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Profiling of the microbiota in the remaining sports drink and orange juice in plastic bottles after direct drinking. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:437-444. [PMID: 36007827 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The survival of bacteria in the sports drink and orange juice remaining in and at the mouth of bottles after direct drinking was examined after immediately drinking and incubation at 37°C for 24 h. METHODS Nine healthy participants were asked to drink approximately 100 mL of a plastic bottled sports drink or orange juice. The samples were cultured anaerobically at 37°C for 7 days. Genomic DNA was extracted from the resulting individual colonies, and bacterial species were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS The mean amount of bacteria in the remaining sports drink and orange juice, immediately after drinking, were (1.6 ± 2.3) × 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and (2.9 ± 3.3) × 103 CFU/mL, respectively. Additionally, bacteria recovered from the mouths of the sports drink and orange juice bottles were (2.5 ± 5.5) × 104 CFU/mL and (5.8 ± 2.4) × 103 CFU/mL, respectively. Oral bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Neisseria, and Rothia were found to be transferred in the sports drink and orange juice, and the bacteria were scarcely detected after incubation at 37°C for 24 h. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial levels differed significantly from the previously reported levels in bottled tea 24 h after drinking, suggesting that remaining drinks with low pH levels can be preserved for a longer period.
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Wakui A, Sano H, Hirabuki Y, Kawachi M, Aida A, Washio J, Abiko Y, Mayanagi G, Yamaki K, Tanaka K, Takahashi N, Sato T. Profiling of Microbiota at the Mouth of Bottles and in Remaining Tea after Drinking Directly from Plastic Bottles of Tea. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9060058. [PMID: 34064152 PMCID: PMC8224315 DOI: 10.3390/dj9060058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been speculated that oral bacteria can be transferred to tea in plastic bottles when it is drunk directly from the bottles, and that the bacteria can then multiply in the bottles. The transfer of oral bacteria to the mouth of bottles and bacterial survival in the remaining tea after drinking directly from bottles were examined immediately after drinking and after storage at 37 °C for 24 h. Twelve healthy subjects (19 to 23 years of age) were asked to drink approximately 50 mL of unsweetened tea from a plastic bottle. The mouths of the bottles were swabbed with sterile cotton, and the swabs and the remaining tea in the bottles were analyzed by anaerobic culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Metagenomic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene was also performed. The mean amounts of bacteria were (1.8 ± 1.7) × 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and (1.4 ± 1.5) × 104 CFU/mL at the mouth of the bottles immediately after and 24 h after drinking, respectively. In contrast, (0.8 ± 1.6) × 104 CFU/mL and (2.5 ± 2.6) × 106 CFU/mL were recovered from the remaining tea immediately after and 24 h after drinking, respectively. Streptococcus (59.9%) were predominant at the mouth of the bottles immediately after drinking, followed by Schaalia (5.5%), Gemella (5.5%), Actinomyces (4.9%), Cutibacterium (4.9%), and Veillonella (3.6%); the culture and metagenomic analyses showed similar findings for the major species of detected bacteria, including Streptococcus (59.9%, and 10.711%), Neisseria (1.6%, and 24.245%), Haemophilus (0.6%, and 15.658%), Gemella (5.5%, and 0.381%), Cutibacterium (4.9%, and 0.041%), Rothia (2.6%, and 4.170%), Veillonella (3.6%, and 1.130%), Actinomyces (4.9%, and 0.406%), Prevotella (1.6%, and 0.442%), Fusobacterium (1.0%, and 0.461%), Capnocytophaga (0.3%, and 0.028%), and Porphyromonas (1.0%, and 0.060%), respectively. Furthermore, Streptococcus were the most commonly detected bacteria 24 h after drinking. These findings demonstrated that oral bacteria were present at the mouth of the bottles and in the remaining tea after drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wakui
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (A.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Hiroto Sano
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (A.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Yuka Hirabuki
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (A.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Miho Kawachi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (A.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Ayaka Aida
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (A.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (J.W.); (Y.A.); (G.M.); (K.Y.); (N.T.)
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (J.W.); (Y.A.); (G.M.); (K.Y.); (N.T.)
| | - Gen Mayanagi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (J.W.); (Y.A.); (G.M.); (K.Y.); (N.T.)
| | - Keiko Yamaki
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (J.W.); (Y.A.); (G.M.); (K.Y.); (N.T.)
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Anaerobic Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (J.W.); (Y.A.); (G.M.); (K.Y.); (N.T.)
| | - Takuichi Sato
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (A.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-227-0823
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Sano H, Wakui A, Kawachi M, Kato R, Moriyama S, Nishikata M, Washio J, Abiko Y, Mayanagi G, Yamaki K, Sakashita R, Tomida J, Kawamura Y, Tanaka K, Takahashi N, Sato T. Profiling of microbiota in liquid baby formula consumed with an artificial nipple. Biomed Res 2019; 40:163-168. [PMID: 31413237 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.40.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is suspected that oral bacteria are transferred to the liquid baby formula through the artificial nipple and multiply in the bottle after feeding. In the present study, in order to understand the influence of bacteria on liquid baby formula after feeding, the transfer of oral bacteria through artificial nipples and their survival in liquid baby formula were examined immediately after drinking as well as after storage at 4°C for 3 h. Four healthy human subjects (20-23 years old) were asked to drink liquid baby formula (Aptamil®, ca. 50 mL) from baby bottles using artificial nipples. Samples of the liquid baby formula (immediately after drinking and 3 h later) were inoculated onto blood agar plates and incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 7 days. Salivary samples from each subject and 6 newborn infants were also cultured. Genomic DNA was extracted from individual colonies, and bacterial species were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The mean amounts of bacteria (CFU/mL) were (3.2 ± 3.0) ×104 and (3.4 ± 3.3) ×104 immediately after drinking and 3 h later, respectively. Streptococcus (41.6 and 40.5%), Actinomyces (24.3 and 21.5%) and Veillonella (16.2 and 11.0%) were recovered from the samples immediately after drinking and 3 h later, respectively. On the other hand, Streptococcus (38.9%), Actinomyces (17.1%), Neisseria (9.1%), Prevotella (6.9%), Rothia (6.9%) and Gemella (5.1%) were predominant in the saliva of adult subjects, and Streptococcus (65.2%), Staphylococcus (18.5%), Gemella (8.2%) and Rothia (5.4%) were predominant in the saliva of infant subjects. From these findings, oral bacteria, e.g., Streptococcus, Gemella and Rothia, were found to transfer into the liquid baby formula through artificial nipples, and the bacterial composition in the remaining liquid baby formula was found to resemble that of human saliva. The bacterial levels were similar between immediately after drinking and when stored at 4°C for 3 h, suggesting that the remaining liquid baby formula may be preserved in a refrigerator for a specified amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Sano
- Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| | - Anna Wakui
- Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| | - Miho Kawachi
- Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| | - Rito Kato
- Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| | | | | | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Gen Mayanagi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Keiko Yamaki
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | | | - Junko Tomida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University
| | - Yoshiaki Kawamura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Anaerobic Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Takuichi Sato
- Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences
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