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Shibutani M, Mori T, Miyano T, Miyake M. Removal of O-GlcNAcylation is important for pig preimplantation development. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:341-50. [PMID: 26004176 PMCID: PMC4547992 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose has been recognized as an energy source for a long time, but it has recently been suggested that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and downstream protein O-GlcNAcylation have important functions in mouse preimplantation development. Thus, whether or not O-GlcNAcylation was present and what functions O-GlcNAcylation has in pig preimplantation development were investigated in the present study. The expressions of mRNA of glutaminefructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (Gfpt), O-GlcNAc transferase (Ogt) and O-GlcNAcase (Oga), which are involved in the HBP and O-GlcNAc cycling, were examined in pig parthenogenetic diploids at each preimplantation developmental stage. Gfpt and Ogt were detected in diploids at all stages. Though Oga was detected at all stages except the 4-cell stage, OGA proteins were detected in diploids from the 2-cell to
blastocyst stage. Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylated proteins in MII oocytes and diploids were also detected by immunofluorescence at every stage. Inhibition of OGT by 4.0 mM BADGP did not affect development up to the blastocyst stage, while inhibition of OGA by 300 µM PUGNAc decreased the proportion of diploids beyond the 4-cell stage. Four-cell diploids cultured with PUGNAc until 48 h developed to the blastocyst stage after culture in a PUGNAc-free medium until 144 h after electrostimulation. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) phosphorylation, which indicates the onset of mRNA transcription, was detected in nuclei of diploids in the control group at 48 h but not in the PUGNAc-treated group. These results indicate that HBP and O-GlcNAcylation have important functions in pig preimplantation development and that inhibition of OGA is fatal for development. It is also suggested that OGA inhibition disrupts normal Pol II regulation and may cause a zygotic gene activation error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihiro Shibutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Shibutani M, Lee J, Miyano T, Miyake M. Demands for carbohydrates as major energy substrates depend on the preimplantation developmental stage in pig embryos: differential use of fructose by parthenogenetic diploids before and after the 4-cell stage in the pig. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:106-15. [PMID: 25736264 PMCID: PMC4410308 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryo culture technique has been improving, but the detailed demands for energy substrates such as glucose, fructose, pyruvate and lactate of preimplantation embryos are still unclear. In the present study, the demands of pig preimplantation embryos at each different developmental stage were investigated by use of parthenogenetic diploids as a model of pig preimplantation embryos. Pig parthenogenetic diploids showed different use of glucose and fructose before and after the 4-cell stage. Although glucose supported the development of pig embryos throughout the preimplantation stages and even maintained the expansion and hatching of blastocysts, it suppressed development to the blastocyst stage when glucose coexisted with pyruvate and lactate from 4 h after activation, but not after 48 h (early 4-cell stage). Since ketohexokinase that metabolizes fructose was not expressed in 2-cell and 4-cell diploids, a medium that included only fructose as a major
energy substrate did not support early cleavage of pig diploids beyond the 4-cell stage, and almost no diploids developed to the morula stage just as in a medium without carbohydrates. These results may explain the different suppressive effects on pig preimplantation development between glucose and fructose when pyruvate and lactate were present in a medium. In addition, 4-cell diploids that had been cultured in a medium with pyruvate and lactate developed to the expanded blastocyst stage without any carbohydrates as a major energy substrate. These results show that the demands for carbohydrates are different depending on the developmental stage in pig preimplantation embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihiro Shibutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Malo C, Gil L, Cano R, Martinez F, Gonzalez N. Progesterone improves porcine in vitro fertilisation system. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:117-24. [PMID: 24334087 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to improve the quality of in vitro produced porcine embryos, the effect of progestagens - progesterone analogues - on the in vitro developmental competence of porcine oocytes was studied. A total of 1421 in vitro matured oocytes, from 4 replicates, were inseminated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Progestagens were added to late maturation and embryo cultures (10 IU/ml). Fertilisation success (pre-maturation, penetration, monospermy and efficiency) and nuclear maturation were evaluated. There were no differences among prematuration rates between groups (P = 0.221). Penetration rates were higher (P < 0.001) in the presence of progestagens (75.0%) as compared to the control (51.7%). However, no differences were observed in monospermy percentages (P = 0.246). The results indicated that supplementation with progestagens increased the efficiency of the in vitro fertilisation system (P < 0.001). An additional beneficial effect was observed in nuclear maturation with progestagens (P = 0.035). In summary, progestagen supplementation is an important factor to improve the in vitro fertilisation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Malo
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology, Obstetrics and Reproduction Area, Faculty of Veterinary Miguel Servet 177 Zaragoza 50013 Spain
| | - Lydia Gil
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology, Obstetrics and Reproduction Area, Faculty of Veterinary Miguel Servet 177 Zaragoza 50013 Spain
| | - Rafael Cano
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology, Obstetrics and Reproduction Area, Faculty of Veterinary Miguel Servet 177 Zaragoza 50013 Spain
| | - Felisa Martinez
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology, Obstetrics and Reproduction Area, Faculty of Veterinary Miguel Servet 177 Zaragoza 50013 Spain
| | - Noelia Gonzalez
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology, Obstetrics and Reproduction Area, Faculty of Veterinary Miguel Servet 177 Zaragoza 50013 Spain
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Castillo-Martín M, Yeste M, Morató R, Mogas T, Bonet S. Cryotolerance of in vitro-produced porcine blastocysts is improved when using glucose instead of pyruvate and lactate during the first 2 days of embryo culture. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:737-45. [DOI: 10.1071/rd12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of replacing glucose with pyruvate and lactate during the first 48 h of in vitro culture (IVC) in NCSU-23 medium on embryo development, embryo quality and survival of porcine blastocysts after vitrification. To this end, in vitro-produced (IVP) porcine oocytes were cultured with either glucose for 6 days (IVC-Glu) or pyruvate–lactate from Day 0 to Day 2 and then with glucose until Day 6 (IVC-PyrLac). Blastocysts were vitrified on Day 6 using the Cryotop device and, after warming, survival rate and the apoptosis index were evaluated after 24 h incubation in NCSU-23 medium. No significant differences were observed between IVC-Glu and IVC-PyrLac in terms of cleavage rate, blastocyst yield, total number of cells per blastocyst or the apoptosis index (1.82 ± 0.75% vs 3.18 ± 0.88%, respectively) of non-vitrified embryos. However, a significant increase was seen in hatching/hatched blastocysts in the IVC-PyrLac compared with IVC-Glu treatment group (12.71 ± 1.20% vs 3.54 ± 0.47%, respectively). Regardless of treatment, vitrification impaired the survival rate and the apoptosis index. When comparing both treatments after warming, the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher for blastocysts in the IVC-PyrLac compared with IVC-Glu group (18.55 ± 3.49% vs 9.12 ± 2.17%, respectively). In conclusion, under the conditions of the present study, replacement of glucose with pyruvate–lactate during the first 48 h of culture resulted in a lower cryotolerance of IVP porcine embryos.
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Mito T, Yoshioka K, Yamashita S, Suzuki C, Noguchi M, Hoshi H. Glucose and glycine synergistically enhance the in vitro development of porcine blastocysts in a chemically defined medium. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:443-50. [PMID: 22401276 DOI: 10.1071/rd11197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of glucose and/or glycine on the in vitro development of Day 5 (Day 0=IVF) porcine blastocysts were determined. The addition of 2.5-10 mM glucose to the chemically defined culture medium porcine zygote medium (PZM)-5 significantly increased blastocyst survival rates compared with those of blastocysts cultured in the absence of glucose. The addition of 5 and 10 mM glycine to PZM-5 containing 5 mM glucose significantly enhanced the development to hatching and the number of hatched blastocysts compared with no addition of glycine. However, the addition of glycine to PZM-5 with no glucose did not improve blastocyst development. The ATP content of Day 6 blastocysts cultured with glucose was significantly higher than that of blastocysts cultured in the absence of glucose, regardless of glycine supplementation. The diameter and total cell numbers were significantly greater, and the apoptotic index was significantly lower, in Day 6 blastocysts cultured with both glucose and glycine. These results indicate that glucose is an important energy source for the porcine blastocyst and that glucose and glycine act synergistically to enhance development to the hatching and hatched blastocyst stage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Mito
- Research Institute for the Functional Peptides, 4-3-32 Shimojo, Yamagata 990-0823, Japan
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Dang-Nguyen TQ, Somfai T, Haraguchi S, Kikuchi K, Tajima A, Kanai Y, Nagai T. In vitro production of porcine embryos: current status, future perspectives and alternative applications. Anim Sci J 2011; 82:374-82. [PMID: 21615829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pig is considered to be a suitable source of cells and organs for xenotransplants, as well as a transgenic animal to produce specific proteins, given the biological similarities it shares with human beings. However, the in vitro embryo production system in pigs is inefficient compared with those in other mammals, such as cattle or mice. Although numerous modifications have been applied to improve the efficiency of in vitro embryo production systems in pigs, not much progress has been made to overcome the problem of polyspermy, and low developmental ability due to insufficient cytoplasmic abilities of in vitro matured oocytes and improper culture conditions for the in vitro produced embryos. Recent achievements, such as the establishment of chemically defined medium and utilization of 'zona hardening' technique, have gained some success. However, further research for the reduction of polyspermy and detrimental effects of the culture systems in pigs is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Quang Dang-Nguyen
- National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Scheuerer B. Factors and methods of pig oocyte and embryo quality improvement and their application in reproductive biotechnology. Reprod Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Beebe LFS, Vassiliev I, McIlfatrick S, Nottle MB. Adding essential amino acids at a low concentration improves the development of in vitro fertilized porcine embryos. J Reprod Dev 2009; 55:373-7. [PMID: 19293557 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate improvements to the pig preimplantation embryo culture system using in vitro produced embryos. For experiment 1, the optimum time to change the medium from NCSU23 containing 0.6 mM glucose, 0.2 mM pyruvate, 5.7 mM lactate and nonessential amino acids to NCSU23 containing 5.6 mM glucose and both essential and nonessential amino acids was examined. There were no statistically significant differences in blastocyst rates or cell number when the medium was changed at 48, 72 or 96 h, although there was a consistent trend for the 96 h treatment to produce fewer blastocysts with fewer cells. For experiment 2, the addition of essential amino acids at either a 1:50 or a 1:100 dilution of the purchased stock solution for day 1 to 6 or for days 3 to 6 only was investigated. Adding essential amino acids at a 1:50 dilution for day 3 to 6 significantly reduced the blastocyst rate and adding them at a 1:50 dilution from day 1 to 6 significantly reduced both the blastocyst rate and blastocyst cell number compared to when it was added at a 1:100 dilution. Embryos were produced by IVF, cultured for 6 days and good quality blastocysts were transferred into 6 synchronized pseudopregnant recipients (24 to 35 blastocysts per recipient) resulting in 4 pregnancies and 21 live birth piglets. These results show that adding essential amino acids at a 1:100 dilution provided the best culture conditions and the blastocysts produced were able to attain full term development after transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F S Beebe
- Reproduction Biotechnology Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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ULLOA ULLO CM, YOSHIZAWA M, KOMORIYA E, MITSUI A, NAGAI T, KIKUCHI K. The Blastocyst Production Rate and Incidence of Chromosomal Abnormalities by Developmental Stage in In Vitro Produced Porcine Embryos. J Reprod Dev 2008; 54:22-9. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.19102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Manuel ULLOA ULLO
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University
| | - Midori YOSHIZAWA
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University
| | | | - Akinori MITSUI
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University
| | - Takashi NAGAI
- National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science
| | - Kazuhiro KIKUCHI
- Genetic Diversity Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences
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Ock SA, Lee SL, Kim JG, Kumar BM, Balasubramanian S, Choe SY, Rho GJ. Development and quality of porcine embryos in different culture system and embryo-producing methods. ZYGOTE 2007; 15:1-8. [PMID: 17391540 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199406003911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the developmental ability and cellular composition of porcine IVF, parthenote and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos were evaluated following different in vitro culture systems. Group 1, embryos were cultured in NCSU-23 with 5.55 mM D-glucose (NCSU+) until day 6 on 20% O(2) or 5% O(2) (Group 2). Group 3, embryos were cultured in D-glucose-free NCSU-23 (NCSU-) with 0.17 mM Na pyruvate/2.73 mM Na lactate for 58 h and subsequently cultured in NCSU+ until day 6 (NCSU -/+) on 20% O2 or 5% O(2) (Group 4). IVF blastocysts did not differ significantly with O(2) concentrations, but differed significantly with major energy source (glucose and pyruvate/lactate). In Group 3 and 4 IVF blastocysts, the total cell number and apoptosis rates were not significantly different with different O(2) concentrations. Blastocyst rate, total cell number and apoptosis rate in Groups 3 and 4 parthenote embryos also were not significantly different. Parthenote and SCNT, under the same culture treatment, exhibited significant differences in blastocyst and apoptosis rates (47.5 +/- 16.1 vs. 24.0 +/- 4.0 and 4.9 +/- 9.0 vs. 22.8 +/- 23.3). Apoptosis-generating rate increased in the order parthenote, IVF and then SCNT. In conclusion, in vitro development of porcine embryos was not affected by O(2) concentrations but was affected by major energy source. Even so, the concentration of each major energy source and the timing of its inclusion in culture could accomplish relatively high embryonic development, the apoptosis rate stressed that more work still needs to be done in developing a better defined culture system that could support SCNT embryos equivalent to in vivo preimplantation porcine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Ock
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Republic of Korea
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