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Dhulipalla M, Chouhan G. The nexus between Leishmania & HIV: Debilitating host immunity and Hastening Comorbid disease burden. Exp Parasitol 2024; 265:108826. [PMID: 39147120 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The scintillating association between Leishmania and HIV has contributed exceptionally towards expansion of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The co-infection poses a grievous threat to elimination of VL and containment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). When coinfected, Leishmania and HIV complement each other's proliferation and survival by inducing immunesenescence, T cell fatigue and exhaustion. Antigen presentation is lost, co-stimulatory molecules are diminished whereas co-inhibitory molecules such as CTLA-4, TIGIT, LAG-3 etc. are upregulated to ensure a Th2-baised immune environment. As a consequence, Leishmania-HIV coinfection causes poor outcomes, inflates the spread of Leishmania parasites, enhances the severity of side-effects to drugs, as well as escalate the probability of treatment failure and mortality. What makes control extremely strenuous is that there are frequent episodes of VL relapse with no prognostic markers, no standard immunophenotype(s) and appearance of atypical clinical symptoms. Thus, a standard therapeutic regimen has been difficult to develop and treatment is majorly dependent upon a combination of liposomal Amphotericin B and Miltefosine, a therapy that is expensive and capable of causing drastic side-effects in recipients. As World Health Organization is committed to eliminate both VL and HIV in due course of future, the existing therapeutic interventions require advancements to grapple and overcome this hazardous co-infection. In this context, an overview of HIV-VL co-infection, immunopathology of HIV and Leishmania co-inhabitance, available therapeutic options and their limitations in the treatment of co-infection are discussed in-depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasvi Dhulipalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Garima Chouhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Intracellular Amastigotes of Clinical Leishmania infantum Lines from Therapeutic Failure Patients after Infection of Human Macrophages. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071304. [PMID: 35889023 PMCID: PMC9324091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered to be one of the most neglected tropical diseases affecting humans and animals around the world. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, current treatment is based on chemotherapy. However, the continuous appearance of drug resistance and therapeutic failure (TF) lead to an early obsolescence of treatments. Identification of the factors that contribute to TF and drug resistance in leishmaniasis will constitute a useful tool for establishing future strategies to control this disease. In this manuscript, we evaluated the transcriptomic changes in the intracellular amastigotes of the Leishmania infantum parasites isolated from patients with leishmaniasis and TF at 96 h post-infection of THP-1 cells. The adaptation of the parasites to their new environment leads to expression alterations in the genes involved mainly in the transport through cell membranes, energy and redox metabolism, and detoxification. Specifically, the gene that codes for the prostaglandin f2α synthase seems to be relevant in the pathogenicity and TF since it appears substantially upregulated in all the L. infantum lines. Overall, our results show that at the late infection timepoint, the transcriptome of the parasites undergoes significant changes that probably improve the survival of the Leishmania lines in the host cells, contributing to the TF phenotype as well as drug therapy evasion.
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García-Hernández R, Manzano JI, Perea-Martínez A, Gamarro F. New Insights on Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Leishmania infantum-Infected Human Macrophages as Determined by Comparative Transcriptome Analyses. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:165-177. [PMID: 35172107 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is the second most important neglected tropical parasitic disease after malaria. This disease is distributed worldwide and can be present in a variety of clinical forms, depending on the parasite species and host's genetic background. As chemotherapy is the only effective weapon whose effectiveness is limited by the frequent appearance of drug resistance and therapeutic failure, new therapeutic strategies are required. To better understand the factors that contribute to therapeutic failure and drug resistance in leishmaniasis, we studied the transcriptomic changes in host THP-1 cells after infection with clinical Leishmania infantum isolates with different susceptibilities to antileishmanial drugs by RNA-seq. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infected host cells revealed variations in DEG numbers in the THP-1-infected cells depending on the Leishmania line. A key conclusion of this study is that the modulation of host cells is Leishmania line dependent. Gene ontology enrichment analyses of DEGs indicated that certain biological processes were modulated in the infected host cells, specifically related to cellular metabolism, immune response, defense response, signaling pathways, and cell proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, this study provides new potential therapeutic markers and insights into the THP-1 host transcriptomic changes that occur after late infection with drug-resistant L. infantum clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Ignacio Manzano
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Perea-Martínez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Hailu W, Mohamed R, Fikre H, Atnafu S, Tadesse A, Diro E, van Grienvsen J. Acute kidney injury in patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252419. [PMID: 34101727 PMCID: PMC8186802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease endemic to several countries including Ethiopia. Outside of Africa, kidney involvement in VL is frequent and associated with increased mortality. There is however limited data on acute kidney injury (AKI) in VL patients in East-Africa, particularly in areas with high rates of HIV co-infection. This study aims to determine the prevalence, characteristics and associated factors of AKI in VL patients in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A hospital based retrospective patient record analysis was conducted including patients treated for VL from January 2019 to December 2019 at the Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center (LRTC), Gondar, Ethiopia. Patients that were enrolled in ongoing clinical trials at the study site and those with significant incomplete data were excluded. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. P values were considered significant if < 0.05. RESULTS Among 352 VL patients treated at LRTC during the study period, 298 were included in the study. All were male patients except two; the median age was 23 years (IQR: 20-27). The overall prevalence of AKI among VL patients was 17.4% (confidence interval (CI): 13.6%-22.2%). Pre-renal azotemia (57%) and drug-induced AKI (50%) were the main etiologies of AKI at admission and post-admission respectively. Proteinuria and hematuria occurred in 85% and 42% of AKI patients respectively. Multivariate logistic regression revealed HIV co-infection (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 6.01 95% CI: 1.99-18.27, p = 0.001) and other concomitant infections (AOR: 3.44 95% CI: 1.37-8.65, p = 0.009) to be independently associated with AKI. CONCLUSION AKI is a frequent complication in Ethiopian VL patients. Other renal manifestations included proteinuria, hematuria, and pyuria. HIV co-infection and other concomitant infections were significantly associated with AKI. Further studies are needed to quantify proteinuria and evaluate the influence of AKI on the treatment course, morbidity and mortality in VL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Workagegnehu Hailu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Rezika Mohamed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Helina Fikre
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Saba Atnafu
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Azeb Tadesse
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Diro
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Johan van Grienvsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Aksoy OY, Koksoy AY, Kiremitci S, Cakar N, Cayci FS. A rare cause of postinfectious glomerulonephritis: Answers. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:557-559. [PMID: 32588222 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Yuksel Aksoy
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adem Yasin Koksoy
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Saba Kiremitci
- Department of Pathology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cakar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Semsa Cayci
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara Şehir Hastanesi, Bilkent Bulvarı, No: 1, Ankara, Turkey.
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Zou L, Chen G, Zhou Y, Ye W, Wen Y, Chen L, Li X. Continuous hypergammaglobulinemia and proteinuria after the recovery of the visceral Leishmaniasis: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:124. [PMID: 33509123 PMCID: PMC7844912 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney involvement of visceral Leishmaniasis is previously reported, but knowledge is limited. Hypergammaglobulinemia is common in visceral leishmaniasis patients. Whether hypergammaglobulinemia after leishmaniasis depletion can cause kidney injury is not well reported yet. CASE PRESENTATION We reported a patient who recovered from visceral Leishmaniasis but showed persistent hypergammaglobulinemia and elevated urinary protein. Kidney biopsy showed glomerular hypertrophy with mild segmental mesangial proliferation without tubulointerstitial involvement in light microscopy. No immune complex deposit was found in the mesangial area by neither immunofluorescent staining nor electronic microscope. Increased lysosomes were observed in proximal tubules by electronic microscope. Valsartan was administered to decrease urinary protein, and no immune-suppressive therapy was added. The urinary protein and serum IgG level gradually dropped, and serum creatinine level remained stable during three- month follow up. CONCLUSIONS Hypergammaglobulinemia is unlikely to cause renal structural or functional damage in the short term. Angiotensin blockade significantly reduced urine protein, with a minor effect on IgG elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yangzhong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yubin Wen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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Padrón Romero M, Acevedo Ribó MM, Ahijado Hormigos FJ, Díaz Crespo F, Cueto Bravo L, Herraiz Corredor C, Fernández Rojo MÁ, Díaz-Tejeiro Izquierdo R. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and Mixed Cryoglobulinemia as a Form of Presentation of Visceral Leishmaniasis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e921445. [PMID: 32459796 PMCID: PMC7274496 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.921445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 69-year-old Final Diagnosis: Leishmaniasis Symptoms: Acute renal failure • purpuric skin lesions Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Bone marrow biopsy • renal biopsy • ultrasonography Specialty: Nephrology
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Manzano JI, Cueto-Díaz EJ, Olías-Molero AI, Perea A, Herraiz T, Torrado JJ, Alunda JM, Gamarro F, Dardonville C. Discovery and Pharmacological Studies of 4-Hydroxyphenyl-Derived Phosphonium Salts Active in a Mouse Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10664-10675. [PMID: 31702921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of new 4-hydroxyphenyl phosphonium salt derivatives active in the submicromolar range (EC50 from 0.04 to 0.28 μM, SI > 10) against the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. The pharmacokinetics and in vivo oral efficacy of compound 1 [(16-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-16-oxohexadecyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide] in a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis were established. Compound 1 reduced the parasite load in spleen (98.9%) and liver (95.3%) of infected mice after an oral dosage of four daily doses of 1.5 mg/kg. Mode of action studies showed that compound 1 diffuses across the plasma membrane, as designed, and targets the mitochondrion of Leishmania parasites. Disruption of the energetic metabolism, with a decrease of intracellular ATP levels as well as mitochondrial depolarization together with a significant reactive oxygen species production, contributes to the leishmanicidal effect of 1. Importantly, this compound was equally effective against antimonials and miltefosine-resistant clinical isolates of Leishmania infantum, indicating its potential as antileishmanial lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Manzano
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC , Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud , 18016 Granada , Spain
| | - Eduardo J Cueto-Díaz
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3 , E-28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Olías-Molero
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Perea
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC , Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud , 18016 Granada , Spain
| | - Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3 , E-28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan J Torrado
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - José María Alunda
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC , Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud , 18016 Granada , Spain
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Manzano JI, Konstantinović J, Scaccabarozzi D, Perea A, Pavić A, Cavicchini L, Basilico N, Gamarro F, Šolaja BA. 4-Aminoquinoline-based compounds as antileishmanial agents that inhibit the energy metabolism of Leishmania. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Puerta Carretero M, Ortega Díaz M, Corchete Prats E, Roldán Cortés D, Cuevas Tascón G, Martín Navarro JA, Jaldo Rodríguez MT, Medina Zahonero L, Cintra Cabrera M, Ryan Murúa P, Albalate Ramón M, de Sequera Ortiz P, Alcázar Arroyo R. Necrotizing glomerulonephritis in patients with HIV, HCV and visceral leishmaniasis. Nefrologia 2019; 40:481-484. [PMID: 31551119 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayra Ortega Díaz
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | | | - David Roldán Cortés
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Ryan Murúa
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
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Alwazzeh MJ, Alhashimalsayed ZH. Visceral Leishmaniasis and Glomerulonephritis: A Case Report. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 7:40-43. [PMID: 30787856 PMCID: PMC6381853 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_166_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, with a low incidence rate. Clinical presentations of visceral leishmaniasis include recurrent fever, substantial weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly and anemia. However, the clinical features may not be easily evident owing to the involvement of multiple organs. This, in turn, can cause difficulties in establishing the correct diagnosis, and subsequently, in managing the patient. Here, the authors report a case of a 42-year-old male from Jizan, southwestern Saudi Arabia, who presented with impaired renal function. After kidney biopsy, the patient was diagnosed with glomerulonephritis of unknown etiology and treated with mycophenolate and prednisone. After 3 months, the patient developed high fever with hepatomegaly and pancytopenia. Based on the investigations, a possible diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis was considered. Accordingly, he was treated with liposomal amphotericin B, following which his condition improved significantly. This case report discusses the relationship between glomerulonephritis and visceral leishmaniasis and focuses on the potential consequences of glomerulonephritis management without investigating the etiology of the underlying diseases, especially in patients from tropical and subtropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Jabr Alwazzeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaki Hajji Alhashimalsayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
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Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Siddiqui A, Quint PS, Pritt BS. Leishmaniasis-Associated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis With Massive Complement Deposition. Kidney Int Rep 2016; 1:125-130. [PMID: 29142921 PMCID: PMC5678859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fernando C Fervenza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Patrick S Quint
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bobbi S Pritt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Baltazar PI, Da Silva Moura L, Pessoa GT, De Sá Rodrigues RP, Sanches MP, Das Neves Diniz A, Das Chagas Araújo Sousa F, Guerra PC, Neves WC, Giglio RF, De Jesus Rosa Pereira Alves J, De Assis Leite Souza F, Braga JFV, Alves FR. Comparative B-mode and Doppler renal ultrasonography with histopathological findings in dogs positive for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:637-45. [PMID: 27194210 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Morphological parameters and renal flow were assessed and measured in six clinically healthy dogs with negative serological and parasitological examinations for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and six dogs with CVL-positive serological and parasitological tests and asymptomatic condition of the disease. Kidney length and diameter were measured and compared with the aorta/kidney ratio. Alterations in flow were measured using the flow velocity (cm/s) and resistance index (RI). Renal function was assessed by serum biochemical examination (urea, creatine, total proteins, albumin, and globulin) and urinalysis. CVL-positive animals presented heterogeneous kidney echotexture, reduced vascular flow, hypoperfusion, lesser visualization of the arcuate arteries, high RI values (1.06 ± 0.28 for the right kidney and 1.10 ± 0.30 for the left kidney), reduced diastolic flow, and high systolic peak. They also presented positive creatine/RI correlation and between the renal artery vascular flow and kidney diameter. Histopathological analysis of CVL-positive animals was compatible and confirmed hemodynamic changes observed by Doppler ultrasound. The findings in the present study showed that Doppler ultrasonography is a valid method to assess and detect alterations in flow in renal pathological processes with kidney vascular damage, as in the case of leishmaniasis, and can help in the diagnosis of animals with this infection. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:637-645, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana Irene Baltazar
- Animal Science Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Laecio Da Silva Moura
- Animal Science Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Gerson Tavares Pessoa
- Animal Science Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Renan Paraguassu De Sá Rodrigues
- Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Marina Pinto Sanches
- Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Anaemilia Das Neves Diniz
- Animal Science Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Francisco Das Chagas Araújo Sousa
- Animal Science Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Porfírio Candanedo Guerra
- Health Department Clinics, State University of Maranhão, Campus Paulo VI, São Luís, Maranhão, 65055-310, Brazil
| | - Willams Costa Neves
- Department of Morphophysiology, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Robson Fortes Giglio
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610
| | | | | | - Juliana Fortes Vilarinho Braga
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Flávio Ribeiro Alves
- Department of Morphophysiology, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
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