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Osteogenic differentiation enhances the MC3T3-E1 secretion of glycosaminoglycans with an affinity for basic fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein-2. Regen Ther 2018; 8:58-62. [PMID: 30271866 PMCID: PMC6147208 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is generally recognized that a wide variety of morphogens and growth factors bind to the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) of proteoglycans (PG) to affect their bioavailability to ligands. Many growth factors involving in osteogenic differentiation require the GAG side chains to facilitate their interaction to the cell surface receptors and the biosynthesis of osteogenic proteins. The objective of this study is to investigate the secretion of GAG from MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts of a murine bone calvaria during the osteogenic differentiation. Methods When MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in the differentiation medium (DM) containing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content and the amount of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)- or BMP-2-bound sulfated GAG were determined. Moreover, the disaccharide analysis of the GAG was performed. Results When MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in the differentiation medium (DM) containing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, the alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content were significantly enhanced compared with those of the BMP-2-free DM and normal medium with or without BMP-2. Significantly higher amount of GAG secreted was detected for cells cultured in the DM containing BMP-2, in contrast to other culture conditions. The GAG secreted had an affinity for BMP-2 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The disaccharide analysis of GAG demonstrated that the percentage of ΔHexA α1,4GlcNSO3 and ΔHexA (2-OSO3) α1,4GlcNSO3 increased, but that of ΔHexA α1,4GlcNSO3(6-OSO3) decreased (ΔHexA: unsaturated uronic acid residue, GlcNSO3: N-sulfated glucosamine, ΔHexA (2-OSO3): unsaturated uronic acid 2-sulfate residue, GlcNSO3(6-OSO3): N-sulfated glucosamine 6-sulfated). Conclusion It was found that the osteogenic differentiation allowed cells to enhance the secretion of GAG with an affinity for BMP-2 and bFGF.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- Basic fibroblast growth factor
- Bone morphogenetic protein-2
- DDW, double distilled water
- DM, differentiation medium
- DMMB, 1, 9-dimethylmethylene blue
- Disaccharide
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GAG, glycosaminoglycans
- GlcNAc(6-OSO3), N-acetyl glucosamine 6-sulfated
- GlcNAc, N-acetyl glucosamine
- GlcNSO3(6-OSO3), N-sulfated glucosamine 6-sulfated
- GlcNSO3, N-sulfated glucosamine
- Glycosaminoglycans
- HSPG, heparin sulfate proteoglycans
- NM, normal medium
- Osteogenic differentiation
- PBS, phosphate buffer solution
- PG, proteoglycans
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- Secretion
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- ΔHexA (2-OSO3), unsaturated uronic acid 2-sulfate residue
- ΔHexA, unsaturated uronic acid residue
- αMEM, α-Minimum Essential Medium
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Miller T, Goude MC, McDevitt TC, Temenoff JS. Molecular engineering of glycosaminoglycan chemistry for biomolecule delivery. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1705-19. [PMID: 24121191 PMCID: PMC3960340 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear, negatively charged polysaccharides that interact with a variety of positively charged growth factors. In this review article the effects of engineering GAG chemistry for molecular delivery applications in regenerative medicine are presented. Three major areas of focus at the structure-function-property interface are discussed: (1) macromolecular properties of GAGs; (2) effects of chemical modifications on protein binding; (3) degradation mechanisms of GAGs. GAG-protein interactions can be based on: (1) GAG sulfation pattern; (2) GAG carbohydrate conformation; (3) GAG polyelectrolyte behavior. Chemical modifications of GAGs, which are commonly performed to engineer molecular delivery systems, affect protein binding and are highly dependent on the site of modification on the GAG molecules. The rate and mode of degradation can determine the release of molecules as well as the length of GAG fragments to which the cargo is electrostatically coupled and eventually released from the delivery system. Overall, GAG-based polymers are a versatile biomaterial platform offering novel means to engineer molecular delivery systems with a high degree of control in order to better treat a range of degenerated or injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Miller
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Melissa C Goude
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Todd C McDevitt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Johnna S Temenoff
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Mori H, Takahashi A, Horimoto A, Hara M. Migration of glial cells differentiated from neurosphere-forming neural stem/progenitor cells depends on the stiffness of the chemically cross-linked collagen gel substrate. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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He Y, Li J, Chen Y. Catalytic Effects of Different Heparin Analogs on the Hydrolysis of Auramine O. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2011; 22:253-261. [PMID: 20557699 DOI: 10.1163/092050609x12601848092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, are a class of biomaterials with a variety of important biological functions. They were found to catalyze the hydrolysis of 4,4'-(imidocarbonyl)-bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) monohydrochloride to 4,4'-bis(dimethy-lamino) benzophenone, but the catalytic mechanism of this interesting reaction is poorly understood, mainly due to the structural complexity of polysaccharides. In order to study such an unusual reaction, a pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, with defined chemical structure was chosen as a probe to investigate the hydrolytic characteristics, along with other heparin analogs. The hydrolytic reaction was catalyzed by fondaparinux, low-molecular-weight heparins, heparin and different desulfated heparins at various rates. The present results demonstrated that the length of polysaccharide chain, the N- or O-sulfo groups are critical to the hydrolysis of 4,4'-(imidocarbonyl)-bis(N,N-dimethy-laniline) monohydrochloride in addition to pH and ionic strength, which provides new insights into the catalytic phenomenon of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmian He
- a Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P. R. China; Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
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Development of cell-processing systems for human stem cells (neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and iPS cells) for regenerative medicine. Keio J Med 2010; 59:35-45. [PMID: 20601839 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.59.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine using human stem cells is one of the newest and most promising fields for treating various intractable diseases and damaged organs. For clinical applications, choosing which human stem cells to use, i.e. according to tissue of origin and progenitor type, is a critical issue. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) hold promise for treating various neurological diseases. We have shown that the transporter protein ABCB1 is predominantly expressed in immature human fetal NSPCs, and thus could be used as a phenotypic marker to investigate and monitor NSPCs in culture. We describe our proposed model for the in vitro proliferative process of aggregated human NSPCs and show that neurosphere enlargement and NSPC proliferation are mutually reinforcing. We have established that human neurospheres contain a heterogeneous cell population, knowledge that will contribute to the development of human neurospheres with desirable characteristics for clinical applications. Furthermore, decidua-derived mesenchymal cells (DMCs), which we isolated from human placenta, have unique properties as mesenchymal stem cells. They also generate a pericellular matrix (PCM-DM) that supports the growth and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) cells. The newly developed re-programming techniques for generating hiPS cells should greatly contribute to cell therapies using human pluripotent stem cells, including those derived from DMCs. Our DMC-derived hiPS cells are a promising candidate source of allogeneic hiPS cells for clinical applications. We hope our findings will contribute to the development of cell-culture systems for generating human allogeneic stem cells for clinical use in regenerative medicine.
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Wan F, Zhang S, Xie R, Gao B, Campos B, Herold-Mende C, Lei T. The utility and limitations of neurosphere assay, CD133 immunophenotyping and side population assay in glioma stem cell research. Brain Pathol 2010; 20:877-89. [PMID: 20331619 PMCID: PMC8094830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly proposed glioma stem cell (GSC) hypothesis may re-model the way we diagnose and treat the tumor, which highlights the need for a complete knowledge on the genetic and epigenetic "blueprints" of GSCs. To identify the true "stemness" signatures, pure GSC populations are primarily needed. Reliable in vitro methods enriching for GSCs and thereby identifying the key stem-like characteristics constitute the preliminary step forward. We discuss in this review the current widely used methods for enriching and isolating GSCs, namely neurosphere assay, CD133 Immunophenotyping and side population assay, and detail their limitations and potential pitfalls that could complicate interpretation of corresponding results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Zhang Y, Song S, Liang H, Wang Y, Wang W, Ji A. Enhancing effect of a sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus sulfated polysaccharide on neurosphere formation in vitro. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:479-86. [PMID: 20547343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) exhibit therapeutic potential in neuronal diseases. Previously, we reported that a sulfated polysaccharide (HS) from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus increased the proliferation of NSPCs. Since the formation of neurospheres is related with NSPCs proliferation, we investigated the mechanism leading to neurosphere formation with and without HS. The results showed that HS significantly promoted neurosphere formation in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations between 2 and 8 μg/ml. Cell cycle analysis showed that HS increased the percentage of cells in S phase by 2.8-fold, as compared with the control. On the other hand, we observed a significantly rapid aggregation of NSPCs, resulting in formation of neurospheres as early as 2 h after HS treatment. However, the aggregation was not caused by chemotactic migration of NSPCs, as evidenced by the transwell chamber assay. Furthermore, the effect of HS on NSPCs was similar to the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) that activated nuclear factor NF-κB. Thus, we demonstrated that HS was able to promote cell proliferation and aggregation of NSPCs which could lead to the formation of neurospheres, and suggested that HS can serve as an adjuvant for promoting proliferation of NSPCs and formation of neurospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Zhang Y, Song S, Song D, Liang H, Wang W, Ji A. Proliferative effects on neural stem/progenitor cells of a sulfated polysaccharide purified from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 109:67-72. [PMID: 20129085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To test the effects of a sulfated polysaccharide, Haishen (HS) on the viability and proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), we isolated the polysaccharide from the body wall of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus by enzymolysis extraction, anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. HS is a highly sulfated fucoidan with a molecular weight of 4.23x10(5) Da. Due to its safety being of invertebrate origin they are less likely to contain infectious agents, the effects of HS on the viability and proliferation of NSPCs in vitro were examined by MTT assay, BrdU labeling and neurosphere formation assay, respectively. Our results showed that HS alone increased NSPC viability in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, HS acted synergistically with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) but not epidermal growth factor (EGF) to enhance the proliferation of NSPCs. Finally, HS did not induce apoptosis of NSPCs. Our findings suggest that HS can serve as an adjuvant for promoting the proliferation of NSPCs.
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Mori H, Ninomiya K, Kino-oka M, Shofuda T, Islam MO, Yamasaki M, Okano H, Taya M, Kanemura Y. Effect of neurosphere size on the growth rate of human neural stem/progenitor cells. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:1682-91. [PMID: 17044035 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) proliferate as aggregates in vitro, but the mechanism of aggregation is not fully understood. Here, we report that aggregation promotes the proliferation of NSPCs. We found that the proliferation rate was linear and depended on the size of the aggregate; that is, the population doubling time of the NSPCs gradually decreased as the diameter approached 250 micro m and flattened to a nearly constant value beyond this diameter. Given this finding, and with the intent of enhancing the efficiency of human NSPC expansion, we induced the NSPCs to form aggregates close to 250 micro m in diameter quickly by culturing them in plates with U-bottomed wells. The NSPCs formed aggregates effectively in the U-bottomed wells, with cell numbers approximately 1.5 times greater than those in the aggregates that formed spontaneously in flat-bottomed wells. In addition, this effect of aggregation involved cell-cell signaling molecules of the Notch1 pathway. In the U-bottomed wells, Hes1 and Hes5, which are target genes of the Notch signal, were expressed at higher levels than in the control, flat-bottomed wells. The amount of cleaved Notch1 was also higher in the cells cultured in the U-bottomed wells. The addition of gamma-secretase inhibitor, which blocks Notch signaling, suppressed cell proliferation in the U-bottomed wells. These results suggest that the three-dimensional architecture of NSPC aggregates would create a microenvironment that promotes the proliferation of human NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
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