF signaling are required for hCG-induced increases in PTG production and potentiation of EGF signaling in human periovulatory granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Kalin Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Patrick R Hannon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Katherine L Rosewell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Mats Brännström
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Stockholm IVF, 112 81 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James W Akin
- Bluegrass Fertility Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40503
| | - Thomas E Curry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Misung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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Liu J, Tu F, Yao W, Li X, Xie Z, Liu H, Li Q, Pan Z. Conserved miR-26b enhances ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis through HAS2-HA-CD44-Caspase-3 pathway by targeting HAS2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21197. [PMID: 26887530 PMCID: PMC4758074 DOI: 10.1038/srep21197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2)-hyaluronic acid (HA)-CD44-Caspase-3 pathway is involved in ovarian granulosa cell (GC) functions in mammals. HAS2 is a key enzyme required for HA synthesis and is the key factor in this pathway. However, the regulation of HAS2 and the HAS2-mediated pathway by microRNAs in GCs is poorly understood. Here, we report that miR-26b regulates porcine GC (pGC) apoptosis through the HAS2-HA-CD44-Caspase-3 pathway by binding directly to the 3′- untranslated region of HAS2 mRNA. Knockdown of miR-26b reduced pGC apoptosis. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that HAS2 is a direct target of miR-26b in pGCs. Knockdown and overexpression of miR-26b increased and decreased, respectively, HA content, and HAS2 and CD44 expression in pGCs. At the same time, inhibition and overexpression of miR-26b decreased and increased the expression of Caspase-3, a downstream factor in the HAS2-HA-CD44 pathway. Moreover, knockdown of HAS2 enhanced pGC apoptosis, reduced the inhibitory effects of a miR-26b inhibitor on pGC apoptosis, repressed HA content and CD44 expression, and promoted Caspase-3 expression. In addition, overexpression of HAS2 has a opposite effect. Collectively, miR-26b positively regulates pGC apoptosis via a novel HAS2-HA-CD44-Caspase-3 pathway by targeting the HAS2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifa Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengxiang Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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