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Kurumizaka M, Yao T, Tokoro M, Fukunaga N, Asada Y, Yamagata K. Effect of ovarian stimulation on developmental speed of preimplantation embryo in a mouse model. J Reprod Dev 2024; 70:160-168. [PMID: 38494726 PMCID: PMC11153123 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2023-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian stimulation protocols are widely used to collect oocytes in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Although the influence of ovarian stimulation on embryo quality has been described, this issue remains controversial. Here, we analyzed the influence of ovarian stimulation on developmental speed and chromosome segregation using live cell imaging. Female mice at the proestrus stage were separated by the appearance of the vagina as the non-stimulation (-) group, and other mice were administered pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as the stimulation (+) groups. The cumulus-oocyte complexes from both groups were inseminated with sperm suspensions from the same male mice. Fertilization rates and developmental capacities were examined, and the developmental speed and frequency of chromosome segregation errors were measured by live-cell imaging using a Histone H2B-mCherry probe. The number of fertilized oocytes obtained was 1.4-fold more frequent in the stimulation (+) group. The developmental rate and chromosome stability did not differ between the groups. Image analysis showed that the mean speed of development in the stimulation (+) group was slightly higher than that in the non-stimulation (-) group. This increase in speed seemed to arise from the slight shortening of the 2- and 4-cell stages and third division lengths and consequent synchronization of cleavage timing in each embryo, not from the emergence of an extremely rapidly developing subpopulation of embryos. In conclusion, ovarian stimulation does not necessarily affect embryo quality but rather increases the chances of obtaining high-quality oocytes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurumizaka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Present: Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Yao
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
- Present: Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), KINDAI University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tokoro
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Aichi 486-0931, Japan
- Present: Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), KINDAI University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Noritaka Fukunaga
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Aichi 486-0931, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Asada
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Aichi 486-0931, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Present: Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), KINDAI University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
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2
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Kikuchi Y, Ito D, Wakayama S, Ooga M, Wakayama T. Time-lapse observation of mouse preimplantation embryos using a simple closed glass capillary method. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19893. [PMID: 37963931 PMCID: PMC10646084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse observation is a popular method for analyzing mammalian preimplantation embryos, but it often requires expensive equipment and skilled techniques. We previously developed a simply and costly embryo-culture system in a sealed tube that does not require a CO2 incubator. In the present study, we developed a new time-lapse observation system using our previous culture method and a glass capillary. Zygotes were placed in a glass capillary and sunk in oil for observation under a stereomicroscope. Warming the capillary using a thermoplate enabled most of the zygotes to develop into blastocysts and produce healthy offspring. This time-lapse observation system captured images every 30 min for up to 5 days, which confirmed that the developmental speed and quality of the embryos were not affected, even with fluorescence. Overall, this new system is a simple time-lapse observation method for preimplantation embryos that does not require dedicated machines and advanced techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kikuchi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Daiyu Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ooga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan.
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3
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Uemura S, Maenohara S, Inoue K, Ogonuki N, Matoba S, Ogura A, Kurumizaka M, Yamagata K, Sharif J, Koseki H, Ueda K, Unoki M, Sasaki H. UHRF1 is essential for proper cytoplasmic architecture and function of mouse oocytes and derived embryos. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301904. [PMID: 37225425 PMCID: PMC10209520 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is a protein essential for the maintenance of DNA methylation in somatic cells. However, UHRF1 is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos, where it may play a role unrelated to the nuclear function. We herein report that oocyte-specific Uhrf1 KO results in impaired chromosome segregation, abnormal cleavage division, and preimplantation lethality of derived embryos. Our nuclear transfer experiment showed that the phenotype is attributable to cytoplasmic rather than nuclear defects of the zygotes. A proteomic analysis of KO oocytes revealed the down-regulation of proteins associated with microtubules including tubulins, which occurred independently of transcriptomic changes. Intriguingly, cytoplasmic lattices were disorganized, and mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and components of the subcortical maternal complex were mislocalized. Thus, maternal UHRF1 regulates the proper cytoplasmic architecture and function of oocytes and preimplantation embryos, likely through a mechanism unrelated to DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Uemura
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Maenohara
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shogo Matoba
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kurumizaka
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Jafar Sharif
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Unoki
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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TORIKAI K, SHIMIZU K, NAGATOMO H, KASAI M, KATO-ITOH M, KAMADA Y, SHIBASAKI I, JEON H, KIKUCHI R, WAKAYAMA S, SUCHY F, NAKAUCHI H, WAKAYAMA T, MIZUTANI E. Removal of sperm tail using trypsin and pre-activation of oocyte facilitates intracytoplasmic sperm injection in mice and rats. J Reprod Dev 2023; 69:48-52. [PMID: 36529517 PMCID: PMC9939287 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2022-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined various methods to enhance the accessibility of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technology to more users by making the technique easier, more efficient, and practical. First, the methods for artificially removing the mouse sperm tail were evaluated. Trypsin treatment was found to efficiently remove the sperm tails. The resultant sperm cells had a lower oocyte activation capacity; however, the use of activated oocytes resulted in the same fecundity as that of fresh, untreated sperm. Pre-activated oocytes were more resistant to physical damage, showed higher survival rates, and required less time per injection. Testing this method in rats yielded similar results, although the oocyte activation method was different. Remarkably, this method resulted in higher birth rates of rat progeny than with conventional methods of rat ICSI. Our method thereby streamlines mouse and rat ICSI, making it more accessible to laboratories across many disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei TORIKAI
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuma SHIMIZU
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroaki NAGATOMO
- Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Mariko KASAI
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Megumi KATO-ITOH
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuko KAMADA
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Ikue SHIBASAKI
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hyojung JEON
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Riko KIKUCHI
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sayaka WAKAYAMA
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Fabian SUCHY
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu NAKAUCHI
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
| | - Teruhiko WAKAYAMA
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan,Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Eiji MIZUTANI
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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5
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Satouh Y, Sato K. Reorganization, specialization, and degradation of oocyte maternal components for early development. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12505. [PMID: 36726596 PMCID: PMC9884333 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oocyte components are maternally provided, solely determine oocyte quality, and coordinately determine embryo quality with zygotic gene expression. During oocyte maturation, maternal organelles are drastically reorganized and specialized to support oocyte characteristics. A large number of maternal components are actively degraded after fertilization and gradually replaced by zygotic gene products. The molecular basis and the significance of these processes on oocyte/embryo quality are not fully understood. Methods Firstly, recent findings in organelle characteristics of other cells or oocytes from model organisms are introduced for further understanding of oocyte organelle reorganization/specialization. Secondly, recent progress in studies on maternal components degradation and their molecular mechanisms are introduced. Finally, future applications of these advancements for predicting mammalian oocyte/embryo quality are discussed. Main findings The significance of cellular surface protein degradation via endocytosis for embryonic development, and involvement of biogenesis of lipid droplets in embryonic quality, were recently reported using mammalian model organisms. Conclusion Identifying key oocyte component characteristics and understanding their dynamics may lead to new applications in oocyte/embryo quality prediction and improvement. To implement these multidimensional concepts, development of new technical approaches that allow us to address the complexity and efficient studies using model organisms are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhkoh Satouh
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular RegulationGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular RegulationGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
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6
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Towards 'end-to-end' analysis and understanding of biological timecourse data. Biochem J 2022; 479:1257-1263. [PMID: 35713413 PMCID: PMC9246344 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Petabytes of increasingly complex and multidimensional live cell and tissue imaging data are generated every year. These videos hold large promise for understanding biology at a deep and fundamental level, as they capture single-cell and multicellular events occurring over time and space. However, the current modalities for analysis and mining of these data are scattered and user-specific, preventing more unified analyses from being performed over different datasets and obscuring possible scientific insights. Here, we propose a unified pipeline for storage, segmentation, analysis, and statistical parametrization of live cell imaging datasets.
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7
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Mashiko D, Ikeda Z, Tokoro M, Hatano Y, Yao T, Kobayashi TJ, Fukunaga N, Asada Y, Yamagata K. Asynchronous division at 4-8-cell stage of preimplantation embryos affects live birth through ICM/TE differentiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9411. [PMID: 35672442 PMCID: PMC9174281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the performance of assisted reproductive technology, it is necessary to find an indicator that can identify and select embryos that will be born or be aborted. We searched for indicators of embryo selection by comparing born/abort mouse embryos. We found that asynchronous embryos during the 4-8-cell stage were predisposed to be aborted. In asynchronous mouse embryos, the nuclear translocation of YAP1 in some blastomeres and compaction were delayed, and the number of ICMs was reduced. Hence, it is possible that asynchronous embryos have abnormal differentiation. When the synchrony of human embryos was observed, it was confirmed that embryos that did not reach clinical pregnancy had asynchrony as in mice. This could make synchrony a universal indicator common to all animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mashiko
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Zenki Ikeda
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tokoro
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Nagoya, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - Yu Hatano
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Yao
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Joto, Osaka, 536-8523, Japan
| | - Tetsuya J Kobayashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Noritaka Fukunaga
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Nagoya, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Asada
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Nagoya, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan.
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8
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Hatano Y, Mashiko D, Tokoro M, Yao T, Yamagata K. Chromosome counting in the mouse zygote using low-invasive super-resolution live-cell imaging. Genes Cells 2022; 27:214-228. [PMID: 35114033 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In preimplantation embryos, an abnormal chromosome number causes developmental failure and a reduction in the pregnancy rate. Conventional chromosome testing methods requiring biopsy reduce the risk of associated genetic diseases; nevertheless, the reduction in cell number also reduces the pregnancy rate. Therefore, we attempted to count the chromosomes in mouse embryos using super-resolution live-cell imaging as a new method of chromosome counting that does not reduce the cell number or viability. We counted the forty chromosomes at the first mitosis by injecting embryos with histone H2B-mCherry mRNA under conditions by which pups could be obtained; however, the results were often an underestimation of chromosome number and varied by embryo and time point. Therefore, we developed a method to count the chromosomes via CRISPR/dCas-mediated live-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization targeting the sequence of the centromere region, enabling us to count the chromosomes more accurately in mouse embryos. The methodology presented here may provide useful information for assisted reproductive technologies, such as those used in livestock animals/humans, as a technique for assessing the chromosomal integrity of embryos prior to transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hatano
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mashiko
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tokoro
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan.,Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Yao
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan.,Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
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9
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Morita A, Satouh Y, Kosako H, Kobayashi H, Iwase A, Sato K. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is essential for the selective degradation of maternal membrane proteins and preimplantation development. Development 2021; 148:270925. [PMID: 34269385 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization triggers significant cellular remodeling through the oocyte-to-embryo transition. In this transition, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy are essential for the degradation of maternal components; however, the significance of degradation of cell surface components remains unknown. In this study, we show that multiple maternal plasma membrane proteins, such as the glycine transporter GlyT1a, are selectively internalized from the plasma membrane to endosomes in mouse embryos by the late two-cell stage and then transported to lysosomes for degradation at the later stages. During this process, large amounts of ubiquitylated proteins accumulated on endosomes. Furthermore, the degradation of GlyT1a with mutations in potential ubiquitylation sites was delayed, suggesting that ubiquitylation may be involved in GlyT1a degradation. The clathrin inhibitor blocked GlyT1a internalization. Strikingly, the protein kinase C (PKC) activator triggered the heterochronic internalization of GlyT1a; the PKC inhibitor markedly blocked GlyT1a endocytosis. Lastly, clathrin inhibition completely blocked embryogenesis at the two-cell stage and inhibited cell division after the four-cell stage. These findings demonstrate that PKC-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis is essential for the selective degradation of maternal membrane proteins during oocyte-to-embryo transition and early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Morita
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuhkoh Satouh
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hisae Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
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10
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Harrison SP, Baumgarten SF, Verma R, Lunov O, Dejneka A, Sullivan GJ. Liver Organoids: Recent Developments, Limitations and Potential. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:574047. [PMID: 34026769 PMCID: PMC8131532 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.574047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cell types derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) share the potential to investigate development, toxicity, as well as genetic and infectious disease in ways currently limited by the availability of primary tissue. With the added advantage of patient specificity, which can play a role in all of these areas. Many iPSC differentiation protocols focus on 3 dimensional (3D) or organotypic differentiation, as these offer the advantage of more closely mimicking in vivo systems including; the formation of tissue like architecture and interactions/crosstalk between different cell types. Ultimately such models have the potential to be used clinically and either with or more aptly, in place of animal models. Along with the development of organotypic and micro-tissue models, there will be a need to co-develop imaging technologies to enable their visualization. A variety of liver models termed "organoids" have been reported in the literature ranging from simple spheres or cysts of a single cell type, usually hepatocytes, to those containing multiple cell types combined during the differentiation process such as hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal cells, often leading to an improved hepatic phenotype. These allow specific functions or readouts to be examined such as drug metabolism, protein secretion or an improved phenotype, but because of their relative simplicity they lack the flexibility and general applicability of ex vivo tissue culture. In the liver field these are more often constructed rather than developed together organotypically as seen in other organoid models such as brain, kidney, lung and intestine. Having access to organotypic liver like surrogates containing multiple cell types with in vivo like interactions/architecture, would provide vastly improved models for disease, toxicity and drug development, combining disciplines such as microfluidic chip technology with organoids and ultimately paving the way to new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Philip Harrison
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saphira Felicitas Baumgarten
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rajneesh Verma
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gareth John Sullivan
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Iyer S, Mukherjee S, Kumar M. Watching the embryo: Evolution of the microscope for the study of embryogenesis. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000238. [PMID: 33837551 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Embryos and microscopes share a long, remarkable history and biologists have always been intrigued to watch how embryos develop under the microscope. Here we discuss the advances in microscopy which have greatly influenced our current understanding of embryogenesis. We highlight the evolution of microscopes and the optical technologies that have been instrumental in studying various developmental processes. These imaging modalities provide mechanistic insights into the dynamic cellular and molecular events which drive lineage commitment and morphogenetic changes in the developing embryo. We begin the journey with a brief history of microscopy to study embryos. First, we review the principles and optics of light, fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy which have been key techniques for imaging cellular and molecular events during embryonic development. Next, we discuss recent key imaging modalities such as light-sheet microscopy, which are suitable for whole embryo imaging. Further, we highlight imaging techniques like multiphoton and super resolution microscopy for beyond light diffraction limit, high resolution imaging. Lastly, we review some of the scattering-based imaging methods and techniques used for imaging human embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Iyer
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), CSIR-CCMB campus, Uppal road, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Megha Kumar
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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12
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Tokuoka Y, Yamada TG, Mashiko D, Ikeda Z, Hiroi NF, Kobayashi TJ, Yamagata K, Funahashi A. 3D convolutional neural networks-based segmentation to acquire quantitative criteria of the nucleus during mouse embryogenesis. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 33082352 PMCID: PMC7575569 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-020-00152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, cells repeatedly divide and dynamically change their positions in three-dimensional (3D) space. A robust and accurate algorithm to acquire the 3D positions of the cells would help to reveal the mechanisms of embryogenesis. To acquire quantitative criteria of embryogenesis from time-series 3D microscopic images, image processing algorithms such as segmentation have been applied. Because the cells in embryos are considerably crowded, an algorithm to segment individual cells in detail and accurately is needed. To quantify the nuclear region of every cell from a time-series 3D fluorescence microscopic image of living cells, we developed QCANet, a convolutional neural network-based segmentation algorithm for 3D fluorescence bioimages. We demonstrated that QCANet outperformed 3D Mask R-CNN, which is currently considered as the best algorithm of instance segmentation. We showed that QCANet can be applied not only to developing mouse embryos but also to developing embryos of two other model species. Using QCANet, we were able to extract several quantitative criteria of embryogenesis from 11 early mouse embryos. We showed that the extracted criteria could be used to evaluate the differences between individual embryos. This study contributes to the development of fundamental approaches for assessing embryogenesis on the basis of extracted quantitative criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tokuoka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro G Yamada
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mashiko
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Zenki Ikeda
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Noriko F Hiroi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, 756-0884, Japan
| | - Tetsuya J Kobayashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Akira Funahashi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
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13
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Konno S, Wakayama S, Ito D, Kazama K, Hirose N, Ooga M, Wakayama T. Removal of remodeling/reprogramming factors from oocytes and the impact on the full-term development of cloned embryos. Development 2020; 147:dev.190777. [PMID: 32665239 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The reason for the poor development of cloned embryos is not yet clear. Several reports have suggested that some nuclear remodeling/reprogramming factors (RRFs) are removed from oocytes at the time of enucleation, which might cause the low success rate of animal cloning. However, there is currently no method to manipulate the amount of RRFs in oocytes. Here, we describe techniques we have developed to gradually reduce RRFs in mouse oocytes by injecting somatic cell nuclei into oocytes. These injected nuclei were remodeled and reprogrammed using RRFs, and then RRFs were removed by subsequent deletion of somatic nuclei from oocytes. The size of the metaphase II spindle reduced immediately, but did recover when transferred into fresh oocytes. Though affected, the full-term developmental potential of these RRF-reduced oocytes with MII-spindle shrinkage was not lost after fertilization. When somatic cell nuclear transfer was performed, the successful generation of cloned mice was somewhat improved and abnormalities were reduced when oocytes with slightly reduced RRF levels were used. These results suggest that a change in RRFs in oocytes, as achieved by the method described in this paper or by enucleation, is important but not the main reason for the incomplete reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Konno
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Daiyu Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kazama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Naoki Hirose
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ooga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan .,Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
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14
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Histone H3K9 Methyltransferase G9a in Oocytes Is Essential for Preimplantation Development but Dispensable for CG Methylation Protection. Cell Rep 2020; 27:282-293.e4. [PMID: 30943408 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian histone methyltransferase G9a (also called EHMT2) deposits H3K9me2 on chromatin and is essential for postimplantation development. However, its role in oogenesis and preimplantation development remains poorly understood. We show that H3K9me2-enriched chromatin domains in mouse oocytes are generally depleted of CG methylation, contrasting with their association in embryonic stem and somatic cells. Oocyte-specific disruption of G9a results in reduced H3K9me2 enrichment and impaired reorganization of heterochromatin in oocytes, but only a modest reduction in CG methylation is detected. Furthermore, in both oocytes and 2-cell embryos, G9a depletion has limited impact on the expression of genes and retrotransposons. Although their CG methylation is minimally affected, preimplantation embryos derived from such oocytes show abnormal chromosome segregation and frequent developmental arrest. Our findings illuminate the functional importance of G9a independent of CG methylation in preimplantation development and call into question the proposed role for H3K9me2 in CG methylation protection in zygotes.
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15
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Mashiko D, Ikeda Z, Yao T, Tokoro M, Fukunaga N, Asada Y, Yamagata K. Chromosome segregation error during early cleavage in mouse pre-implantation embryo does not necessarily cause developmental failure after blastocyst stage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:854. [PMID: 31965014 PMCID: PMC6972754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pre-implantation embryo, aneuploidy resulting from chromosome segregation error is considered responsible for pregnancy loss. However, only a few studies have examined the relationship between chromosome segregation errors during early cleavage and development. Here, we evaluated this relationship by live-cell imaging using the histone H2B-mCherry probe and subsequent single blastocyst transfer using mouse embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization. We showed that some embryos exhibiting early chromosomal segregation error and formation of micronuclei retained their developmental potential; however, the error affected the blastocyst/arrest ratio. Further, single-cell sequencing after live-cell imaging revealed that all embryos exhibiting micronuclei formation during 1st mitosis showed aneuploidy at the 2-cell stage. These results suggest that early chromosome segregation error causing micronuclei formation affects ploidy and development to blastocyst but does not necessarily cause developmental failure after the blastocyst stage. Our result suggests the importance of the selection of embryos that have reached blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mashiko
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Zenki Ikeda
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Yao
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan.,Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, 536-8523, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tokoro
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan.,Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - Noritaka Fukunaga
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Asada
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan.
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16
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Yamamoto Y, Hirose N, Kamimura S, Wakayama S, Ito J, Ooga M, Wakayama T. Production of mouse offspring from inactivated spermatozoa using horse PLCζ mRNA. J Reprod Dev 2019; 66:67-73. [PMID: 31852860 PMCID: PMC7040210 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving artificial oocyte activation is essential for assisted reproduction or animal biotechnology that can obtain healthy offspring with a high success rate. Here, we examined whether
intracytoplasmic injection of equine sperm-specific phospholipase C zeta (ePLCζ) mRNA, the PLCζ with the strongest oocyte activation potential in mammals, could improve the mouse oocyte
activation rate and subsequent embryonic development using inactivated spermatozoa. mRNA of mouse PLCζ (mPLCζ) or ePLCζ were injected into mouse oocytes to determine the optimal mRNA
concentration to maximize the oocyte activation rate and developmental rate of parthenogenetic embryos in vitro. Full-term development was examined using NaOH-treated
inactive spermatozoa using the optimal activation method. We found that the most optimal ePLCζ mRNA concentration was 0.1 ng/µl for mouse oocyte activation, which was ten times stronger than
mPLCζ mRNA. The concentration did not affect parthenogenetic embryo development in vitro. Relatively normal blastocysts were obtained with the same developmental rate
(52–53% or 48–51%, respectively) when inactive spermatozoa were injected into activated oocytes using ePLCζ or mPLCζ mRNA injection. However, the birth rate after embryo transfer was
slightly but significantly decreased in oocytes activated by ePLCζ mRNA (24%) compared to mPLCζ mRNA (37%) or strontium treatment (40%) activation. These results suggest that the higher
activation rate does not always correlate the higher birth rate, and some mechanisms might exist in the oocyte activation process that could affect the later developmental stages like
full-term development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yamamoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Naoki Hirose
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamimura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan.,Present: Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Junya Ito
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ooga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan.,Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
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17
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Nuclear formation induced by DNA-conjugated beads in living fertilised mouse egg. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8461. [PMID: 31186495 PMCID: PMC6560220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reformation of a functional nucleus at the end of mitosis is crucial for normal cellular activity. Reconstitution approaches using artificial beads in frog egg extracts have clarified the molecules required for nuclear formation in vitro. However, the spatiotemporal regulation of these components, which is required for the formation of a functional nucleus in living embryos, remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that exogenous DNA introduced in the form of DNA-conjugated beads induces the assembly of an artificial nucleus in living mouse cleavage-stage embryos. Live-cell imaging and immunofluorescence studies revealed that core histones and regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) assembled on the DNA, suggesting that nucleosomes were formed. Electron microscopy showed that double-membrane structures, partly extended from annulate lamellae, formed around the beads. Nuclear pore complex-like structures indistinguishable from those of native nuclei were also formed, suggesting that this membranous structure resembled the normal nuclear envelope (NE). However, the reconstituted NE had no nuclear import activity, probably because of the absence of Ras-related nuclear protein (Ran). Thus, DNA is necessary for NE reassembly in mouse embryos but is insufficient to form a functional nucleus. This approach provides a new tool to examine factors of interest and their spatiotemporal regulation in nuclear formation.
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18
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Yamagata K, Nagai K, Miyamoto H, Anzai M, Kato H, Miyamoto K, Kurosaka S, Azuma R, Kolodeznikov II, Protopopov AV, Plotnikov VV, Kobayashi H, Kawahara-Miki R, Kono T, Uchida M, Shibata Y, Handa T, Kimura H, Hosoi Y, Mitani T, Matsumoto K, Iritani A. Signs of biological activities of 28,000-year-old mammoth nuclei in mouse oocytes visualized by live-cell imaging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4050. [PMID: 30858410 PMCID: PMC6411884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 28,000-year-old remains of a woolly mammoth, named ‘Yuka’, were found in Siberian permafrost. Here we recovered the less-damaged nucleus-like structures from the remains and visualised their dynamics in living mouse oocytes after nuclear transfer. Proteomic analyses demonstrated the presence of nuclear components in the remains. Nucleus-like structures found in the tissue homogenate were histone- and lamin-positive by immunostaining. In the reconstructed oocytes, the mammoth nuclei showed the spindle assembly, histone incorporation and partial nuclear formation; however, the full activation of nuclei for cleavage was not confirmed. DNA damage levels, which varied among the nuclei, were comparable to those of frozen-thawed mouse sperm and were reduced in some reconstructed oocytes. Our work provides a platform to evaluate the biological activities of nuclei in extinct animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kouhei Nagai
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Masayuki Anzai
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kato
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kurosaka
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Rika Azuma
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Igor I Kolodeznikov
- Department of Mammoth Faunal Studies, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Academy of the Sciences, Yakutsk, 677077, Russia
| | - Albert V Protopopov
- Department of Mammoth Faunal Studies, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Academy of the Sciences, Yakutsk, 677077, Russia
| | - Valerii V Plotnikov
- Department of Mammoth Faunal Studies, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Academy of the Sciences, Yakutsk, 677077, Russia
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Ryouka Kawahara-Miki
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kono
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.,Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Masao Uchida
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Handa
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hosoi
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Tasuku Mitani
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Akira Iritani
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan.
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19
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Qiu X, Xiao X, Martin GB, Li N, Ling W, Wang M, Li Y. Strategies for improvement of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a powerful tool that is being applied in a variety of fields as diverse as the cloning and production of transgenic animals, rescue of endangered species and regenerative medicine. However, cloning efficiency is still very low and SCNT embryos generally show poor developmental competency and many abnormalities. The low efficiency is probably due to incomplete reprogramming of the donor nucleus and most of the developmental problems are thought to be caused by epigenetic defects. Applications of SCNT will, therefore, depend on improvements in the efficiency of production of healthy clones. This review has summarised the progress and strategies that have been used to make improvements in various animal species, especially over the period 2010–2017, including strategies based on histone modification, embryo aggregation and mitochondrial function. There has been considerable investiagation into the mechanisms that underpin each strategy, helping us better understand the nature of genomic reprogramming and nucleus–cytoplasm interactions.
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20
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Kyogoku H, Wakayama T, Kitajima TS, Miyano T. Single nucleolus precursor body formation in the pronucleus of mouse zygotes and SCNT embryos. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202663. [PMID: 30125305 PMCID: PMC6101414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes and zygotes have nucleoli that are transcriptionally inactive and structurally distinct from nucleoli in somatic cells. These nucleoli have been termed nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs). Recent research has shown that NPBs are important for embryonic development, but they are only required during pronuclear formation. After fertilization, multiple small NPBs are transiently formed in male and female pronuclei and then fuse into a single large NPB in zygotes. In cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), multiple NPBs are formed and maintained in the pseudo-pronucleus, and this is considered an abnormality of the cloned embryos. Despite this difference between SCNT and normal embryos, it is unclear how the size and number of NPBs in pronuclei is determined. Here, we show that in mouse embryos, the volume of NPB materials plays a major role in the NPB scaling through a limiting component mechanism and determines whether a single or multiple NPBs will form in the pronucleus. Extra NPB- and extra MII spindle-injection experiments demonstrated that the total volume of NPBs was maintained regardless of the pronucleus number and the ratio of pronucleus/NPB is important for fusion into a single NPB. Based on these results, we examined whether extra-NPB injection rescued multiple NPB maintenance in SCNT embryos. When extra-NPBs were injected into enucleated-MII oocytes before SCNT, the number of NPBs in pseudo-pronuclei of SCNT embryos was reduced. These results indicate that multiple NPB maintenance in SCNT embryos is caused by insufficient volume of NPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Kyogoku
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Tomoya S. Kitajima
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyano
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Yao T, Suzuki R, Furuta N, Suzuki Y, Kabe K, Tokoro M, Sugawara A, Yajima A, Nagasawa T, Matoba S, Yamagata K, Sugimura S. Live-cell imaging of nuclear-chromosomal dynamics in bovine in vitro fertilised embryos. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7460. [PMID: 29748644 PMCID: PMC5945782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear/chromosomal integrity is an important prerequisite for the assessment of embryo quality in artificial reproductive technology. However, lipid-rich dark cytoplasm in bovine embryos prevents its observation by visible light microscopy. We performed live-cell imaging using confocal laser microscopy that allowed long-term imaging of nuclear/chromosomal dynamics in bovine in vitro fertilised (IVF) embryos. We analysed the relationship between nuclear/chromosomal aberrations and in vitro embryonic development and morphological blastocyst quality. Three-dimensional live-cell imaging of 369 embryos injected with mRNA encoding histone H2B-mCherry and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-α-tubulin was performed from single-cell to blastocyst stage for eight days; 17.9% reached the blastocyst stage. Abnormalities in the number of pronuclei (PN), chromosomal segregation, cytokinesis, and blastomere number at first cleavage were observed at frequencies of 48.0%, 30.6%, 8.1%, and 22.2%, respectively, and 13.0%, 6.2%, 3.3%, and 13.4%, respectively, for abnormal embryos developed into blastocysts. A multivariate analysis showed that abnormal chromosome segregation (ACS) and multiple PN correlated with delayed timing and abnormal blastomere number at first cleavage, respectively. In morphologically transferrable blastocysts, 30-40% of embryos underwent ACS and had abnormal PN. Live-cell imaging may be useful for analysing the association between nuclear/chromosomal dynamics and embryonic development in bovine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Yao
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Rie Suzuki
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Natsuki Furuta
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Suzuki
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kabe
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tokoro
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
- Asada Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Asada Ladies Clinic, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugawara
- Department of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Akira Yajima
- Department of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nagasawa
- Department of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Matoba
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO (NILGS), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Sugimura
- Department of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Sperm-borne phospholipase C zeta-1 ensures monospermic fertilization in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1315. [PMID: 29358633 PMCID: PMC5778054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm entry in mammalian oocytes triggers intracellular Ca2+ oscillations that initiate resumption of the meiotic cell cycle and subsequent activations. Here, we show that phospholipase C zeta 1 (PLCζ1) is the long-sought sperm-borne oocyte activation factor (SOAF). Plcz1 gene knockout (KO) mouse spermatozoa fail to induce Ca2+ changes in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In contrast to ICSI, Plcz1 KO spermatozoa induced atypical patterns of Ca2+ changes in normal fertilizations, and most of the fertilized oocytes ceased development at the 1–2-cell stage because of oocyte activation failure or polyspermy. We further discovered that both zona pellucida block to polyspermy (ZPBP) and plasma membrane block to polyspermy (PMBP) were delayed in oocytes fertilized with Plcz1 KO spermatozoa. With the observation that polyspermy is rare in astacin-like metalloendopeptidase (Astl) KO female oocytes that lack ZPBP, we conclude that PMPB plays more critical role than ZPBP in vivo. Finally, we obtained healthy pups from male mice carrying human infertile PLCZ1 mutation by single sperm ICSI supplemented with Plcz1 mRNA injection. These results suggest that mammalian spermatozoa have a primitive oocyte activation mechanism and that PLCζ1 is a SOAF that ensures oocyte activation steps for monospermic fertilization in mammals.
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23
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Satouh Y, Nozawa K, Yamagata K, Fujimoto T, Ikawa M. Viable offspring after imaging of Ca2+ oscillations and visualization of the cortical reaction in mouse eggs. Biol Reprod 2017; 96:563-575. [PMID: 28339615 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
– During mammalian fertilization, egg Ca 2+ oscillations are known to play pivotal roles in triggering downstream events such as resumption of the cell cycle and the establishment of blocks to polyspermy. However, viable offspring have not been obtained after monitoring Ca 2+ oscillations, and their spatiotemporal links to subsequent events are still to be examined. Therefore, the development of imaging methods to avoid phototoxic damage while labeling these events is required. Here, we examined the usefulness of genetically encoded Ca 2+ indicators for optical imaging (GECOs), in combination with spinning-disk confocal imaging. The Ca 2+ imaging of fertilized mouse eggs with GEM-, G-, or R-GECO recorded successful oscillations (8.19 ± 0.31, 7.56 ± 0.23, or 7.53 ± 0.27 spikes in the first 2 h, respectively), similar to those obtained with chemical indicators. Then, in vitro viability tests revealed that imaging with G- or R-GECO did not interfere with the rate of development to the blastocyst stage (61.8 or 70.0%, respectively, vs 75.0% in control). Furthermore, two-cell transfer to recipient female mice after imaging with G- or R-GECO resulted in a similar birthrate (53.3 or 52.0%, respectively) to that of controls (48.7%). Next, we assessed the quality of the cortical reaction (CR) in artificially activated or fertilized eggs using fluorescently labeled Lens culinaris agglutinin fluorescein isothiocyanate. Multicolor imaging demonstrated that the first few Ca 2+ spikes are sufficient for the completion of the CR and subsequent hardening of the zona pellucida in mouse eggs. These methods provide a framework for studying Ca 2+ dynamics in mammalian fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhkoh Satouh
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Nozawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takao Fujimoto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Icha J, Weber M, Waters JC, Norden C. Phototoxicity in live fluorescence microscopy, and how to avoid it. Bioessays 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Icha
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics; Dresden; Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of Cell Biology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | | | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics; Dresden; Germany
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25
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Sugimura S, Akai T, Imai K. Selection of viable in vitro-fertilized bovine embryos using time-lapse monitoring in microwell culture dishes. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:353-357. [PMID: 28552887 PMCID: PMC5593086 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, in vitro-fertilized (IVF) bovine embryos for transfer are morphologically evaluated at day 7–8 of embryo culture. This method is, however, subjective and results in unreliable selection. We
previously described a novel selection system for IVF bovine blastocysts for transfer that traces the development of individual embryos with time-lapse monitoring in our specially developed microwell culture dishes (LinKID
micro25). The system can noninvasively identify prognostic factors that reflect viability after transfer. By assessing a combination of identified prognostic factors —timing of the first cleavage; number of blastomeres at the end
of the first cleavage; and number of blastomeres at the onset of lag-phase, which results in temporary developmental arrest during the fourth or fifth cell cycle— the pregnancy rate was improved over using conventional
morphological evaluation. Time-lapse monitoring with LinKID micro25 could facilitate objective and reliable selection of healthy IVF bovine embryos. Here, we review the novel bovine embryo selection system that allows for
prediction of viability after transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sugimura
- Department of Biological Production, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomonori Akai
- Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd., Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Imai
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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26
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Ooga M, Wakayama T. FRAP analysis of chromatin looseness in mouse zygotes that allows full-term development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178255. [PMID: 28542635 PMCID: PMC5440048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin looseness, which can be analyzed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) using eGFP-tagged core histone proteins, is an important index of the differentiation potential of blastomere cells and embryonic stem cells. Whether chromatin looseness is a reliable index of the developmental potential of embryos during ontogenesis is not known. As a necessary first step toward answering this question, we investigated whether FRAP-analyzed embryos are capable of normal preimplantation and full-term development. All tested concentrations (50, 100, and 250 ng/μL) of microinjected eGFP-H2B mRNA were sufficient for detecting differences in chromatin looseness between male and female pronuclei. After FRAP analysis, most of the zygotes developed into blastocysts. Importantly, a considerable number of offspring developed from the FRAP analyzed zygotes (32/78; 41.0%) and grew into healthy adults. The offspring of zygotes injected with 250 ng/μL of eGFP-H2B mRNA and bleached using 110 μW laser power for 5 s were not genetically modified. Interestingly, bleaching using a 3-fold stronger laser intensity for a 6-fold longer time did not cause toxicity during preimplantation development, indicating that bleaching did not critically affect preimplantation development. Finally, we confirmed that similar results were obtained using two different types of confocal laser-scanning microscopes. This FRAP protocol would be useful for investigating the association between chromatin looseness and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ooga
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
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27
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Munevver S, Findikli N, Bahceci M. New Horizons/Developments in Time-Lapse Morphokinetic Analysis of Mammalian Embryos. Hum Reprod 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118849613.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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28
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de Medeiros G, Balázs B, Hufnagel L. Light-sheet imaging of mammalian development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Mizutani E, Torikai K, Wakayama S, Nagatomo H, Ohinata Y, Kishigami S, Wakayama T. Generation of cloned mice and nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell lines from urine-derived cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23808. [PMID: 27033801 PMCID: PMC4817122 DOI: 10.1038/srep23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloning animals by nuclear transfer provides the opportunity to preserve endangered mammalian species. However, there are risks associated with the collection of donor cells from the body such as accidental injury to or death of the animal. Here, we report the production of cloned mice from urine-derived cells collected noninvasively. Most of the urine-derived cells survived and were available as donors for nuclear transfer without any pretreatment. After nuclear transfer, 38–77% of the reconstructed embryos developed to the morula/blastocyst, in which the cell numbers in the inner cell mass and trophectoderm were similar to those of controls. Male and female cloned mice were delivered from cloned embryos transferred to recipient females, and these cloned animals grew to adulthood and delivered pups naturally when mated with each other. The results suggest that these cloned mice had normal fertility. In additional experiments, 26 nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell lines were established from 108 cloned blastocysts derived from four mouse strains including inbreds and F1 hybrids with relatively high success rates. Thus, cells derived from urine, which can be collected noninvasively, may be used in the rescue of endangered mammalian species by using nuclear transfer without causing injury to the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Mizutani
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan.,Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagatomo
- COC Promotion Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Ohinata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan.,Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Micronucleus formation causes perpetual unilateral chromosome inheritance in mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:626-31. [PMID: 26729872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517628112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation defects in cancer cells lead to encapsulation of chromosomes in micronuclei (MN), small nucleus-like structures within which dangerous DNA rearrangements termed chromothripsis can occur. Here we uncover a strikingly different consequence of MN formation in preimplantation development. We find that chromosomes from within MN become damaged and fail to support a functional kinetochore. MN are therefore not segregated, but are instead inherited by one of the two daughter cells. We find that the same MN can be inherited several times without rejoining the principal nucleus and without altering the kinetics of cell divisions. MN motion is passive, resulting in an even distribution of MN across the first two cell lineages. We propose that perpetual unilateral MN inheritance constitutes an unexpected mode of chromosome missegregation, which could contribute to the high frequency of aneuploid cells in mammalian embryos, but simultaneously may serve to insulate the early embryonic genome from chromothripsis.
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31
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Mizutani E, Oikawa M, Kassai H, Inoue K, Shiura H, Hirasawa R, Kamimura S, Matoba S, Ogonuki N, Nagatomo H, Abe K, Wakayama T, Aiba A, Ogura A. Generation of Cloned Mice from Adult Neurons by Direct Nuclear Transfer1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:81. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.123455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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32
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Downregulation of gene expression and activity of GRIM-19 affects mouse oocyte viability, maturation, embryo development and implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:461-70. [PMID: 25561158 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of GRIM-19 (Gene associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality 19) in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos, and to study the effect of GRIM-19 on the developmental competence of mouse oocytes and embryos. METHODS GRIM-19 was evaluated at both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of GRIM-19 gene was downregulated in mouse oocytes cultured in vitro by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) injection, while the activity of GRIM-19 was decreased by microinjection of a GRIM-19 antibody into the cytoplasm of germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes. Oocytes matured in vitro were then fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), followed by observation and evaluation of fertilization rate, cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate and implantation rate. RESULTS GRIM-19 is expressed throughout oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development stages. GRIM-19 was localized primarily in the cytoplasm of all cells examined. Downregulation of gene expression and activity of GRIM-19 resulted in decreased oocyte viability, potency of oocyte maturation, embryo development and implantation. CONCLUSIONS GRIM-19 may play important roles in mouse oogenesis and early embryonic development and implantation.
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33
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Balbach ST, Boiani M. Live embryo imaging to follow cell cycle and chromosomes stability after nuclear transfer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1222:149-159. [PMID: 25287344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1594-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear transfer (NT) into mouse oocytes yields a transcriptionally and functionally heterogeneous population of cloned embryos. Most studies of NT embryos consider only embryos at predefined key stages (e.g., morula or blastocyst), that is, after the bulk of reprogramming has taken place. These retrospective approaches are of limited use to elucidate mechanisms of reprogramming and to predict developmental success. Observing cloned embryo development using live embryo cinematography has the potential to reveal otherwise undetectable embryo features. However, light exposure necessary for live cell cinematography is highly toxic to cloned embryos. Here we describe a protocol for combined bright-field and fluorescence live-cell imaging of histone H2b-GFP expressing mouse embryos, to record cell divisions up to the blastocyst stage. This protocol, which can be adapted to observe other reporters such as Oct4-GFP or Nanog-GFP, allowed us to quantitatively analyze cleavage kinetics of cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Balbach
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, Münster, 48149, Germany
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34
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Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy is the best method to visualize intracellular co-localization of proteins in intact cells. Because of the point scan/pinhole detection system, light contribution from the neighborhood of the scanning spot in the specimen can be eliminated, allowing high Z-axis resolution. Fluorescence detection by sensitive photomultiplier tubes allows the usage of filters with a narrow bandpath, resulting in minimal cross-talk (overlap) between two spectra. This is particularly important in demonstrating co-localization of proteins with multicolor labeling. Here, the methods outlining the detection of transiently expressed tagged proteins and the detection of endogenous proteins are described. Ideally, the intracellular co-localization of two endogenous proteins should be demonstrated. However, when antibodies raised against the protein of interest are unavailable for immunofluorescence or the available cell lines do not express the protein of interest sufficiently enough for immunofluorescence, an alternative method is to transfect cells with expression plasmids that encode tagged proteins and stain the cells with anti-tag antibodies. However, it should be noted that the tagging of proteins of interest or their overexpression could potentially alter the intracellular localization or the function of the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan,
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35
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Débarre D, Olivier N, Supatto W, Beaurepaire E. Mitigating phototoxicity during multiphoton microscopy of live Drosophila embryos in the 1.0-1.2 µm wavelength range. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104250. [PMID: 25111506 PMCID: PMC4128758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced toxicity is a fundamental bottleneck in microscopic imaging of live embryos. In this article, after a review of photodamage mechanisms in cells and tissues, we assess photo-perturbation under illumination conditions relevant for point-scanning multiphoton imaging of live Drosophila embryos. We use third-harmonic generation (THG) imaging of developmental processes in embryos excited by pulsed near-infrared light in the 1.0-1.2 µm range. We study the influence of imaging rate, wavelength, and pulse duration on the short-term and long-term perturbation of development and define criteria for safe imaging. We show that under illumination conditions typical for multiphoton imaging, photodamage in this system arises through 2- and/or 3-photon absorption processes and in a cumulative manner. Based on this analysis, we derive general guidelines for improving the signal-to-damage ratio in two-photon (2PEF/SHG) or THG imaging by adjusting the pulse duration and/or the imaging rate. Finally, we report label-free time-lapse 3D THG imaging of gastrulating Drosophila embryos with sampling appropriate for the visualisation of morphogenetic movements in wild-type and mutant embryos, and long-term multiharmonic (THG-SHG) imaging of development until hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Débarre
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Olivier
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
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36
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Kyogoku H, Fulka J, Wakayama T, Miyano T. De novo formation of nucleoli in developing mouse embryos originating from enucleolated zygotes. Development 2014; 141:2255-9. [PMID: 24803589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The large, compact oocyte nucleoli, sometimes referred to as nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs), are essential for embryonic development in mammals; in their absence, the oocytes complete maturation and can be fertilized, but no nucleoli are formed in the zygote or embryo, leading to developmental failure. It has been convincingly documented that zygotes inherit the oocyte nucleolar material and form NPBs again in pronuclei. It is commonly accepted that during early embryonic development, the original compact zygote NPBs gradually transform into reticulated nucleoli of somatic cells. Here, we show that zygote NPBs are not required for embryonic and full-term development in the mouse. When NPBs were removed from late-stage zygotes by micromanipulation, the enucleolated zygotes developed to the blastocyst stage and, after transfer to recipients, live pups were obtained. We also describe de novo formation of nucleoli in developing embryos. After removal of NPBs from zygotes, they formed new nucleoli after several divisions. These results indicate that the zygote NPBs are not used in embryonic development and that the nucleoli in developing embryos originate from de novo synthesized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Kyogoku
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Laboratory for Genomic Reprogramming, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Josef Fulka
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Prague 104 00, Czech Republic
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Laboratory for Genomic Reprogramming, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyano
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Latrunculin A treatment prevents abnormal chromosome segregation for successful development of cloned embryos. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78380. [PMID: 24205216 PMCID: PMC3813513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer to an enucleated oocyte is used for reprogramming somatic cells with the aim of achieving totipotency, but most cloned embryos die in the uterus after transfer. While modifying epigenetic states of cloned embryos can improve their development, the production rate of cloned embryos can also be enhanced by changing other factors. It has already been shown that abnormal chromosome segregation (ACS) is a major cause of the developmental failure of cloned embryos and that Latrunculin A (LatA), an actin polymerization inhibitor, improves F-actin formation and birth rate of cloned embryos. Since F-actin is important for chromosome congression in embryos, here we examined the relation between ACS and F-actin in cloned embryos. Using LatA treatment, the occurrence of ACS decreased significantly whereas cloned embryo-specific epigenetic abnormalities such as dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) could not be corrected. In contrast, when H3K9me2 was normalized using the G9a histone methyltransferase inhibitor BIX-01294, the Magea2 gene—essential for normal development but never before expressed in cloned embryos—was expressed. However, this did not increase the cloning success rate. Thus, non-epigenetic factors also play an important role in determining the efficiency of mouse cloning.
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Muñoz M, Cruz M, Humaidan P, Garrido N, Pérez-Cano I, Meseguer M. The type of GnRH analogue used during controlled ovarian stimulation influences early embryo developmental kinetics: a time-lapse study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 168:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Ogura A, Inoue K, Wakayama T. Recent advancements in cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20110329. [PMID: 23166393 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning is the sole reproductive engineering technology that endows the somatic cell genome with totipotency. Since the first report on the birth of a cloned sheep from adult somatic cells in 1997, many technical improvements in SCNT have been made by using different epigenetic approaches, including enhancement of the levels of histone acetylation in the chromatin of the reconstructed embryos. Although it will take a considerable time before we fully understand the nature of genomic programming and totipotency, we may expect that somatic cell cloning technology will soon become broadly applicable to practical purposes, including medicine, pharmaceutical manufacturing and agriculture. Here we review recent progress in somatic cell cloning, with a special emphasis on epigenetic studies using the laboratory mouse as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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40
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Yamagata K, Ueda J. Long-term live-cell imaging of mammalian preimplantation development and derivation process of pluripotent stem cells from the embryos. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:378-89. [PMID: 23495974 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian fertilization is a process in which two highly specialized haploid gametes unite and endow totipotency to the resulting diploid zygote. This is followed by cell proliferation and the onset of differentiation during the brief period leading up to implantation. In these processes, a number of cellular components and structures are regulated spatially and temporally, as seen in repeated cell division, cell cycle progression, and epigenetic reprogramming. In mammals, the numbers of oocytes and embryos that can be collected are very limited. Therefore, analyses of molecular mechanisms are hampered because of difficulties in conducting biochemical analyses on such limited material. Furthermore, immunostaining methods require cell fixation and are insufficient for understanding ontogeny, because the processes observed in fertilization and early embryonic development progress in time-dependent manners and each phenomenon is connected with others by cause-and-effect relationships. Consequently, it is important to develop an experimental system that enables molecular imaging without affecting embryonic development. To achieve the above advantages, especially retrospective and prospective analyses, we have established a live-cell imaging system that enables observations under minimally invasive conditions. Using this approach, we have succeeded in visualizing and predicting the developmental potential of embryos after various perturbations. We also succeeded in imaging embryonic stem (ES) cell derivation in natural conditions. In this review, we describe a brief history of embryonic imaging and detailed protocols. We also discuss promising aspects of imaging in the fields of developmental and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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41
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Improving spinning disk confocal microscopy by preventing pinhole cross-talk for intravital imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3399-404. [PMID: 23401517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216696110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent key requirement in life sciences is the observation of biological processes in their natural in vivo context. However, imaging techniques that allow fast imaging with higher resolution in 3D thick specimens are still limited. Spinning disk confocal microscopy using a Yokogawa Confocal Scanner Unit, which offers high-speed multipoint confocal live imaging, has been found to have wide utility among cell biologists. A conventional Confocal Scanner Unit configuration, however, is not optimized for thick specimens, for which the background noise attributed to "pinhole cross-talk," which is unintended pinhole transmission of out-of-focus light, limits overall performance in focal discrimination and reduces confocal capability. Here, we improve spinning disk confocal microscopy by eliminating pinhole cross-talk. First, the amount of pinhole cross-talk is reduced by increasing the interpinhole distance. Second, the generation of out-of-focus light is prevented by two-photon excitation that achieves selective-plane illumination. We evaluate the effect of these modifications and test the applicability to the live imaging of green fluorescent protein-expressing model animals. As demonstrated by visualizing the fine details of the 3D cell shape and submicron-size cytoskeletal structures inside animals, these strategies dramatically improve higher-resolution intravital imaging.
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Wong C, Chen A, Behr B, Shen S. Time-lapse microscopy and image analysis in basic and clinical embryo development research. Reprod Biomed Online 2013; 26:120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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43
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Yamagata K, FitzHarris G. 4D imaging reveals a shift in chromosome segregation dynamics during mouse pre-implantation development. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:157-65. [PMID: 23255117 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the early developing mammalian embryo frequently mis-segregate chromosomes during cell division, causing daughter cells to inherit an erroneous numbers of chromosomes. Why the embryo is so susceptible to errors is unknown, and the mechanisms that embryos employ to accomplish chromosome segregation are poorly understood. Chromosome segregation is performed by the spindle, a fusiform-shaped microtubule-based transient organelle. Here we present a detailed analysis of 4D fluorescence-confocal data sets of live embryos progressing from the one-cell embryo stage through to blastocyst in vitro, providing some of the first mechanistic insights into chromosome segregation in the mammalian embryo. We show that chromosome segregation occurs as a combined result of poleward chromosome motion (anaphase-A) and spindle elongation (anaphase-B), which occur simultaneously at the time of cell division. Unexpectedly, however, regulation of the two anaphase mechanisms changes significantly between the first and second embryonic mitoses. In one-cell embryos, the velocity of anaphase-A chromosome motion and the velocity and overall extent of anaphase-B spindle elongation are significantly constrained compared with later stages. As a result chromosomes are delivered close to the center of the forming two-cell stage blastomeres at the end of the first mitosis. In subsequent divisions, anaphase-B spindle elongation is faster and more extensive, resulting in the delivery of chromosomes to the distal plasma membrane of the newly forming blastomeres. Metaphase spindle length scales with cell size from the two-cell stage onwards, but is substantially shorter in the first mitosis than in the second mitosis, and the duration of mitosis-1 is substantially greater than subsequent divisions. Thus, there is a striking and unexpected shift in the approach to cell division between the first and second mitotic divisions, which likely reflects adaptations to the unique environment within the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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44
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Satouh Y, Inoue N, Ikawa M, Okabe M. Visualization of the moment of mouse sperm-egg fusion and dynamic localization of IZUMO1. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4985-90. [PMID: 22946049 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene disruption experiments have proven that the acrosomal protein IZUMO1 is essential for sperm-egg fusion in the mouse. However, despite its predicted function, it is not expressed on the surface of ejaculated spermatozoa. Here, we report the dynamics of diffusion of IZUMO1 from the acrosomal membrane to the sperm surface at the time of the acrosome reaction, visualized using a fluorescent protein tag. IZUMO1 showed a tendency to localize in the equatorial segment of the sperm surface after the acrosome reaction. This region is considered to initiate fusion with the oolemma. The moment of sperm-egg fusion and the dynamic movements of proteins during fusion were also imaged live. Translocation of IZUMO1 during the fertilization process was clarified, and a fundamental mechanism in mammalian fertilization is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhkoh Satouh
- World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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45
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Offspring from mouse embryos developed using a simple incubator-free culture system with a deoxidizing agent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47512. [PMID: 23056643 PMCID: PMC3467247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To culture preimplantation embryos in vitro, water-jacketed CO2 incubators are used widely for maintaining an optimal culture environment in terms of gas phase, temperature and humidity. We investigated the possibility of mouse embryo culture in a plastic bag kept at 37°C. Zygotes derived from in vitro fertilization or collected from naturally mated B6D2F1 female mice were put in a drop of medium on a plastic culture dish and then placed in a commercially available plastic bag. When these were placed in an oven under air at 37°C for 96 h, the rate of blastocyst development and the cell numbers of embryos decreased. However, when the concentration of O2 was reduced to 5% using a deoxidizing agent and a small oxygen meter, most zygotes developed into blastocysts. These blastocysts were judged normal according to their cell number, Oct3/4 and Cdx2 gene expression levels, the apoptosis rate and the potential for full-term development after embryo transfer to pseudopregnant recipients. Furthermore, using this system, normal offspring were obtained simply by keeping the bag on a warming plate. This culture method was applied successfully to both hybrid and inbred strains. In addition, because the developing embryos could be observed through the transparent wall of the bag, it was possible to capture time-lapse images of live embryos until the blastocyst stage without needing an expensive microscope-based incubation chamber. These results suggest that mouse zygotes are more resilient to their environment than generally believed. This method might prove useful in economical culture systems or for the international shipment of embryos.
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46
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Colas JF, Sharpe J. Live optical projection tomography. Organogenesis 2012; 5:211-6. [PMID: 20539740 DOI: 10.4161/org.5.4.10426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical projection tomography (OPT) is a technology ideally suited for imaging embryonic organs. We emphasize here recent successes in translating this potential into the field of live imaging. Live OPT (also known as 4D OPT, or time-lapse OPT) is already in position to accumulate good quantitative data on the developmental dynamics of organogenesis, a prerequisite for building realistic computer models and tackling new biological problems. Yet, live OPT is being further developed by merging state-of-the-art mouse embryo culture with the OPT system. We discuss the technological challenges that this entails and the prospects for expansion of this molecular imaging technique into a wider range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Colas
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Program; Centre for Genomic Regulation; UPF; Barcelona, Spain; Istituciô Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; Barcelona, Spain
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Balbach ST, Esteves TC, Houghton FD, Siatkowski M, Pfeiffer MJ, Tsurumi C, Kanzler B, Fuellen G, Boiani M. Nuclear reprogramming: kinetics of cell cycle and metabolic progression as determinants of success. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35322. [PMID: 22530006 PMCID: PMC3329427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of totipotency after somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) requires not only reprogramming of gene expression, but also conversion of the cell cycle from quiescence to the precisely timed sequence of embryonic cleavage. Inadequate adaptation of the somatic nucleus to the embryonic cell cycle regime may lay the foundation for NT embryo failure and their reported lower cell counts. We combined bright field and fluorescence imaging of histone H2b-GFP expressing mouse embryos, to record cell divisions up to the blastocyst stage. This allowed us to quantitatively analyze cleavage kinetics of cloned embryos and revealed an extended and inconstant duration of the second and third cell cycles compared to fertilized controls generated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Compared to fertilized embryos, slow and fast cleaving NT embryos presented similar rates of errors in M phase, but were considerably less tolerant to mitotic errors and underwent cleavage arrest. Although NT embryos vary substantially in their speed of cell cycle progression, transcriptome analysis did not detect systematic differences between fast and slow NT embryos. Profiling of amino acid turnover during pre-implantation development revealed that NT embryos consume lower amounts of amino acids, in particular arginine, than fertilized embryos until morula stage. An increased arginine supplementation enhanced development to blastocyst and increased embryo cell numbers. We conclude that a cell cycle delay, which is independent of pluripotency marker reactivation, and metabolic restraints reduce cell counts of NT embryos and impede their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franchesca Dawn Houghton
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Siatkowski
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, DZNE, Rostock, Germany
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Chizuko Tsurumi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benoit Kanzler
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michele Boiani
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Mizutani E, Yamagata K, Ono T, Akagi S, Geshi M, Wakayama T. Abnormal chromosome segregation at early cleavage is a major cause of the full-term developmental failure of mouse clones. Dev Biol 2012; 364:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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49
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Enoki R, Ono D, Hasan MT, Honma S, Honma KI. Single-cell resolution fluorescence imaging of circadian rhythms detected with a Nipkow spinning disk confocal system. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 207:72-9. [PMID: 22480987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Single-point laser scanning confocal imaging produces signals with high spatial resolution in living organisms. However, photo-induced toxicity, bleaching, and focus drift remain challenges, especially when recording over several days for monitoring circadian rhythms. Bioluminescence imaging is a tool widely used for this purpose, and does not cause photo-induced difficulties. However, bioluminescence signals are dimmer than fluorescence signals, and are potentially affected by levels of cofactors, including ATP, O(2), and the substrate, luciferin. Here we describe a novel time-lapse confocal imaging technique to monitor circadian rhythms in living tissues. The imaging system comprises a multipoint scanning Nipkow spinning disk confocal unit and a high-sensitivity EM-CCD camera mounted on an inverted microscope with auto-focusing function. Brain slices of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the central circadian clock, were prepared from transgenic mice expressing a clock gene, Period 1 (Per1), and fluorescence reporter protein (Per1::d2EGFP). The SCN slices were cut out together with membrane, flipped over, and transferred to the collagen-coated glass dishes to obtain signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio and to minimize focus drift. The imaging technique and improved culture method enabled us to monitor the circadian rhythm of Per1::d2EGFP from optically confirmed single SCN neurons without noticeable photo-induced effects or focus drift. Using recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying a genetically encoded calcium indicator, we also monitored calcium circadian rhythms at a single-cell level in a large population of SCN neurons. Thus, the Nipkow spinning disk confocal imaging system developed here facilitates long-term visualization of circadian rhythms in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Enoki
- Photonic Bioimaging Section, Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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50
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Fluorescence cell imaging and manipulation using conventional halogen lamp microscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31638. [PMID: 22347500 PMCID: PMC3275630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Technologies for vitally labeling cells with fluorescent dyes have advanced remarkably. However, to excite fluorescent dyes currently requires powerful illumination, which can cause phototoxic damage to the cells and increases the cost of microscopy. We have developed a filter system to excite fluorescent dyes using a conventional transmission microscope equipped with a halogen lamp. This method allows us to observe previously invisible cell organelles, such as the metaphase spindle of oocytes, without causing phototoxicity. Cells remain healthy even after intensive manipulation under fluorescence observation, such as during bovine, porcine and mouse somatic cell cloning using nuclear transfer. This method does not require expensive epifluorescence equipment and so could help to reduce the science gap between developed and developing countries.
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