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Kapagan T, Bulut N, Erdem GU, Yıldırım S, Erdem ZB, Sahin H. Synchronous Double Primary Angiosarcoma Originating from the Stomach and Rectum: A Case Report and a Literature Review. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2024; 27:168-173. [PMID: 38685842 PMCID: PMC11097317 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2024.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Angiosarcomas originating from the gastrointestinal tract are rare but highly aggressive tumors with poor prognosis. These tumors can be misdiagnosed as benign and malignant gastrointestinal tract lesions. The definitive histological diagnosis of angiosarcomasis made by pathologists based on immunohistochemical analysis demonstrating cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAg), erythroblast transformation specific related gene (ERG), and cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34). Angiosarcomas are treated with a single or multimodality approach that may include resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and palliative care, depending on the stage of disease and the condition of the patient. No matter the treatment option, metastasis and death rates are substantially highin patients with angiosarcoma. In this context, a 59-year-old male with synchronous double primary angiosarcoma arising from the gastric and rectum who presented with the complaint of abdominal pain and distention to the outpatient clinic is presented in this case report, along with a brief literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanju Kapagan
- Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Bulut
- Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Umut Erdem
- Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Yıldırım
- Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Betul Erdem
- Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Pathology, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Sahin
- Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Primary angiosarcoma of the ascending colon diagnosed after the discovery of intraoral tumor. Clin J Gastroenterol 2022; 16:193-197. [PMID: 36538257 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-022-01745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a case of primary angiosarcoma of the ascending colon diagnosed after the discovery of an oral tumor. An 86-year-old woman presented to our hospital with severe anemia. Although she did not report any oral symptoms, an intraoral mass 15 mm in size with ulceration was observed. Since colonic tumors and osteolytic tumors in the maxilla and sacra were also identified by fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET), colonoscopy was performed. A semi-peripheral tumor with ulceration from the cecum to the ascending colon was detected. Biopsies of the oral cavity and colon revealed a poorly differentiated tumor, and multiple additional immunohistochemical stains were performed to confirm the diagnosis of angiosarcoma. Angiosarcoma progresses rapidly and has a very poor prognosis. Hence, although it is rare, angiosarcoma should always be considered in the differential diagnoses of malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract.
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3
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Ottaiano A, Santorsola M, Perri F, Pace U, Marra B, Correra M, Sabbatino F, Cascella M, Petrillo N, Ianniello M, Casillo M, Misso G, Delrio P, Caraglia M, Nasti G. Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Rare Malignant Tumors of Colon and Rectum. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020267. [PMID: 35205133 PMCID: PMC8869306 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumors of colon and rectum other than adenocarcinomas represent a neglected issue from clinical and laboratory points of view because of their rarity. In this review, we summarize and describe the rare histologic entities occurring in colon and rectum. Clinical and pathologic characteristics, prognostic behavior, treatments, and altered genes are reported to provide readers with a paramount and comparative perspective. In relation to this, we propose that improvements in registries and multidisciplinary research are warranted to ameliorate their management. Abstract The most frequent form of colorectal cancer is represented by adenocarcinoma being about 98% of tumor histological types. However, other rare histotypes can be found in colon and rectum (adenosquamous, goblet cell adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, medullary carcinoma, melanoma, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine, plasmacytoma, signet ring, squamous tumors). Altogether, these forms account for less than 2% of colorectal tumors. There are no specific diagnostic or therapeutic recommended approaches and most of the information available from literature derives from small and retrospective clinical series. In the present study, we provide a paramount and updated view on clinical and biologic characteristics of rare colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ottaiano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariachiara Santorsola
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Francesco Perri
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Ugo Pace
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Bruno Marra
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Marco Correra
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Francesco Sabbatino
- Oncology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, Universisty of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Marco Cascella
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Nadia Petrillo
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, 80013 Naples, Italy; (N.P.); (M.I.); (M.C.)
| | - Monica Ianniello
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, 80013 Naples, Italy; (N.P.); (M.I.); (M.C.)
| | - Marika Casillo
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, 80013 Naples, Italy; (N.P.); (M.I.); (M.C.)
| | - Gabriella Misso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (U.P.); (B.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (G.N.)
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Lim J, Hong SS, Hwang J, Kim HJ, Jin SY. Primary Colonic Epithelioid Angiosarcoma with Hepatic Metastasis: A Case Report. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2022; 83:432-438. [PMID: 36237926 PMCID: PMC9514433 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Colonic angiosarcoma is an extremely rare and aggressive malignant tumor with poor prognosis. We report a case of colonic epithelioid angiosarcoma with colonic obstruction and rapidly progressive hepatic metastasis in a 44-year-old female. Abdominal CT revealed a heterogeneously enhancing irregular mass in the ascending colon, causing proximal bowel distension. The patient underwent surgery, and histopathological examination revealed a poorly differentiated carcinoma. A follow-up liver dynamic MRI after 4 months revealed newly developed diffusely scattered numerous small nodules in both hepatic lobes with peripheral and nodular marked arterial hyperenhancement, raising the suspicion of hepatic angiosarcoma. A pathologic second opinion was obtained, and additional immunohistochemistry revealed colonic epithelioid angiosarcoma. The patient showed progressive hepatic metastasis on follow-up abdominal CT after 6 months and died 8 months after initial diagnosis. We describe an educational case of colonic angiosarcoma, a rare malignant tumor, with rapidly progressive hepatic metastasis that showed radiologic findings suggestive of angiosarcoma and enabled a re-diagnosis for proper treatment and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lim
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Sook Hong
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-joo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Young Jin
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Multiple Primary Angiosarcomas of the Colon. Case Rep Pathol 2021; 2021:7237379. [PMID: 34545314 PMCID: PMC8449722 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7237379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal angiosarcomas are rare and represent less than 1% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies, with most occurring in the stomach and small intestine. Occurrence in the colorectal segments is considered extremely rare. Case Report. We describe the case of a 61-year-old male with multiple primary angiosarcomas of the colon who presented with fever and abdominal pain. The patient was initially hospitalized and treated as having an infectious disease. A multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scan revealed multiple soft tissue tumors in the region of the left iliopsoas and gluteus medius muscles. After developing hematochezia, a colonoscopy was performed which found an ulcerated tumor in the sigmoid colon. The small tissue biopsy taken during the procedure presented diagnostic difficulties and was given a preliminary diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Examination of the resected colon segment and surrounding fat tissue revealed four separate tumors. Microscopically, the tumors were composed of solid sheets of spindle and epithelioid neoplastic cells with prominent nucleoli and numerous mitotic figures and immunohistochemically positive for ERG, CD31, CD34, vimentin, and CD117, while negative for CK7, CK20, CD20, CD3, CD45, TTF-1, PAN-CK, ALK, Mpox, S-100, and DOG1, leading to the final diagnosis of multiple colonic angiosarcomas. The patient's condition declined rapidly and he passed away from multiple organ failures 60 days after initial hospitalization. Conclusion Both clinical and pathological diagnoses of colorectal angiosarcoma are challenging. Patients are present with nonspecific symptoms leading to mismanagement and late diagnosis. A definitive pathological diagnosis relies on immunohistochemical staining for endothelial markers. Misdiagnosis as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or GIST is possible in limited tissue biopsies.
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Schizas D, Mastoraki A, Giannakodimos I, Giannakodimos A, Ziogou A, Katsaros I, Frountzas M, Koutelidakis I, Vassiliu P, Pikoulis E. Primary Angiosarcoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J INVEST SURG 2020; 35:400-408. [PMID: 33342318 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1853283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary Gastrointestinal Angiosarcoma (PGAS) constitutes a rare malignant tumor arising from vascular or lymphatic endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to review the available literature on PGAS and to elucidate its biological behavior and optimal therapeutic approach. PubMed and Embase bibliographical databases were systematically searched (last search April 8th, 2020) for studies concerning PGAS. Ninety-eight studies met our inclusion criteria, involving 110 patients (male/female = 1.5) with an age of 62.40 ± 17.84 (mean, SD) years. They were most frequently located at small (44.5%) and large intestine (35.5%), while 12.7% were multifocal. Surgical resection of the tumor was conducted at 84.0% of the cases combined with adjuvant therapy at 12.3%. One-year cumulative survival was 55.18% (95% CI: 34.33%-71.84%) for large intestine, 30.2% (95% CI: 17.1%-44.5%) for small intestine, whereas multifocal PGAS had a 6-months cumulative survival of 23.08% (95% CI: 5.58%-47.46%). Therefore, PGAS is an extremely rare entity with atypical clinical presentation, challenging diagnosis and aggressive behavior. High clinical suspicion is crucial for its prompt management. Further studies and the development of novel therapeutic agents are required in order to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Mastoraki
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannakodimos
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Giannakodimos
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Afroditi Ziogou
- Third Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Greece
| | - Ioannis Katsaros
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maximos Frountzas
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutelidakis
- Second Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, G.Gennimatas General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Vassiliu
- Fourth Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Pikoulis
- Third Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Greece
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Issakwisa M, Mwakyusa N, Torres L, Ngatunga C, Chaula B, Maro H, Mboma L, Nguma I, Nqwata L, Mujwahuzi L. Metastatic angiosarcoma of unknown primary site misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:3018-3023. [PMID: 33363871 PMCID: PMC7752315 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis in endemic areas is likely to be overdiagnosed in patients with atypical clinical and imaging findings mimicking tuberculosis, as in our case of angiosarcoma. Detailed history, physical examination, imaging, and histopathology avert diagnosis of tumors as tuberculosis in resource-limited settings, where countless diseases have common clinical and imaging presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwakyula Issakwisa
- Department of Internal MedicineMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
| | - Ngwilo Mwakyusa
- Department of RadiologyMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
| | - Liset Torres
- Department of PathologyMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
| | - Cecilia Ngatunga
- Department of RadiologyMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
| | - Baraka Chaula
- Department of Internal MedicineMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
| | - Haika Maro
- Department of RadiologyMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
| | - Lazaro Mboma
- Department of SurgeryMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
| | - Irene Nguma
- Department of Internal MedicineMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
| | - Lamla Nqwata
- Division of PulmonologyChris Hani Baragwanath Academic HospitalBertshamSouth Africa
- University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Leodegard Mujwahuzi
- Department of Internal MedicineMbeya Zonal Referral Hospital and University of Dar es SalaamMbeya College of Health and Allied SciencesMbeyaTanzania
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Abstract
RATIONALE Angiosarcoma is a highly invasive tumour with a low incidence rate but high rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis and a poor prognosis. Understanding the endoscopic characteristics of angiosarcoma will help with early diagnosis and treatment of this disease. PATIENT CONCERNS The patient was a 77-year-old female who was admitted to the hospital due to recurring melena for 3 months. Outpatient gastroscopy showed that the patient had multiple gastric erosions. Colonoscopy revealed the presence of multiple protruding lesions in the colon and multiple rectal polyps. Pathological biopsy indicated that the patient had a tubular adenoma, which was removed by endoscopic resection. DIAGNOSES Postsurgical pathologic assessment suggested that the histological subtype was epithelioid angiosarcoma. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) revealed multiple metastases in the lymph nodes and bone. INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent acid suppression to protect the stomach, fluid supplementation and red blood cell infusion, and subsequently, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were recommended. The patient's family refused further treatments for the patient and requested discharge. OUTCOMES The patient refused further treatment and was not followed-up. LESSONS Colorectal angiosarcoma is an extremely rare and highly malignant tumour, and understanding its endoscopic morphology will help aid in its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - XiaoGang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, Province, China
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Colonic Angiosarcoma Arising in Association with Amyloid Deposits. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2020; 2020:3780763. [PMID: 32509358 PMCID: PMC7246417 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3780763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcoma of the colon is rare, as is colonic amyloidosis. To our knowledge, there have been no reported cases of angiosarcoma arising in association with amyloid deposition. Herein, we described a case of 77-year-old man who presented with hematochezia, and a sigmoid mass was found on colonoscopy. Histologic examination of the resected specimen showed extensive nodular deposition of AL-lambda amyloid material in the colonic wall, as well as high-grade angiosarcoma which was closely intermingled with the amyloid deposits. While the occurrence of both colonic amyloidosis and angiosarcoma in this patient may represent pure coincidence, given the intimate association of the angiosarcoma and the amyloid deposition and the rarity of both of these lesions, we hypothesize that angiosarcoma could be secondary to amyloid deposition.
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Drosos E, Kalyvas A, Komaitis S, Skandalakis GP, Kalamatianos T, Liouta E, Neromyliotis E, Alexiou GA, Stranjalis G, Koutsarnakis C. Angiosarcoma-related cerebral metastases: a systematic review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev 2019; 43:1019-1038. [PMID: 31165296 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-019-01127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiosarcoma-related cerebral metastases have only been recorded in a few case reports and case series and have not been systematically reviewed to date. Our objective was therefore to perform a systematic literature review on cases of angiosarcomas metastasizing to the brain to inform current practice. All three major libraries-PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane-were systematically searched, until January 2019. Articles in English reporting angiosarcoma-related cerebral metastases via hematogenous route were included. Our search yielded 45 articles (38 case reports, 5 retrospective studies, 1 case series and 1 letter to the editor), totaling 48 patients (mean age 47.9 years). The main primary site was the heart. The mean time of diagnosis of cerebral metastases following primary tumor identification was 4.9 months. In 15 cases, the brain was the only metastatic site. In cases of multiple extracerebral metastases, the most common sites were the lung and bone. Acute intracerebral supratentorial hemorrhage was the most common presenting radiological feature. Treatment strategies were almost equally divided between the surgical (with or without adjuvant treatment) and the medical arm. Mean overall survival was 7.2 months while progression-free survival was 1.5 months. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic literature review on angiosarcoma-related cerebral metastases. This pathology proves to be an extremely rare clinical entity and carries a poor prognosis, and no consensus has been reached regarding treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Drosos
- Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, Ploutarhou 3, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ypsilantou 45-47, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Kalyvas
- Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, Ploutarhou 3, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ypsilantou 45-47, Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Center for Neurosurgical Research "Petros Kokkalis", Ploutarxhou 3, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Komaitis
- Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, Ploutarhou 3, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ypsilantou 45-47, Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Center for Neurosurgical Research "Petros Kokkalis", Ploutarxhou 3, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Theodosis Kalamatianos
- Hellenic Center for Neurosurgical Research "Petros Kokkalis", Ploutarxhou 3, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Liouta
- Hellenic Center for Neurosurgical Research "Petros Kokkalis", Ploutarxhou 3, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Neromyliotis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ypsilantou 45-47, Athens, Greece
| | - George A Alexiou
- Neurosurgery Department, University of Ioannina, Leof. Stavrou Niarchou, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Stranjalis
- Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, Ploutarhou 3, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ypsilantou 45-47, Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Center for Neurosurgical Research "Petros Kokkalis", Ploutarxhou 3, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koutsarnakis
- Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, Ploutarhou 3, Athens, Greece. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ypsilantou 45-47, Athens, Greece. .,Hellenic Center for Neurosurgical Research "Petros Kokkalis", Ploutarxhou 3, Athens, Greece.
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