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Metabolic Syndrome, BMI, and Polymorphism of Estrogen Receptor-α in Peri- and Post-Menopausal Polish Women. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080673. [PMID: 35893240 PMCID: PMC9330421 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the association between the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) polymorphism and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity, as well as the coexistence of MetS and obesity, in peri- and post-menopausal Polish women. The study group consisted of 202 peri-menopausal and 202 post-menopausal women. ERα polymorphism: Xba I and Pvu II, MetS, BMI, and serum estrogen concentration were analyzed. MetS was found in 29% of the peri-menopausal women and in 21% of the post-menopausal women. BMI did not significantly differ between the peri- and post-menopausal women (≈42% were normal weight, ≈40% were overweight, and ≈18% were obese), (p = 0.82). Serum estrogen concentration in the peri-menopausal women was 91 ± 75 pg/mL, while that in the post-menopausal women was 17 ± 9. pg/mL, on average. Peri-menopausal women with AA and TT genotypes of the ERα polymorphism have a lower risk of obesity and MetS and the co-existence of obesity and MetS, whereas those women with the G or C allele have a higher risk of those health problems.
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Epigenetic Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Genes' Expressions in Adipose Tissue in the Course of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115989. [PMID: 35682668 PMCID: PMC9181405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen affects adipose tissue function. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing changes in the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor (ER) α and β genes (ESR1 and ESR2, respectively) in the adipose tissues of obese individuals before and after weight loss and verifying whether epigenetic mechanisms were involved in this phenomenon. ESR1 and ESR2 mRNA and miRNA levels were evaluated using real-time PCR in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of 78 obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2) and 31 normal-weight (BMI = 20−24.9 kg/m2) individuals and in 19 SAT samples from post-bariatric patients. ESR1 and ESR2 methylation status was studied using the methylation-sensitive digestion/real-time PCR method. Obesity was associated with a decrease in mRNA levels of both ERs in SAT (p < 0.0001) and ESR2 in VAT (p = 0.0001), while weight loss increased ESR transcription (p < 0.0001). Methylation levels of ESR1 and ESR2 promoters were unaffected. However, ESR1 mRNA in the AT of obese subjects correlated negatively with the expression of hsa-miR-18a-5p (rs = −0.444), hsa-miR-18b-5p (rs = −0.329), hsa-miR-22-3p (rs = −0.413), hsa-miR-100-5p (rs = −0.371), and hsa-miR-143-5p (rs = −0.289), while the expression of ESR2 in VAT correlated negatively with hsa-miR-576-5p (rs = −0.353) and in SAT with hsa-miR-495-3p (rs = −0.308). In conclusion, obesity-associated downregulation of ER mRNA levels in adipose tissue may result from miRNA interference.
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Chen Q, Qi X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Bi Y, Meng Q, Bian H, Li Y. Catalpol Inhibits Macrophage Polarization and Prevents Postmenopausal Atherosclerosis Through Regulating Estrogen Receptor Alpha. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655081. [PMID: 33995075 PMCID: PMC8120111 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacking estrogen increases the risk of atherosclerosis (AS) in postmenopausal women. Inflammation plays a vital role in the pathological process of AS, and macrophages are closely related to inflammation. Catalpol is an iridoid glucoside extracted from the fresh roots of the traditional Chinese herb Rehmanniae radix preparata. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of catalpol on macrophage polarization and postmenopausal AS. In addition, we investigated whether the mechanism of catalpol was dependent on regulating the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs). In vitro, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were applied to induce M1 macrophage polarization. In vivo, the ApoE-/- mice were fed with a high-fat diet to induce AS, and ovariectomy was operated to mimic the estrogen cessation. We demonstrated catalpol inhibited M1 macrophage polarization induced by LPS and INF-γ, and eliminated lipid accumulation in postmenopausal AS mice. Catalpol not only suppressed the inflammatory response but also reduced the level of oxidative stress. Then, ERs (ERα and ERβ) inhibitors and ERα siRNA were also applied in confirming that the protective effect of catalpol was mediated by ERα, rather than ERβ. In conclusion, catalpol significantly inhibited macrophage polarization and prevented postmenopausal AS by increasing ERα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Qi
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhui Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghai Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Fooladi S, Akbari H, Abolhassani M, Sadeghi E, Fallah H. Can Estradiol and Ghrelin Play a Protective Role in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Incidence in Postmenopausal Women? Arch Med Res 2020; 52:324-331. [PMID: 33250215 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the association between estradiol, n-octanoylated, des-octanoylated, total ghrelin, and ghrelin/des-octanoylated ghrelin ratio levels along with pathological parameters and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) odds in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was carried out on 45 patients with EOC and 33 age-matched postmenopausal women as the control group. Plasma levels of estradiol, n-octanoylated, des-octanoylated, and total ghrelin were measured by ELISA method. RESULTS Estradiol's plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with EOC than in control women (p <0.001). Although the ratio levels of n-octanoylated, des-octanoylated, total ghrelin, and ghrelin/des-octanoylated ghrelin were not associated with EOC in logistic regression models, estradiol levels were significantly related to the increase in EOC odds (OR: 1.083, 95% CI: 1.037-1.13, p <0.001). However, estradiol levels in the two first quartiles (Q1, Q2) were associated with decreased odds of EOC (OR: 0.011, 95% CI: 0.001-0.118, p <0.001, and OR: 0.030, 95% CI: 0.003-0.284, p = 0.002, respectively). For those patients in the third quartile of plasma des-octanoylated and total ghrelin compared to those in the highest (Q4), the multivariate odds ratios of EOC were respectively 0.192 and 0.25. CONCLUSION In conclusion, higher concentrations of des-octanoylated and total ghrelin might be associated with the decreased EOC odds. Furthermore, the findings suggest that high levels of estradiol might be a potential odds factor in EOC, however, lower estradiol levels may have a protective effect on EOC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fooladi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Moslem Abolhassani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Erfan Sadeghi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Changes in adiposity and other factors in relation to age at natural menopause: analyses from the coronary artery risk development (CARDIA) study. Menopause 2018; 26:162-171. [PMID: 30153216 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The age at natural menopause has subsequent health implications. Earlier age at natural menopause is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Despite extensive study, no clear and conclusive association between anthropometric measures and age at natural menopause has emerged. This study aims to assess whether baseline and/or longitudinal changes in adiposity are associated with age at natural menopause. METHODS In all, 2,030 premenopausal women from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study-a prospective study with 25 years follow-up-were included for analysis from 1985 to 1986 until menopause was attained. Anthropometry included body mass index and waist circumference. Discrete-time survival analysis was then used to determine the association between anthropometric measures at baseline, and also their changes with age at natural menopause, while adjusting for various time-varying and invariant covariates in separate models for body mass index and waist circumference. RESULTS Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that baseline body mass index (hazard ratio [HR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94-0.98) and baseline waist circumference (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99) significantly increased the risk of later age at natural menopause. Neither time-varying body mass index nor waist circumference indicating change across time associated with age at natural menopause. Premenopausal hypertension was strongly associated with an earlier age at natural menopause. CONCLUSION These findings show that age at natural menopause is partly determined by modifiable factors such as premenopausal hypertension and baseline adiposity. These results highlight the importance of both control and prevention of cardiovascular risk factors such as excess weight in early to mid-adulthood before menopause onset.
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Age at natural menopause and its associated factors in Canada: cross-sectional analyses from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Menopause 2018; 25:265-272. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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de Souza Santos R, Feijó da Silva Santos A, Clegg DJ, Iannetta O, Marchini JS, Marques Miguel Suen V. Overweight postmenopausal women with different plasma estradiol concentrations present with a similar pattern of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rate before and after a fatty meal challenge. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2017; 15:21-27. [PMID: 28531779 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Menopause-related withdrawal of ovarian estrogens is associated with reduced energy metabolism and overall impairment of substrate oxidation. Estradiol's withdrawal after menopause is associated with a reduction in energy metabolism and impaired substrate oxidation, which contributes to weight gain and visceral fat accumulation. Here we aimed to investigate the association between plasma estradiol concentrations and energy expenditure (EE)/substrate oxidation in a group of overweight postmenopausal women before and after a fatty meal challenge. Women were divided into three groups according to their plasma estradiol concentrations (E2): group 1 - E2 ≤ 39, group 2 - 40 ≤ E2 ≤ 59, and group 3 - E2 ≥ 60 pg/mL. VO2 and VCO2 volumes were collected following indirect calorimetry 5 h following a single lipid overload meal (1100 kcal, 72% of fat). For comparisons between groups and within the same group, a linear regression model with mixed effects was applied (P < 0.05). Forty-four women aged 55 ± 0.7 years-old, 8 ± 1.1 years following menopause, with a BMI of 30.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2, and 41.9 ± 0.7% of body fat were enrolled the study. Plasma E2 concentrations were: group 1 - 30.4 ± 1.9, group 2 - 46.9 ± 1.5, and group 3 - 91.3 ± 12.0 pg/mL (P < 0.0001). EE at baseline and in the resting state was 1320 ± 24.3 kcal/d, and increased to 1440 ± 27.0 kcal/d 30 min following ingestion of the fatty meal (P < 0.0001), and rose again to an average of 1475 ± 30.3 kcal/d at the completion of experiment (P < 0.0001). Carbohydrate oxidation (Chox) was 0.155 ± 0.01 g/min at resting, maintained as 0.133 ± 0.00 g/min 30 min after ingestion of the fatty meal, and was 0.123 ± 0.01 g/min at the end of the testing period. Lipid oxidation (Lipox) was 0.041 ± 0.003 g/min at resting, increasing to 0.054 ± 0.003 g/min at 30 min (P = 0.01), and reaching 0.063 ± 0.003 g/min at the end of the experiment (P < 0.0001). There was no difference between groups for EE, Chox or Lipox. Our data suggest that EE and substrate oxidation were modulated following a lipid-meal challenge equally in all groups and this did not differ with plasma E2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta de Souza Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Brazil
| | | | - Deborah J Clegg
- Biomedical Research Department, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | - Odilon Iannetta
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Brazil
| | - Julio Sérgio Marchini
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Brazil
| | - Vivian Marques Miguel Suen
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Brazil
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Lim HS, Kim TH, Lee HH, Park YH, Kim JM, Lee BR. Hypertension and age at onset of natural menopause in Korean postmenopausal women: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2013). Maturitas 2016; 90:17-23. [PMID: 27282789 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Menopause is a natural phenomenon of aging, although the timing and management of menopause can significantly affect a woman's quality of life. It is therefore important to identify measures to ensure a healthy menopause. We set out to investigate the association between hypertension and early menopause in Korean women. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study was based on 2008-2013 data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Of the 53,829 participants surveyed, 13,584 women were selected. We analyzed the contents of the health interview, health examination, and nutrition survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The main outcome was defined based on hazard ratios (HR) to identify the effects of hypertension on age at onset of menopause. RESULTS Among postmenopausal women (n=6650), the mean age at onset of menopause was 50.4 years. Premenopausal hypertension was statistically significantly associated with age at menopause, oral contraceptive usage, household income, education level, occupation, marital status and smoking and drinking habits. With lower age at diagnosis of hypertension, HRs for menopause tended to be higher, and hypertension diagnosed before age 40 years conferred a statistically significantly higher HR (Model 1, HR=2.32, 95% CI=1.87-2.88; Model 2, HR=2.31, 95% CI=1.86-2.86; Model 3, HR=2.23, 95% CI=1.80-2.77; Model 4, HR=2.00, 95% CI=1.52-2.63). CONCLUSION Premature menopause is strongly associated with lifestyle factors, in combination with incomplete management of chronic diseases. Our findings support the hypothesis that younger age at diagnosis of hypertension is associated with younger age at onset of menopause in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sook Lim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Asan, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Hyeog Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Lee
- Department of Biostatistics Consulting, Soonchunhyang University Medical Center, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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