Controlling Multi-Drug-Resistant Traits of Salmonella Obtained from Retail Poultry Shops Using Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) as a Novel Technique

Salmonella spp. is considered one of the most important causes of food-borne illness globally. Poultry and its products are usually incriminated in its spread. Treatment with antibiotics is the first choice to deal with such cases; however, multi-drug resistance and biofilm formation have been recorded in animals and humans. This study aimed to detect the antibiotic profile of isolated traits from different sources and to find innovative alternatives, such as MOFs. A total of 350 samples were collected from randomly selected retailed poultry shops in Beni-Suef Province, Egypt. Their antimicrobial susceptibility against eight different antibiotics was tested, and multi-drug resistance was found in most of them. Surprisingly, promising results toward MOF were detected. Cu/Ni/Co-MOF (MOF3) showed superior antibacterial efficiency to Cu/Ni-MOF (MOF2) and Cu-MOF (MOF1) at p value ≤ 0.01. These findings highlight the tendency of Salmonella spp. to develop MDR to most of the antibiotics used in the field and the need to find new alternatives to overcome it, as well as confirming the ability of the environment to act as a source of human and animal affection.

Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella isolates recovered from retail raw chickens in Shaanxi Province, China

In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of Salmonella in retail raw chickens in Shaanxi Province, China, on a monthly basis. In addition, we studied the antibiotic susceptibility, serotype, and genotype of Salmonella isolates and explored their relationships with sampling time, location, market type, and chicken type. The results showed that Salmonella was more prevalent in chickens sampled during the spring and summer than during the autumn and winter. Thirty-nine serotypes were identified from 406 Salmonella isolates, of which Salmonella typhimurium (16.7%) was the most prevalent. Other prevalent serotypes included S. thompson (12.8%), S. essen (9.1%), S. infantis (6.9%), S. rissen (5.7%), and S. enteritidis (5.4%). Approximately 71.4% of the 406 isolates were resistant to 3 or more antibiotics, 11.8% to 12 or more, and 1.7% to all 14 antibiotics tested. The most frequently detected resistance was to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (82.0%), followed by nalidixic acid (71.9%) and tetracycline (59.4%). The frequencies of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were moderately high (∼50% each). Resistance to kanamycin, ceftiofur, streptomycin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin was less common (<40% each). Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolates were related to sampling time, location, chicken type, and market type. Isolates recovered from the same sampling time, market type, location, and chicken type commonly exhibited identical or similar genotypes and antibiotic resistance profiles. However, DNA profiles and antibiotic resistance phenotypes of isolates within some serotypes were diverse. Our results revealed that multiple Salmonella subtypes with antibiotic resistance were prevalent in retail raw chickens in Shaanxi Province. Our study findings provide information for developing preventive measures against contamination of retail foods with Salmonella.