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Belluti S, Imbriano C, Casarini L. Nuclear Estrogen Receptors in Prostate Cancer: From Genes to Function. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4653. [PMID: 37760622 PMCID: PMC10526871 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are almost ubiquitous steroid hormones that are essential for development, metabolism, and reproduction. They exert both genomic and non-genomic action through two nuclear receptors (ERα and ERβ), which are transcription factors with disregulated functions and/or expression in pathological processes. In the 1990s, the discovery of an additional membrane estrogen G-protein-coupled receptor augmented the complexity of this picture. Increasing evidence elucidating the specific molecular mechanisms of action and opposing effects of ERα and Erβ was reported in the context of prostate cancer treatment, where these issues are increasingly investigated. Although new approaches improved the efficacy of clinical therapies thanks to the development of new molecules targeting specifically estrogen receptors and used in combination with immunotherapy, more efforts are needed to overcome the main drawbacks, and resistance events will be a challenge in the coming years. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art on ERα and ERβ mechanisms of action in prostate cancer and promising future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Belluti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (C.I.)
| | - Carol Imbriano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (C.I.)
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy
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Estradiol and Estrogen-like Alternative Therapies in Use: The Importance of the Selective and Non-Classical Actions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040861. [PMID: 35453610 PMCID: PMC9029610 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is one of the most important female sex hormones, and is indispensable for reproduction. However, its role is much wider. Among others, due to its neuroprotective effects, estrogen protects the brain against dementia and complications of traumatic injury. Previously, it was used mainly as a therapeutic option for influencing the menstrual cycle and treating menopausal symptoms. Unfortunately, hormone replacement therapy might be associated with detrimental side effects, such as increased risk of stroke and breast cancer, raising concerns about its safety. Thus, tissue-selective and non-classical estrogen analogues have become the focus of interest. Here, we review the current knowledge about estrogen effects in a broader sense, and the possibility of using selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs), selective estrogen-receptor downregulators (SERDs), phytoestrogens, and activators of non-genomic estrogen-like signaling (ANGELS) molecules as treatment.
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3
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Phase 2 Trial of GTx-758, an Estrogen Receptor Alpha Agonist, in Men With Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2020; 18:436-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Effects of estrogen receptor signaling on prostate cancer carcinogenesis. Transl Res 2020; 222:56-66. [PMID: 32413498 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Management of advanced prostate cancer remains complex, with substantial changes in treatment options emerging in recent years having implications for treatment selection and sequencing. Recognition of the importance of androgen signaling has led to life-prolonging treatments, as well as "liquid biopsy" techniques to guide these treatments in some settings. Therapies that target estrogen receptor signaling are efficacious but infrequently used options for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. It is possible that nuances of estrogen receptor (ER) signaling, or selective modulation of ER signaling, might favorably influence outcomes in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expression of ERs and their variants has been investigated in other cancers such as breast. Constitutively activating gene alterations can potentially lead to ER activation and subsequently promote cancer progression. The identification of these aberrations may help identify cancer phenotypes that are susceptible or resistant to therapies involved in ER signaling. This review outlines the current literature regarding ER signaling in prostate cancer, and provides background for exploration of potentially useful ER signaling biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer.
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Smith K, Galazi M, Openshaw MR, Wilson P, Sarker SJ, O'Brien N, Alifrangis C, Stebbing J, Shamash J. The Use of Transdermal Estrogen in Castrate-resistant, Steroid-refractory Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 18:e217-e223. [PMID: 32171601 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen-deprivation therapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Corticosteroids and estrogens are also useful agents in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, oral estrogens are associated with thromboembolic events, which limits their use, and transdermal estrogens may offer a safer alternative. This study was carried out to determine the safety and effectiveness of transdermal estrogens in CRPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-one patients with CRPC and steroid-resistant prostate cancer were eligible for this dose-escalation study of transdermal estradiol. A starting dose of 50 mcg/24 hours was applied and increased if prostate-specific antigen (PSA) rose > 5 ng/mL in steps to 300 mcg/24 hours. The primary endpoint was PSA response, and secondary outcomes included incidence of thromboembolic events and progression-free survival. Patients who progressed were offered diethylstilbestrol. RESULTS Five (13%) of 40 patients had > 50% PSA reduction for at least 1 month at any transdermal estradiol dose. No venous-thromboembolic events were observed, and responses plateaued at 200 mcg/24 hours. A correlation between PSA response and rising sex hormone binding globulin was seen. Fifty percent of patients subsequently responded to low-dose diethylstilbestrol. CONCLUSION Transdermal estradiol appears to be a low toxicity treatment option to control CRPC after failure of steroid therapy. Modulation of sex hormone binding globulin by transdermal estradiol may be one mechanism of action of estrogens on CRPC. Oral estrogens remain effective after the use of transdermal estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Smith
- Barts Cancer Institute, Saint Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Myria Galazi
- Barts Cancer Institute, Saint Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark R Openshaw
- Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter Wilson
- Barts Cancer Institute, Saint Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shah J Sarker
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Neale O'Brien
- Barts Cancer Institute, Saint Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Shamash
- Barts Cancer Institute, Saint Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
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6
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Qu LG, Wardan H, Davis ID, Iddawela M, Sluka P, Pezaro CJ. Circulating oestrogen receptor mutations and splice variants in advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int 2019; 124 Suppl 1:50-56. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang G. Qu
- Eastern Health Clinical School; Monash University; Box Hill VIC Australia
| | - Hady Wardan
- Eastern Health Clinical School; Monash University; Box Hill VIC Australia
| | - Ian D. Davis
- Eastern Health Clinical School; Monash University; Box Hill VIC Australia
- Department of Oncology; Eastern Health; Box Hill VIC Australia
| | - Mahesh Iddawela
- Prostate Cancer Research Group; Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Monash University; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Pavel Sluka
- Eastern Health Clinical School; Monash University; Box Hill VIC Australia
| | - Carmel J. Pezaro
- Eastern Health Clinical School; Monash University; Box Hill VIC Australia
- Department of Oncology; Eastern Health; Box Hill VIC Australia
- Prostate Cancer Research Group; Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Monash University; Melbourne VIC Australia
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7
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Moorthy HK, Laxman Prabhu GG, Venugopal P. The resurgence of estrogens in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Indian J Urol 2019; 35:189-196. [PMID: 31367069 PMCID: PMC6639989 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_56_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of exogenous estrogens in manipulating the androgenestrogen equilibrium was one of the earliest therapeutic strategies developed to treat prostate cancer which followed close on heels the discovery of hormone dependence of this tumor. Despite its well-documented benefit, estrogen therapy fell out of favor with the advent of other forms of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as the former registered a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications and poorer overall survival. Clearer understanding of the mechanism of action of estrogen coupled with the adoption of alternative routes of administration has triggered a renewed interest in estrogen therapy. Since then, many studies have not only proved the therapeutic benefit of estrogens but also explored the ways and means of minimizing the dreaded side effects deterring its use. Further, the fact that estrogen therapy offered a clear advantage of reduced cost of treatment over other treatments has led many countries to readopt it in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. We reviewed the published data on the use of estrogens in CRPC, which may affect its revival as an efficacious treatment option having minimal side effects, with modified dosage and route of administration. Estrogen therapy would be a less expensive option having equivalent or even better therapeutic effect than ADT in advanced carcinoma of prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G G Laxman Prabhu
- Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College (A Unit of Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - P Venugopal
- Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College (A Unit of Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Kowalska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Oestrogens and oestrogen receptors in prostate cancer. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:522. [PMID: 27186486 PMCID: PMC4844569 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of androgens in prostate cancer is obvious due to the fact that androgen signalling is the main regulator of prostate growth and function. Androgen deprivation therapy is a mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer. However, prostate cancer often becomes androgen-independent, which in consequence leads to lethal and incurable disease. In addition, oestrogens play a crucial role in prostate cancer, especially in elder men in whom the overall ratio of oestrogens to androgens is increasing. This review summarizes the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms through which oestrogens are involved in prostate cancer development. We focused on commonly alternated molecular signalling pathways contributing to tumourgenesis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska-Ciesielska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Wang X, Wen J, Li R, Qiu G, Zhou L, Wen X. Gene expression profiling analysis of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:205-12. [PMID: 25592164 PMCID: PMC4306671 DOI: 10.12659/msm.891193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a global health issue. Usually, men with metastatic disease will progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor samples from non-castrated and castrated men from LNCaP Orthotopic xenograft models of prostate cancer and to study the mechanisms of CRPC. Material/Methods In this work, GSE46218 containing 4 samples from non-castrated men and 4 samples from castrated men was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. We identified DEGs using limma Geoquery in R, the Robust Multi-array Average (RMA) method in Bioconductor, and Bias methods, followed by constructing an integrated regulatory network involving DEGs, miRNAs, and TFs using Cytoscape. Then, we analyzed network motifs of the integrated gene regulatory network using FANMOD. We selected regulatory modules corresponding to network motifs from the integrated regulatory network by Perl script. We preformed gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs in the regulatory modules using DAVID. Results We identified total 443 DEGs. We built an integrated regulatory network, found three motifs (motif 1, motif 2 and motif 3), and got two function modules (module 1 corresponded to motif 1, and module 2 corresponded to motif 2). Several GO terms (such as regulation of cell proliferation, positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process, phosphorylation, and phosphorus metabolic process) and two pathways (pathway in cancer and Melanoma) were enriched. Furthermore, some significant DEGs (such as CAV1, LYN, FGFR3 and FGFR3) were related to CPRC development. Conclusions These genes might play important roles in the development and progression of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Wang
- Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jiling Wen
- Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Rongbing Li
- Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Guangming Qiu
- Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaofei Wen
- Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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10
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Niu WB, Gui SL, Lin YL, Fu XL, Ma JG, Li WP. Promoter methylation of protocadherin8 is an independent prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence of early-stage prostate cancer. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:2584-9. [PMID: 25486497 PMCID: PMC4266258 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protocadherin8 has been demonstrated to play critical roles in initiation and progression of several human cancers. It is frequently inactivated by promoter methylation in cancers and may be used as a potential biomarker. However, the methylation status of protocadherin8 and its clinical significance in prostate cancer remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of protocadherin8 methylation in early-stage prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS The promoter methylation status of protocadherin8 in 162 prostate cancer tissues and 47 normal prostate tissues was examined using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Subsequently, the relationships between protocadherin8 methylation and clinicopathological features of prostate cancer patients and biochemical recurrence-free survival of patients were analyzed. RESULTS We found that protocadherin8 methylation occurred frequently in prostate cancer tissues but not in normal prostate tissues. Moreover, protocadherin8 methylation was significantly associated with advanced pathologic stage, higher level of preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA), higher Gleason score, positive lymph node metastasis, and biochemical recurrence. In addition, patients with protocadherin8 methylated have shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival time than patients without. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that protocadherin8 methylation was an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence-free survival in prostate cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Promoter methylation of protocadherin8 is a frequent event in prostate cancer, and might be used as an independent prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence-free survival in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Niu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shi-Liang Gui
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying-Li Lin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University (Xuzhou Cancer Hospital), Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Li Fu
- Health Science Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Guo Ma
- Department of Urology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Ping Li
- Department of Urology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Sciarra A, Gentile V, Cattarino S, Gentilucci A, Alfarone A, D'Eramo G, Salciccia S. Oral ethinylestradiol in castration-resistant prostate cancer: A 10-year experience. Int J Urol 2014; 22:98-103. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Lin YL, Xie PG, Wang L, Ma JG. Aberrant methylation of protocadherin 17 and its clinical significance in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1376-82. [PMID: 25091018 PMCID: PMC4136940 DOI: 10.12659/msm.891247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant methylation of protocadherin 17 (PCDH17) has been reported in several human cancers. However, the methylation status of PCDH17 in prostate cancer and its clinical significance remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the methylation status of PCDH17 and its clinical significance in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Material/Methods The methylation status of PCDH17 in 152 prostate cancer tissues and 51 non-tumoral prostate tissues was examined by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Then the association between PCDH17 methylation and clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log-rank test and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis were used to analyze the correlation between PCDH17 methylation and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. Results Our data demonstrated that PCDH17 methylation occurred frequently in prostate cancer. PCDH17 methylation was significantly associated with higher pathological Gleason score (P=0.0315), advanced pathological stage (P=0.0260), higher level of preoperative PSA (P=0.0354), positive angiolymphatic invasion (P=0.0461), positive lymph node metastasis (P=0.0362), and biochemical recurrence (BCR) (P=0.0018). In addition, PCDH17 methylation was an independent predictor of poor biochemical recurrence-free (BCR-free) survival and overall survival for patients with prostate cancer. Conclusions PCDH17 methylation is a frequent tumor-specific event in prostate cancer, and is significantly correlated with shorter BCR-free survival and overall survival of patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. PCDH17 methylation in tumor samples after radical prostatectomy may be used as an independent prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Lin
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital (Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital, Jiangsu University), Xuzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Pei-Gen Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-Guo Ma
- Department of Urology, Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (mainland)
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Leung YK, Chan QKY, Ng CF, Ma FMT, Tse HM, To KF, Maranchie J, Ho SM, Lau KM. Hsa-miRNA-765 as a key mediator for inhibiting growth, migration and invasion in fulvestrant-treated prostate cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98037. [PMID: 24837491 PMCID: PMC4024001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fulvestrant (ICI-182,780) has recently been shown to effectively suppress prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. But it is unclear whether microRNAs play a role in regulating oncogene expression in fulvestrant-treated prostate cancer. Here, this study reports hsa-miR-765 as the first fulvestrant-driven, ERβ-regulated miRNA exhibiting significant tumor suppressor activities like fulvestrant, against prostate cancer cell growth via blockage of cell-cycle progression at the G2/M transition, and cell migration and invasion possibly via reduction of filopodia/intense stress-fiber formation. Fulvestrant was shown to upregulate hsa-miR-765 expression through recruitment of ERβ to the 5′-regulatory-region of hsa-miR-765. HMGA1, an oncogenic protein in prostate cancer, was identified as a downstream target of hsa-miR-765 and fulvestrant in cell-based experiments and a clinical study. Both the antiestrogen and the hsa-miR-765 mimic suppressed HMGA1 protein expression. In a neo-adjuvant study, levels of hsa-miR-765 were increased and HMGA1 expression was almost completely lost in prostate cancer specimens from patients treated with a single dose (250 mg) of fulvestrant 28 days before prostatectomy. These findings reveal a novel fulvestrant signaling cascade involving ERβ-mediated transcriptional upregulation of hsa-miR-765 that suppresses HMGA1 protein expression as part of the mechanism underlying the tumor suppressor action of fulvestrant in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, and Cancer Institute, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Queeny Kwan-Yi Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Fanny Man-Ting Ma
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ho-Man Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory in Southern China in Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jodi Maranchie
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, and Cancer Institute, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMH); (KML)
| | - Kin-Mang Lau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory in Southern China in Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail: (SMH); (KML)
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Turo R, Smolski M, Esler R, Kujawa ML, Bromage SJ, Oakley N, Adeyoju A, Brown SCW, Brough R, Sinclair A, Collins GN. Diethylstilboestrol for the treatment of prostate cancer: past, present and future. Scand J Urol 2013; 48:4-14. [PMID: 24256023 DOI: 10.3109/21681805.2013.861508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to discuss the most recent data from current trials of diethylstilboestrol (DES) to identify its present role in advanced prostate cancer treatment as new hormonal therapies emerge. The most relevant clinical studies using DES in castration-refractory prostate cancer (CRPC) were identified from the literature. The safety, efficacy, outcomes and mechanisms of action are summarized. In the age of chemotherapy this review highlights the efficacy of oestrogen therapy in CRPC. The optimal point in the therapeutic pathway at which DES should be prescribed remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Turo
- Department of Urology, Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport NHS Foundation Trust , Stockport , UK
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15
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Urol 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e3283605159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Biology and Clinical Relevance of Estrogen Receptors in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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