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Somfai T. Vitrification of immature oocytes in pigs. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13943. [PMID: 38578008 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of oocytes is an important technology for the in vitro gene banking of female germplasm. Although slow freezing is not feasible, porcine oocytes survive vitrification at high rates. Cryopreservation at the germinal vesicle stage appears to be more advantageous than that at the metaphase-II stage. Several factors are considered to affect the success of vitrification and subsequent utilization of immature porcine oocytes such as the device, the protocols for cryoprotectant application, warming, and the post-warming culture. Although live piglets could be obtained from vitrified immature oocytes, their competence to develop to the blastocyst stage is still reduced compared to their non-vitrified counterparts, indicating that there is room for further improvement. Vitrified oocytes suffer various types of damage and alteration which may reduce their developmental ability. Some of these can recover to some extent during subsequent culture, such as the damage of the cytoskeleton and mitochondria. Others such as premature nuclear progression, DNA damage and epigenetic alterations will require further research to be clarified and addressed. To date, the practical application of oocyte vitrification in pigs has been confined to the gene banking of a few native breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Somfai
- Animal Model Development Group, Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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2
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Gonzalez-Plaza A, Cambra JM, Parrilla I, Gil MA, Martinez EA, Martinez CA, Cuello C. The Open Cryotop System Is Effective for the Simultaneous Vitrification of a Large Number of Porcine Embryos at Different Developmental Stages. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:936753. [PMID: 35812891 PMCID: PMC9257686 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.936753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Superfine Open Pulled Straw (SOPS) system is the most commonly used method for vitrification of pig embryos. However, this system only allows the vitrification of four to seven embryos per straw. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of the open (OC) and closed (CC) Cryotop® systems to simultaneously vitrify a larger number of porcine embryos. Morulae, early blastocysts and full blastocysts were vitrified with the open Cryotop® (n = 250; 20 embryos per device) system, the closed Cryotop® (n = 158; 20 embryos per device) system and the traditional superfine open pulled straw (SOPS; n = 241; 4–7 embryos per straw) method. Fresh embryos from each developmental stage constituted the control group (n = 132). Data expressed as percentages were compared with the Fisher's exact test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the effect of the different vitrification systems on the embryo quality parameters and two-by-two comparisons were accomplished with the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Vitrified and control embryos were incubated for 24 h and examined for viability and quality. At the warming step, the embryo recovery rate for the CC system was 51%, while all embryos were recovered when using OC and SOPS. There were no differences between the vitrification and control groups in the postwarming viability of full blastocysts. In contrast, morulae and early blastocysts that were vitrified-warmed with the SOPS system had lower viability (p < 0.01) compared to those from the OC, CC and control groups. The embryonic viability was similar between the OC and control groups, regardless of the developmental stage considered. Moreover, the embryos from the OC group had comparable total cell number and cells from the inner cell mass and apoptotic index than the controls. In conclusion, the OC system is suitable for the simultaneous vitrification of 20 porcine embryos at different developmental stages and provides comparable viability and quality results to fresh embryos subjected to 24 h of in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez-Plaza
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Josep M. Cambra
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Parrilla
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria A. Gil
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Emilio A. Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina A. Martinez
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Division of Children's and Women's Health/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Cristina A. Martinez
| | - Cristina Cuello
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Cristina Cuello
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Xingzhu D, Qingrui Z, Keren C, Yuxi L, Yunpeng H, Shien Z, Xiangwei F. Cryopreservation of Porcine Embryos: Recent Updates and Progress. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 19:210-218. [PMID: 33625892 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of embryos is important for long-distance embryo transfer and conservation of genetic resources. Porcine research is important for animal husbandry and biomedical research. However, porcine embryos are difficult to cryopreserve because of their high cytoplasmic lipid content and sensitivity to chilling stress. Vitrification is more efficient than slow freezing, and vitrification is mostly used in embryo cryopreservation. So far, the vitrification process of porcine embryos has been continuously improved, resulting in improved survival rates of warmed embryos and farrowing rates after the transplant procedure. It is worth noting that automatic vitrification has made great progress, which is expected to promote the standardization and application of vitrification. In this article, the vitrification process of porcine embryos at the blastula stage and early development stages is reviewed in detail. In addition, the efficiency of different vitrification systems was compared. In addition, we summarize technology that can improve the survival rate of cryopreserved porcine embryos, such as delipidation methods (including physical delipidation and chemical delipidation) and medium improvements (including chemically defined media and adding antioxidants). Meanwhile, gene expression changes during cryopreservation are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Xingzhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuan Qingrui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Keren
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Luo Yuxi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hou Yunpeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Shien
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Xiangwei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Lowe JL, Bathgate R, Grupen CG. Effect of carbohydrates on lipid metabolism during porcine oocyte IVM. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:557-569. [PMID: 31039975 DOI: 10.1071/rd18043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine oocytes contain a large amount of endogenous lipid, which is thought to function as an intracellular source of energy. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of stimulating or inhibiting lipid metabolism using l-carnitine or etomoxir respectively on the IVM of porcine oocytes cultured in media of varying carbohydrate composition. In the presence of pyruvate and lactate, exclusion of glucose inhibited oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation compared with oocytes matured in media containing low (1.5mM) and high (4.0mM) concentrations of glucose. In the absence of pyruvate and lactate in low-glucose medium only, a greater proportion of l-carnitine-treated oocytes progressed to the MII stage compared with untreated oocytes. The inclusion of pyruvate and lactate significantly altered the distribution of cytoplasmic lipid droplets and elevated the ATP content of oocytes, whereas the l-carnitine treatment did not. Further, the inhibitory effect of etomoxir on nuclear maturation was decreased in high- compared with low-glucose medium. The results indicate that carbohydrate substrates are absolutely necessary for effective porcine oocyte maturation, and that l-carnitine supplementation can only partially compensate for deficiencies in carbohydrate provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Lowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Roslyn Bathgate
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Christopher G Grupen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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5
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Xiang DC, Jia BY, Quan GB, Zhang B, Shao QY, Zhao ZY, Hong QH, Wu GQ. Effect of Knockout Serum Replacement During Postwarming Recovery Culture on the Development and Quality of Vitrified Parthenogenetic Porcine Blastocysts. Biopreserv Biobank 2019; 17:342-351. [PMID: 31009253 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The postwarming recovery culture, as one of the steps in cryopreservation process, is directly correlated with the survival and quality of embryos. Generally, recovery medium includes undefined serum or serum components that may cause the instability of results and other problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of knockout serum replacement (KSR) as a substitute for serum during recovery culture on the development and quality of vitrified parthenogenetic porcine blastocysts. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used as a positive control. The expanded blastocysts on day 5 were vitrified by the Cryotop method, and recovered with 10% (v/v) KSR or 10% (v/v) FBS for 48 hours after warming. Survival and hatching rates of vitrified blastocysts were significantly increased by KSR or FBS supplementation. The vitrified blastocysts recovered in KSR or FBS exhibited significantly decreased percentages of membrane damage and apoptosis, and increased total cells. Addition of KSR or FBS during recovery culture significantly reduced reactive oxygen species levels, and improved mitochondrial activity and adenosine triphosphates content in the vitrified blastocysts. Vitrification did not affect the gene expression of PCNA, CDX2, and CPT1, but significantly increased mRNA levels of POU5F1 and uPA. KSR added to the recovery medium significantly upregulated mRNA levels of PCNA and CPT1, and downregulated POU5F1 mRNA levels. The expression levels of PCNA, CDX2, CPT1, and uPA in vitrified blastocysts were significantly upregulated by addition of FBS to recovery medium. Moreover, the BAX: BCL2L1 ratio was similar between fresh and vitrified blastocysts, and KSR or FBS supplementation had no effect on the value. In conclusion, our data showed that KSR supplementation during recovery culture can improve the development and quality of vitrified parthenogenetic porcine blastocysts. These findings provide a useful reference that KSR could be used to replace FBS as a defined serum supplement for recovery culture of vitrified blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Cai Xiang
- 1Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Bao Yu Jia
- 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Guo Bo Quan
- 1Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- 1Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yong Shao
- 1Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yong Zhao
- 1Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Hua Hong
- 1Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Guo Quan Wu
- 1Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, P.R. China
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6
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Wilsher S, Rigali F, Couto G, Camargo S, Allen WR. Vitrification of equine expanded blastocysts following puncture with or without aspiration of the blastocoele fluid. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:500-505. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Couto
- Sharjah Equine Hospital Sharjah UAE
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Appeltant R, Somfai T, Kikuchi K. Faster, cheaper, defined and efficient vitrification for immature porcine oocytes through modification of exposure time, macromolecule source and temperature. Cryobiology 2018; 85:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Lowe JL, Bartolac LK, Bathgate R, Grupen CG. Supplementation of culture medium with L-carnitine improves the development and cryotolerance of in vitro-produced porcine embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:2357-2366. [PMID: 28390470 DOI: 10.1071/rd16442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine oocytes and embryos contain substantial amounts of lipid, with little known regarding its metabolic role during development. This study investigated the role of lipid metabolism and the interaction between carbohydrate and lipid substrates in porcine embryos. Following in vitro fertilisation, presumptive zygotes were transferred to culture medium supplemented with L-carnitine, a co-factor required for the metabolism of fatty acids. In porcine zygote medium-3 (PZM-3), which contains pyruvate and lactate, 3mM L-carnitine was the only dose that improved cleavage rates compared with the control. In the absence of carbohydrates, all doses of L-carnitine from 1.5 to 12mM increased cleavage rates compared with the control. Culture in a PZM-3-based sequential media system (Days 0-3: pyruvate and lactate; Days 4-7: glucose) significantly increased blastocyst cell numbers compared with culture in standard PZM-3. Supplementing PZM-3 with 3mM L-carnitine produced blastocysts with cell numbers equivalent to those obtained in the sequential media system. After vitrification, the post-warming survival rates of blastocysts obtained in media supplemented with 3mM L-carnitine were significantly greater than those of blastocysts obtained in standard PZM-3. In conclusion, L-carnitine supplementation improved embryo development when the medium contained pyruvate and lactate or was lacking carbohydrates completely, indicating a role for fatty-acid metabolism when the embryo's requirements for carbohydrates are not adequately met.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Lowe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - L K Bartolac
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - R Bathgate
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Regimental Drive, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - C G Grupen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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9
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Bartolac LK, Lowe JL, Koustas G, Grupen CG, Sjöblom C. Effect of different penetrating and non-penetrating cryoprotectants and media temperature on the cryosurvival of vitrified in vitro produced porcine blastocysts. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1230-1239. [PMID: 29968319 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the most efficient vitrification protocol for the cryopreservation of day 7 in vitro produced (IVP) porcine blastocysts. The post-warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified in control (17% dimethyl sulfoxide + 17% ethylene glycol [EG] + 0.4 mol/L sucrose) and commercial media did not differ, nor did the post-warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified in medium containing 1,2-propandiol in place of EG. However, vitrifying embryos in EG alone decreased the cryosurvival rate (55.6% and 33.6%, respectively, p < .05). Furthermore, the post-warm survival rates of blastocysts vitrified with either trehalose or sucrose as the non-penetrating cryoprotectant did not differ. There was also no significant difference in post-warm survival of blastocysts vitrified in control (38°C) media and room temperature (22°C) media with extended equilibration times, although when blastocysts were vitrified using control media at room temperature, the post-warm survival rate increased (56.8%, 57.3%, 72.5%, respectively, p < .05). The findings show that most cryoprotectant combinations examined proved equally effective at supporting the post-warm survival of IVP porcine blastocysts. The improved post-warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified using media held at room temperature suggests that the cryoprotectant toxicity exerted in 22°C media was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Katherine Bartolac
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Fertility Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenna Louise Lowe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - George Koustas
- Westmead Fertility Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Cecilia Sjöblom
- Westmead Fertility Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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10
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Bartolac LK, Lowe JL, Koustas G, Grupen CG, Sjöblom C. Vitrification, not cryoprotectant exposure, alters the expression of developmentally important genes in in vitro produced porcine blastocysts. Cryobiology 2017; 80:70-76. [PMID: 29221996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The vitrification of embryos is common practice in advanced livestock breeding programs and in human fertility clinics. Recent studies have revealed that vitrification results in aberrant expression of a number of stress related genes. However, few studies have examined the effect that vitrification has on developmentally important genes, and none have been conducted in porcine embryos. The aim of this study was to determine the effects that different vitrification procedures and cryoprotectant combinations have on the expression of imprinted genes in in vitro produced (IVP) porcine blastocysts. The transcript levels of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) were lower in all groups of vitrified blastocysts compared to that in non-vitrified control blastocysts (P < 0.05). Expression levels of IGF2 and IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) in blastocysts that had been exposed to cryoprotectants without being vitrified were similar to that in non-vitrified control blastocysts (P > 0.05). Furthermore, blastocysts vitrified using ethylene glycol and propanediol combined, and those vitrified in a closed device, had IGF2R transcript levels similar to that in non-vitrified control blastocysts (P > 0.05). In conclusion, vitrification, but not exposure to cryoprotectants, caused aberrant expression of the imprinted genes IGF2 and IGF2R. Vitrification protocols that incorporated propanediol or a closed device were found to be least disruptive of gene expression in IVP porcine blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise K Bartolac
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; Westmead Fertility Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jenna L Lowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - George Koustas
- Westmead Fertility Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christopher G Grupen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Cecilia Sjöblom
- Westmead Fertility Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Fu X, Yan Y, Li S, Wang J, Jiang B, Wang H, Duan Y, Tan T, Gao F, Gong D, Niu Y, Ji W, Zheng B, Si W. Vitrification of Rhesus Macaque Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Effects on Global Gene Expression. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3893691. [PMID: 29204157 PMCID: PMC5674518 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3893691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most promising adult stem cells for clinical application in a cell therapy. The development of large-scale cryopreservation techniques, such as vitrification, for MSCs is a prerequisite for clinical therapies. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) are two types of cryoprotectants widely used for cell vitrification. However, the effects of DMSO and EG on the biological characteristics and transcriptome profiles of MSCs after cryopreservation remain unknown. In the present study, the viability, immunophenotype of cell surface markers, proliferation, differentiation potency, and global gene expression of rhesus macaque bone marrow-derived MSCs vitrified using DMSO and EG were studied. The results showed that vitrification did not affect the morphology, surface markers, and differentiation of the MSCs, and compared to DMSO, EG better protected cell viability and proliferation. Most importantly, vitrification resulted in changes in a large number of transcripts of MSCs either preserved using DMSO or EG. This report is the first to examine the effects of DMSO and EG on global gene expression in stem cells. These results will be beneficial to understanding the biological process involved in MSC vitrification and will contribute to improving cryopreservation protocols that maintain transcriptomic identity with high cryosurvival for preclinical research and clinical long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Fu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Department of Hepatic and Bile Duct Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yanchao Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Kunming Ennovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Desheng Gong
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yuyu Niu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Kunming Ennovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Kunming Ennovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bingrong Zheng
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Wei Si
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Kunming Ennovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming 650500, China
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12
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Lowe JL, Bartolac LK, Bathgate R, Grupen CG. Cryotolerance of porcine blastocysts is improved by treating in vitro matured oocytes with L-carnitine prior to fertilization. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:263-270. [PMID: 28302936 PMCID: PMC5481628 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oocytes is critical for fertilization and embryo development. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing media with L-carnitine, a co-factor
required for the metabolism of fatty acids, during the peri-fertilization period on embryo development and energy generation. Firstly, in vitro matured (IVM) porcine oocytes were co-incubated with sperm in IVF
medium supplemented with 0‒24 mM L-carnitine. The blastocyst formation rate of the control group was greater than those of the L-carnitine groups (P < 0.05), except for the 3 mM L-carnitine group. Subsequently, oocytes and/or
sperm were treated without or with 3 mM L-carnitine for either the 1 h pre-IVF oocyte incubation; the pre-IVF sperm preparation; the first 30 min of IVF; or the entire 5.5 h of IVF. Despite similar fertilization rates among the
groups, the cleavage rate of the pre-IVF oocyte group was significantly greater than those of the other groups, except for the pre-IVF sperm group. Additionally, the oocyte ATP content and the cryotolerance of the resulting
blastocysts were examined following the pre-IVF oocyte treatment. Oocyte ATP content was also similar among the groups (P > 0.05). Following vitrification, the post-warming survival rate of blastocysts derived from
L-carnitine-treated oocytes was greater than that of blastocysts derived from untreated oocytes (42.4% vs. 24.9%; P < 0.05). In conclusion, a 1 h oocyte exposure to 3 mM L-carnitine immediately prior to
insemination enhanced cleavage and improved the cryotolerance of resulting blastocysts. While the findings are suggestive of a lipolytic action, further studies are required to clarify the contributions of lipid metabolism and
oxidative mechanisms to the observed effects of the L-carnitine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Lowe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Louise K Bartolac
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Roslyn Bathgate
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Christopher G Grupen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
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