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Loor A, Wang D, Bossier P, Nevejan N. β-1,3-Glucan/chitin unmasking in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, Δmnn9, promotes immune response and resistance of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to Vibrio coralliilyticus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:470-479. [PMID: 36115606 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Yeast cells can play a crucial role in immune activation in fish and shellfish predominantly due to the cell wall component β-1,3-glucan, providing protection against bacterial or viral infections. However, the immunostimulatory capacity of dietary yeast cells remains poorly studied in bivalves. To understand the role of yeast cell wall components (mannan, β-glucan and chitin) as immune activators, this study characterized the surface carbohydrate exposure of the wild-type baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (WT) and its Δmnn9 mutant, which presents a defective mannan structure, and compared these profiles with that of β-glucan particles, using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled lectin binding analysis. Then, a first trial evaluated the immunological response in Crassostrea gigas juveniles after being fed for 24 h with an algae-based diet (100A) and its 50% substituted version (based on dry weight) with WT (50A50WT) and Δmnn9 (50A50Y), and the posterior resistance of the juveniles against Vibrio coralliilyticus infection (trial 1). The mRNA expression was measured for β-glucan-binding protein (CgβGBP), Toll-like receptor 4 (CgTLR4), C-type lectin receptor 3 (CgCLec-3), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (CgMyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (CgNFκB), lysozyme (CgLys), interleukin 17-5 (CgIL17-5), and superoxide dismutase (CgSOD), in oysters, before and 24 h after the bacterial inoculation. A second trial tested the effect of incorporating Δmnn9 into the 100A diet for 24 h at different substitution levels: 0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% (100A, 95A5Y, 90A10Y, 75A25Y, and 50A50Y), followed by the bacterial challenge with V. coralliilyticus (trial 2). Our findings showed that the outer cell wall surface of WT is largely composed of mannan, while Δmnn9 presents high exposure of β-glucan and chitin, exhibiting similar FITC-lectin binding profiles (fluorescence intensity) to β-glucan particles. A significantly higher survival after the bacterial challenge was observed in oysters fed on 50A50Y compared to those fed 50A50WT and 100A in trial 1. This better performance of 50A50Y was supported by significantly higher gene expressions of CgLys, CgSOD, CgMyD88, and CgβGBP compared to 100A, and CgSOD and CgNFκB in relation to those fed on 50A50WT, prior to the bacterial inoculation. Furthermore, improved survival was observed in oysters fed 50A50Y compared to those offered lower Δmnn9 levels and 100A in trial 2. The superior performance of Δmnn9-fed oysters is mostly associated with the elevated presence of unmasked β-glucans on Δmnn9 cell wall surface, facilitating their interactions with oyster hemocytes. Further studies are needed to evaluate administration dose and frequency of Δmnn9 to develop strategies for long-term feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Loor
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy Nevejan
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Evaluating β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibition using emulsion formation as an indicator. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 190:106327. [PMID: 34517039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cell wall β-1,3-glucan of fungal pathogen Candida albicans is an attractive antifungal target. β-1,3-Glucan is the skeletal structure in the cell wall and the major scaffold for cell wall proteins. In previous studies using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strong emulsification was detected by mixing cell wall proteins with oil. To date, there have been no reports of applying an emulsification phenomenon to assessing β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibition. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify that emulsification is useful as an indicator for evaluating β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibition in C. albicans. METHODS At first, whether cell wall proteins released from cells by β-1,3-glucanase treatment worked as an effective emulsifier in C. albicans was examined. Next, whether emulsification occurred even in the culture supernatant brought about by treating with bioactive compounds, including β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitors, under osmotic protection was investigated. In addition, the release of cell wall proteins into the culture medium by treating with those compounds was examined. Finally, a simpler evaluation method using emulsion formation was examined for application to screening of inhibitors. RESULTS Emulsification occurred by cell wall proteins obtained by treating with β-1,3-glucanase in C. albicans. In addition, cell wall proteins were released into the culture medium by treating with β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitors, resulting in emulsification. However, such phenomena were not observed in the case of other bioactive compounds. Furthermore, emulsification could be detected in the culture broth obtained by static culture on a small scale. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results strongly implied that emulsification results from decreased β-1,3-glucan levels in the cell wall. As emulsification can be simply evaluated by mixing the culture broth with oil, in the future application to the initial assessment and screening of β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitors is expected.
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Onishi M, Ueda M, Saito D, Takata M, Ojima Y, Azuma M. Identification of yeast-derived emulsification proteins through analyses of proteins distributed into the emulsified phase. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nerome S, Onishi M, Saito D, Mizobuchi A, Ando T, Daira Y, Matsumoto A, Ojima Y, Azuma M. Cell surface changes that advance the application of using yeast as a food emulsifier. Food Chem 2020; 315:126264. [PMID: 32006867 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. These results provide valuable information for the development of a yeast-derived emulsifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nerome
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masaya Onishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daiki Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ayano Mizobuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yui Daira
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Azusa Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Shi F, Shi J, Li Y. Mechanochemical phosphorylation and solubilisation of β-D-glucan from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its biological activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103494. [PMID: 25075740 PMCID: PMC4116193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain a water-soluble β-D-glucan derivative cleanly and conveniently, a highly efficient mechanochemical method, planetary ball milling, was used to phosphorylate β-D-glucan isolated from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in solid state. Soluble β-D-glucan phosphate (GP) with a high degree of substitution (0.77-2.09) and an apparent PEAK molecular weight of 6.6-10.0 kDa was produced when β-D-glucan was co-milled with sodium hexametaphosphate at 139.5-186.0 rad/s for 12-20 min. The energy transferred was 3.03-11.98 KJ/g. The phosphorylation of GPs was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C and 31P Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Three GP products with different degree of substitution (DS) and degree of polymerisation (DP) were able to upregulate the functional events mediated by activated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, among which GP-2 with a DS of 1.24 and DP of 30.5 exerted the highest immunostimulating activity. Our results indicate that mechanochemical processing is an efficient method for preparing water-soluble and biologically active GP with high DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jikui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Takada Y, Mizobuchi A, Kato T, Kasahara E, Ito C, Watanabe H, Kanzaki K, Kitagawa S, Tachibana T, Azuma M. Isolation of diploid baker's yeast capable of strongly activating immune cells and analyses of the cell wall structure. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:911-5. [PMID: 25035998 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.917259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diploid baker's yeast capable of strongly activating a mouse macrophage was constructed based on haploid mutant AQ-37 obtained previously. The obtained strain BQ-55 activated also human immune cells. To clarify a factor for the activation, the cell wall structure, especially the β-glucan structure, was analyzed, suggesting that the length of branching, β-1,6-glucan, may be one of the factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takada
- a Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Osaka , Japan
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Matsuoka H, Hashimoto K, Saijo A, Takada Y, Kondo A, Ueda M, Ooshima H, Tachibana T, Azuma M. Cell wall structure suitable for surface display of proteins inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2014; 31:67-76. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsuoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka City University; Japan
| | - Kazuya Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka City University; Japan
| | - Aki Saijo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka City University; Japan
| | - Yuki Takada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka City University; Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ooshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka City University; Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka City University; Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka City University; Japan
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Takada Y, Nishino Y, Ito C, Watanabe H, Kanzaki K, Tachibana T, Azuma M. Isolation and characterization of baker's yeast capable of strongly activating a macrophage. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:261-9. [PMID: 24118943 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A physiological function of the β-glucans which constitute the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is to activate immune cells. Here, we focused on the immunostimulation ability of S. cerevisiae itself to give this ability to fermented foods including yeast. Previously, we found that in S. cerevisiae the deletion of MCD4 gene causes exposure of β-glucans on the cell surface and that the mcd4 deletion mutant strongly enhances immunity in vitro and in vivo. However, this is not a practical strain but a genetically modified strain with an antibiotic resistance gene, and growth was very slow. The aim of this study was to acquire a practical strain capable of strongly activating a macrophage. The parental strain y-21 was mutated with ethyl methanesulfonate, and the resulting strain was screened. Two mutants (AP-57 and AQ-37) were obtained. AQ-37 had the same fermentation capacity as y-21. In addition, a mutation point of AQ-37 was identified, suggesting that the mutation of NDD1 gene affects the cell wall structure and confers a high ability for macrophage stimulation. The obtained yeast may activate immune cells in materials to which the yeast is added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Gulmen S, Kiris I, Kocyigit A, Kumbul Dogus D, Ceylan BG, Meteoglu I. β-Glucan Protects against Lung Injury Induced by Abdominal Aortic Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. J Surg Res 2010; 164:e325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Insenser MR, Hernáez ML, Nombela C, Molina M, Molero G, Gil C. Gel and gel-free proteomics to identify Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface proteins. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1183-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Thomas CR, Stenson JD, Zhang Z. Measuring the mechanical properties of single microbial cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 124:83-98. [PMID: 21072700 DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many cells are considered to be susceptible to mechanical forces or "shear" in bioprocessing, leading to undesirable cell breakage or adverse metabolic effects. However, cell breakage is the aim of some processing operations, in particular high-pressure homogenisation and other cell disruption methods. In either case, the exact mechanisms of damage or disruption are obscure. One reason for this is that the mechanical properties of the cells are generally unknown, which makes investigation or prediction of the damage difficult. There are several methods for measuring the mechanical properties of single microbial cells, and these are reviewed briefly. In the context of bioprocessing research, a powerful method of characterising the mechanical properties of single cells is compression testing using micromanipulation, supplemented by mathematical modelling of the cell behaviour in compression. The method and associated modelling are described, with results mainly from studies on yeast cells. Continuing difficulties in making a priori predictions of cell breakage in processing are identified. In future, compression testing by micromanipulation might also be used in conjunction with other single cell analytical techniques to study mechanisms controlling form, growth and division of cells and their consequential mechanical behaviour. It ought to be possible to relate cell wall mechanics to cell wall composition and structure, and eventually to underlying gene expression, allowing much greater understanding and control of the cell mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Thomas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK,
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Martínez-Solano L, Reales-Calderón JA, Nombela C, Molero G, Gil C. Proteomics of RAW 264.7 macrophages upon interaction with heat-inactivatedCandida albicanscells unravel an anti-inflammatory response. Proteomics 2009; 9:2995-3010. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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