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Synthesis, Regulatory Factors, and Signaling Pathways of Estrogen in the Ovary. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:350-360. [PMID: 35384637 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New insights have been thrown for understanding the significant role of estrogen on various systems of humans. Increasing evidences have determined the significant roles of estrogen in female reproductive system. So, the normal synthesis and secretion of estrogen play important roles in maintaining the function of tissues and organs. The ovaries are the main synthetic organs of estrogen. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of the estrogen synthesis in the ovaries. A series of factors and signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis of estrogen are expounded in detail. Understanding the regulating factors and potential mechanism related to estrogen synthesis will be beneficial for understanding estrogen disorder related diseases and may provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Bu Q, Liu S, Wang Z, Zou J, Wang P, Cao H, Li D, Cao B, An X, Song Y, Li G. PITX2 regulates steroidogenesis in granulosa cells of dairy goat by the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 321-322:114027. [PMID: 35300988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (PITX2), a major driver of multiple tissue development, is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in organisms. However, it is unknown if PITX2 regulates goat granulosa cell (GC) steroidogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the role and mechanism of PITX2 in GC steroidogenesis. In our study, PITX2 significantly facilitated the secretion level of estrogen and progesterone through increasing CYP11A1, CYP19A1, and STAR mRNA and protein expressions in GCs. Furthermore, PITX2 participated in the WNT pathway, enhancing the production of E2 and P4 in GCs. PITX2 in GCs increased the DVL-1 and CTNNB1 expression, involved in the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway related to steroidogenesis. Moreover, GC steroidogenesis-related gene translation was decreased by CTNNB1-siRNA but enhanced when transfected with PITX2. PITX2 regulates secretion of E2 and P4 from GCs via the WNT/β-catenin pathway and alters GC proliferation and steroidogenesis. These findings will help understand the role of PITX2 in goat ovarian follicular development and oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Bu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhanhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jiahao Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Peijie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Heran Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Dexian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Binyun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Guang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Sobrino V, Avendaño MS, Perdices-López C, Jimenez-Puyer M, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction: Recent progress and new frontiers in kisspeptin research. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 65:100977. [PMID: 34999056 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In late 2003, a major breakthrough in our understanding of the mechanisms that govern reproduction occurred with the identification of the reproductive roles of kisspeptins, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, and their receptor, Gpr54 (aka, Kiss1R). The discovery of this unsuspected reproductive facet attracted an extraordinary interest and boosted an intense research activity, in human and model species, that, in a relatively short period, established a series of basic concepts on the physiological roles of kisspeptins. Such fundamental knowledge, gathered in these early years of kisspeptin research, set the scene for the more recent in-depth dissection of the intimacies of the neuronal networks involving Kiss1 neurons, their precise mechanisms of regulation and the molecular underpinnings of the function of kisspeptins as pivotal regulators of all key aspects of reproductive function, from puberty onset to pulsatile gonadotropin secretion and the metabolic control of fertility. While no clear temporal boundaries between these two periods can be defined, in this review we will summarize the most prominent advances in kisspeptin research occurred in the last ten years, as a means to provide an up-dated view of the state of the art and potential paths of future progress in this dynamic, and ever growing domain of Neuroendocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sobrino
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Maria Soledad Avendaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cecilia Perdices-López
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Jimenez-Puyer
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Wu Y, Xue J, Li Y, Wu X, Qu M, Xu D, Shi Y. Expression, clinical significance and correlation of RUNX3 and HER2 in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1577-1589. [PMID: 34532112 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of colorectal cancer is high and on the rise. The genetic and protein expressions of RUNT-associated transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and adjacent normal tissues were detected to preliminarily explore their correlation and clinical significance. Methods CRC specimens excised during general surgery were selected for localization and quantitative analysis of protein and gene expression by SP (Streptavidin-peroxidase conjugated method) immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Combined with the patients' data, the relationship between the expression of the two genes and tumor characteristics was analyzed. Log-rank test was used to analyze the correlation between the two proteins and survival prognosis of CRC patients. The expression of RUNX3 in RKO and HCT-116 was knocked down, and the relative expression of HER2 in the two cell lines was detected. Results Immunohistochemical, RT-qPCR and Western blot results showed that the positive expression rate of RUNX3 in CRC was lower than in the normal group, and HER2 in CRC was higher than in the normal group. The positive expression of the two proteins correlated with the pT and pN stages of CRC. A significant negative correlation between the expression of the two genes in CRC. Follow-up results showed that the number of Runx3-positive patients was higher than negative ones, while HER2 positive were fewer than negative ones. In vitro experiments showed that RUNX3 protein and gene expression decreased, HER2 protein and gene expression increased in RUNX3 knockdown RKO and HCT-116 cells, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusions The expression of RUNX3 and HER2 in CRC is related to the occurrence and development of CRC, and the two genes have a negative regulating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshi Wu
- Graduate School of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yuanrui Li
- The College of Life Science, Northwestern University, Xian, China
| | - Xueliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Ming Qu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yongquan Shi
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
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RUNX3 Transcript Variants Have Distinct Roles in Ovarian Carcinoma and Differently Influence Platinum Sensitivity and Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030476. [PMID: 33530588 PMCID: PMC7866085 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epithelial ovarian cancer treatment is limited by missing predictive markers, frequent chemotherapy resistance and an incomplete understanding of the biology of tumors. Earlier work proved that hypermethylation of the gene RUNX3 coding for a transcription factor has prognostic value, and RUNX3 transcript variant overexpression, regulated by this epigenetic mechanism, influences cisplatin sensitivity and malignant properties of cells contrary. The present data validate RUNX3 transcript variant-specific effects for high-grade serous ovarian cancer and identify RUNX3-regulated genes and processes. Specifically, DNA damage repair and angiogenesis are influenced by RUNX3, and transcript variant 1 mediates stronger carcinogenic properties. Abstract The prognosis of late-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients is affected by chemotherapy response and the malignant potential of the tumor cells. In earlier work, we identified hypermethylation of the runt-related transcription factor 3 gene (RUNX3) as a prognostic biomarker and contrary functions of transcript variants (TV1 and TV2) in A2780 and SKOV3 cells. The aim of the study was to further validate these results and to increase the knowledge about RUNX3 function in EOC. New RUNX3 overexpression models of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) were established and analyzed for phenotypic (IC50 determination, migration, proliferation and angiogenesis assay, DNA damage analysis) and transcriptomic consequences (NGS) of RUNX3 TV1 and TV2 overexpression. Platinum sensitivity was affected by a specific transcript variant depending on BRCA background. RUNX3 TV2 induced an increased sensitivity in BRCA1wt cells (OVCAR3), whereas TV1 increased the sensitivity and induced a G2/M arrest under treatment in BRCA1mut cells (A13-2-12). These different phenotypes relate to differences in DNA repair: homologous recombination deficient A13-2-12 cells show less γH2AX foci despite higher levels of Pt-DNA adducts. RNA-Seq analyses prove transcript variant and cell-line-specific RUNX3 effects. Pathway analyses revealed another clinically important function of RUNX3—regulation of angiogenesis. This was confirmed by thrombospondin1 analyses, HUVEC spheroid sprouting assays and proteomic profiling. Importantly, conditioned media (CM) from RUNX3 TV1 overexpressing A13-2-12 cells induced an increased HUVEC sprouting. Altogether, the presented data support the hypothesis of different functions of RUNX3 transcript variants related to the clinically relevant processes—platinum resistance and angiogenesis.
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Chen H, Crosley P, Azad AK, Gupta N, Gokul N, Xu Z, Weinfeld M, Postovit LM, Pangas SA, Hitt MM, Fu Y. RUNX3 Promotes the Tumorigenic Phenotype in KGN, a Human Granulosa Cell Tumor-Derived Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143471. [PMID: 31311113 PMCID: PMC6678151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (GCT) are the predominant type of ovarian sex cord/stromal tumor. Although prognosis is generally favorable, the outcome for advanced and recurrent GCT is poor. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of GCT is critical to developing effective therapeutic strategies. Here we have examined the potential role of the runt-related transcription factor RUNX3. There are only two GCT cell lines available. While RUNX3 is silenced in the GCT cell line KGN cells, it is highly expressed in another GCT cell line, COV434 cells. Re-expression of RUNX3 promotes proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and motility in KGN cells in vitro and tumor formation in mice in vivo. Furthermore, expression of a dominant negative form of RUNX3 decreases proliferation of COV434 cells. To address a potential mechanism of action, we examined expression of cyclin D2 and the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1, two cell cycle regulators known to be critical determinants of GCT cell proliferation. We found that RUNX3 upregulates the expression of cyclin D2 at the mRNA and protein level, and decreases the level of the p27Kip1 protein, but not p27Kip1 mRNA. In conclusion, we demonstrate that RUNX proteins are expressed in GCT cell lines and human GCT specimens, albeit at variable levels, and RUNX3 may play an oncogenic role in a subset of GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Chen
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Powel Crosley
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Abul K Azad
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Nisha Gokul
- Department of Pathology & Immunology and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Pangas
- Department of Pathology & Immunology and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary M Hitt
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - YangXin Fu
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Runx3 regulates folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in granulosa cells of immature mice. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:743-754. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Suzuki T, Maeda S, Furuhata E, Shimizu Y, Nishimura H, Kishima M, Suzuki H. A screening system to identify transcription factors that induce binding site-directed DNA demethylation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2017; 10:60. [PMID: 29221486 PMCID: PMC5723091 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-017-0169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic modification that is involved in many biological systems such as differentiation and disease. We and others recently showed that some transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the site-specific determination of DNA demethylation in a binding site-directed manner, although the reports of such TFs are limited. Results Here, we develop a screening system to identify TFs that induce binding site-directed DNA methylation changes. The system involves the ectopic expression of target TFs in model cells followed by DNA methylome analysis and overrepresentation analysis of the corresponding TF binding motif at differentially methylated regions. It successfully identified binding site-directed demethylation of SPI1, which is known to promote DNA demethylation in a binding site-directed manner. We extended our screening system to 15 master TFs involved in cellular differentiation and identified eight novel binding site-directed DNA demethylation-inducing TFs (RUNX3, GATA2, CEBPB, MAFB, NR4A2, MYOD1, CEBPA, and TBX5). Gene ontology and tissue enrichment analysis revealed that these TFs demethylate genomic regions associated with corresponding biological roles. We also describe the characteristics of binding site-directed DNA demethylation induced by these TFs, including the targeting of highly methylated CpGs, local DNA demethylation, and the overlap of demethylated regions between TFs of the same family. Conclusions Our results show the usefulness of the developed screening system for the identification of TFs that induce DNA demethylation in a site-directed manner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-017-0169-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shiori Maeda
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Erina Furuhata
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuri Shimizu
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hajime Nishimura
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Kishima
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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