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Kawaguchi A, Nemoto M, Ochi S, Matsushita Y, Sato T, Sone T. Insight into the population dynamics of pathogenic bacteria causing grapevine crown gall in snowfall areas: snow cover protects the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1198710. [PMID: 37457349 PMCID: PMC10338858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1198710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine crown gall (GCG) is a significant bacterial disease caused by tumorigenic Allorhizobium vitis (TAV) and is prevalent worldwide. TAV infects grapevines through wounds such as freezing injuries. Although grapevines typically avoid being wounded under snow cover, GCG occurs in many commercial vineyards in snowy regions. This study investigated the TAV population in GCG gall tissues, grapevine skins, and snow on grapevine skins from six infected vineyards located in Hokkaido, Japan, an area known for heavy snowfall. TAV was isolated not only from gall tissues but also from skins and snow on skins throughout the year. Hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) analysis revealed that the number of TAV cells in gall tissues was affected by cultivar and low temperature, while those in skins were affected by location and low temperature. Additionally, Bayesian changepoint detection (BCD) showed that the number of TAV cells in gall and skin tissues increased during winter, including the snowfall season. Furthermore, the TAV population in grapevine skins under the snow was significantly higher than those above the snow, indicating that TAV under the snow is protected by the snow and can survive well during the snowfall season. This study highlights the ability of TAV to overwinter on/in galls and skins under the snow and act as inoculum for the next season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawaguchi
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC) (Kinki, Chugoku and Shikoku Regions), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sunao Ochi
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NIPP), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NIPP), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teruo Sone
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kawaguchi A, Kirino N, Inoue K. Biological Control for Grapevine Crown Gall Evaluated by a Network Meta-Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:572. [PMID: 36771655 PMCID: PMC9921260 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine crown gall (GCG), which is caused by Allorhizobium vitis (=Rhizobium vitis) tumorigenic strains, is the most important disease of grapevine around the world. Previously, nonpathogenic A. vitis strains VAR03-1, ARK-1, ARK-2, and ARK-3 were identified as promising biological control agents, but the control effects of each strain were not directly compared and assessed in the field because field trials were conducted in different fields and years. Thus, the results of the control effects obtained from 16 field trials in 12 years from 2006 to 2017 were analyzed and evaluated by a linear mixed model (LMM) and a network meta-analysis (NMA). The results of the LMM strongly indicate that the factor "antagonistic strain" was significantly related to the biological control activity in this study, but the other factors, "concentration of cell suspension", "field", and "year", were not. Then, the results of 16 field trials were combined in an NMA. The estimated relative risk (RR) after treatment with ARK-1, ARK-2, ARK-3, VAR03-1, and K84 were 0.16, 0.20, 0.22, 0.24, and 0.74, respectively. In conclusion, strain ARK-1 was the best antagonist regardless of the concentration of the cell suspension, field, and year differences, and it can be recommended to control GCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawaguchi
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC) (Kinki, Chugoku and Shikoku Regions), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 6-12-1 Nishifukatsu-cho, Fukuyama 721-8514, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Namiko Kirino
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1174-1 Koudaoki, Akaiwa City 709-0801, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Inoue
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1174-1 Koudaoki, Akaiwa City 709-0801, Okayama, Japan
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Biocontrol of Grapevine Crown Gall Performed Using Allorhizobium vitis Strain ARK-1. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine crown gall (GCG), which is caused by tumorigenic Allorhizobium vitis (=Rhizobium vitis), is the most important bacterial disease in grapevine, and its economic impact on grapevine is very high. When young vines develop GCG, they often die, whereas older vines may show stress and poor growth depending on the severity of GCG, because GCG interferes with the vascular system of the grapevine trunk and prevents nutrient flow, leading to inferior growth and death. Viticultural practices and chemical control designed to inhibit GCG are only partially effective presently; thus, a biocontrol procedure could be a desirable and effective approach for GCG prevention. This article reviews the practical use of biocontrol options for GCG inhibition that involve using nonpathogenic and antagonistic A. vitis strains. In these studies, screening tests of biocontrol agents discovered nonpathogenic A. vitis strains VAR03-1, ARK-1, ARK-2, and ARK-3. After dipping grapevine roots in a suspension of candidate strains prior to planting in the field, treatment using ARK-1 was shown to significantly reduce the number of plants with GCG. A meta-analysis indicated that ARK-1 is very useful for controlling crown gall in various plant species, including grapevine. It was reported that when a mixture of ARK-1 and a tumorigenic strain was examined in grapevines, the expression levels of several virulence genes of the virulent strain were significantly lower. ARK-1 can reduce the pathogen population in grapevines and gall incidence. Moreover, ARK-1 can prime the induction of certain defense genes of grapevine. These results indicate that ARK-1 has a unique biocontrol mechanism and that it is a promising new biocontrol agent to control GCG.
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Kawaguchi A, Sone T, Ochi S, Matsushita Y, Noutoshi Y, Nita M. Origin of Pathogens of Grapevine Crown Gall Disease in Hokkaido in Japan as Characterized by Molecular Epidemiology of Allorhizobium vitis Strains. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111265. [PMID: 34833141 PMCID: PMC8620909 DOI: 10.3390/life11111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crown gall is a globally distributed and economically important disease of grapevine and other important crop plants. The causal agent of grapevine crown gall is tumorigenic Allorhizobium vitis (Ti) strains that harbor a tumor-inducing plasmid (pTi). The epidemic of grapevine crown gall has not been widely elucidated. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of 89 strains of Ti and nonpathogenic A. vitis to clarify their molecular epidemiology. Multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the partial nucleotide sequences of pyrG, recA, and rpoD was performed for molecular typing of A. vitis strains isolated from grapevines with crown gall symptoms grown in 30 different vineyards, five different countries, mainly in Japan, and seven genomic groups A to F were obtained. The results of MLSA and logistic regression indicated that the population of genetic group A was significantly related to a range of prefectures and that the epidemic of group A strains originated mainly in Hokkaido in Japan through soil infection. Moreover, group E strains could have been transported by infected nursery stocks. In conclusion, this study indicates that both soil infection and transporting of infected nursery stocks are working as infection source in Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawaguchi
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC) (Kinki, Chugoku, and Shikoku Regions), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 6-12-1 Nishifukatsu-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-84-923-5336
| | - Teruo Sone
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan;
| | - Sunao Ochi
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NIPP), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 721-8514, Japan; (S.O.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NIPP), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 721-8514, Japan; (S.O.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Mizuho Nita
- Alson H. Smith, Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, VA 22602, USA;
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Nguyen-Huu T, Doré J, Aït Barka E, Lavire C, Clément C, Vial L, Sanchez L. Development of a DNA-Based Real-Time PCR Assay To Quantify Allorhizobium vitis Over Time in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Plantlets. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:384-391. [PMID: 32734845 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0732-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Allorhizobium vitis is the primary causal pathogen of grapevine crown gall disease. Because this endophytic bacterium can survive as a systemic latent (symptomless) infection in grapevine, detecting and monitoring its development in planta is of great importance. In plant bacteria studies, plate counting is routinely used as a simple and reliable method to evaluate the bacterial population level in planta. However, isolation techniques are time-consuming and present some disadvantages such as the risk of contamination and the need for fresh samples for research. In this study, we developed a DNA-based real-time PCR assay that can replace the classical method to monitor the development of Allorhizobium vitis in grapevine plantlets. Primers targeting Allorhizobium vitis chromosomic genes and the virulent tumor-inducing plasmid were validated. The proposed quantitative real-time PCR technique is highly reliable and reproducible to assess Allorhizobium vitis numeration at the earliest stage of infection until tumor development in grapevine plantlets. Moreover, this low-cost technique provides rapid and robust in planta quantification of the pathogen and is suitable for fundamental research to monitor bacterial development over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Nguyen-Huu
- Unité EA 4707 Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, SFR Condorcet FR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Jeanne Doré
- UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, VetAgro Sup, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Essaïd Aït Barka
- Unité EA 4707 Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, SFR Condorcet FR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Céline Lavire
- UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, VetAgro Sup, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Unité EA 4707 Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, SFR Condorcet FR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Ludovic Vial
- UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, VetAgro Sup, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Unité EA 4707 Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, SFR Condorcet FR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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The Ecology of Agrobacterium vitis and Management of Crown Gall Disease in Vineyards. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 418:15-53. [PMID: 29556824 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium vitis is the primary causal agent of grapevine crown gall worldwide. Symptoms of grapevine crown gall disease include tumor formation on the aerial plant parts, whereas both tumorigenic and nontumorigenic strains of A. vitis cause root necrosis. Genetic and genomic analyses indicated that A. vitis is distinguishable from the members of the Agrobacterium genus and its transfer to the genus Allorhizobium was suggested. A. vitis is genetically diverse, with respect to both chromosomal and plasmid DNA. Its pathogenicity is mainly determined by a large conjugal tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid characterized by a mosaic structure with conserved and variable regions. Traditionally, A. vitis Ti plasmids and host strains were differentiated into octopine/cucumopine, nopaline, and vitopine groups, based on opine markers. However, tumorigenic and nontumorigenic strains of A. vitis may carry other ecologically important plasmids, such as tartrate- and opine-catabolic plasmids. A. vitis colonizes vines endophytically. It is also able to survive epiphytically on grapevine plants and is detected in soil exclusively in association with grapevine plants. Because A. vitis persists systemically in symptomless grapevine plants, it can be efficiently disseminated to distant geographical areas via international trade of propagation material. The use of healthy planting material in areas with no history of the crown gall represents the crucial measure of disease management. Moreover, biological control and production of resistant grape varieties are encouraging as future control measures.
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Kawaguchi A, Nita M, Ishii T, Watanabe M, Noutoshi Y. Biological control agent Rhizobium (=Agrobacterium) vitis strain ARK-1 suppresses expression of the essential and non-essential vir genes of tumorigenic R. vitis. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:1. [PMID: 30602384 PMCID: PMC6317203 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-4038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain insights into the virulence suppressive mechanism of a nonpathogenic strain of Rhizobium vitis ARK-1, we co-inoculated ARK-1 with a tumorigenic (Ti) strain of R. vitis to examine the expression of two essential virulence genes (virA and virG) and one non-essential gene (virD3) of the Ti strain at the wound site of grapevine. RESULTS Co-inoculation of ARK-1 with a Ti strain VAT03-9 at a 1:1 cell ratio into grapevine shoots resulted in significantly lower expression of the virulence genes virA, virD3, and virG of VAT03-9 at 1 day after inoculation compared with those when shoots were inoculated only with VAT03-9. ARK-1 was not able to catabolize acetosyringone, which is the plant-derived metabolites inducing the entire vir regulon in Ti strains, suggesting the direct effect of ARK-1 on the induction of broad range of vir genes of R. vitis Ti strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawaguchi
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 6-12-1 Nishifukatsu-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514 Japan
| | - Mizuho Nita
- AHS Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 595 Laurel Grove Rd, Winchester, VA 22602 USA
| | - Tomoya Ishii
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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KAWAGUCHI A, INOUE K, TANINA K, NITA M. Biological control for grapevine crown gall using nonpathogenic Rhizobium vitis strain ARK-1. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:547-560. [PMID: 29021507 PMCID: PMC5743857 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crown gall of grapevine, which is caused by tumorigenic Rhizobium vitis, is the most important bacterial disease of grapevine throughout the world. Screening tests of biological control agents resulted in the discovery of a nonpathogenic R. vitis strain ARK-1. By soaking grapevine roots with a cell suspension of strain ARK-1 prior to planting in the field, ARK-1 treatment significantly reduced the number of plants with crown gall symptoms. Several field trials result indicated that ARK-1 was very useful in the field, not only for grapevine but also for various other plant species. In experiments where a mixture of ARK-1 and a tumorigenic strain at a 1 : 1 cell ratio was examined in vitro and in planta, expression levels of the virulence genes virD2 and virE2 of the tumorigenic strain were significantly lower. The suppression of virulence genes, which can result in a reduction of gall formation and the pathogen population, seems to be a unique mechanism of ARK-1. These results indicated that ARK-1 is a promising new agent to control grapevine crown gall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira KAWAGUCHI
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji INOUE
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji TANINA
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mizuho NITA
- AHS Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, U.S.A.
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