1
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Chen J, Chen W, Li X, Ye Y, Huang W, Gao L, Zhang M. CBC-1 as a Cynanbungeigenin C derivative inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer through targeting Hedgehog pathway component GLI 1. Steroids 2024; 206:109421. [PMID: 38614233 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers that results in death in worldwide. The Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway regulates the initiation and progression of CRC. Inhibiting the HH pathway has been presented as a potential treatment strategy in recent years. Cynanbungeigenin C (CBC) is a new type of C21 steroid that has been previously reported for the treatment of medulloblastoma. However, its further investigation was limited by its poor water solubility. In this study, six new CBC derivatives were synthesized through the structural modification of CBC, and four of them showed better water solubility than CBC. Moreover, their antiproliferative activities on CRC were evaluated. It was found that CBC-1 presented the best inhibitory effect on three types of CRC cell lines, and this effect was superior to that of CBC. Mechanistically, CBC-1 inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells through regulation of mRNA and proteins of the HH pathway according to qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Furthermore, Cellular Thermal Shift Assay results indicated that CBC-1 regulated this signalling pathway by targeting glioma‑associated oncogene (GLI 1).In addition, cell apoptosis was induced increasingly by transfection with GLI 1 siRNA or treatment with CBC-1 to downregulate GLI 1. Last, the in vivo results demonstrated that CBC-1 significantly reduced tumour size and downregulated GLI 1 in CRC. Therefore, this study suggests that CBC-1, a new GLI 1 inhibitor derived from natural products, may be developed as a potential antitumour candidate for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China.
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Fan M, Chen Z, Shao W, Chen Y, Lin Z, Yi C, Li Y, Lu L, Zhou Y, Lin J. SREBP2 inhibitor betulin sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to lenvatinib by inhibiting the mTOR/IL-1β pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1479-1486. [PMID: 37434430 PMCID: PMC10520477 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lenvatinib has become the first-line therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its efficacy is still limited because of the inevitable development of resistance. It has been reported that cellular cholesterol levels are associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) efficacy. Here, we show that betulin, a sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) inhibitor, markedly enhances the anti-tumor effect of lenvatinib in HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also show that the combination treatment of lenvatinib and betulin synergistically inhibits the proliferation and clonogenicity of HCC cells. The mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1β are markedly decreased in HCC cells treated with betulin, while the sensitivity of HCC cells to lenvatinib is enhanced. Moreover, we find that the knockdown of IL-1β also enhances the efficacy of lenvatinib, and recombinant IL-1β protein rescues cell viability, which is reduced by lenvatinib in HCC cells. Further mechanistic studies indicate that betulin decreases the level of IL-1β in HCC cells by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. Finally, the growth of the tumors in xenograft mouse models subjected to combination treatment is significantly suppressed. In summary, our study reveals that the SREBP2 inhibitor betulin sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to lenvatinib by inhibiting the mTOR/IL-1β pathway, which may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Fan
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Zhenmei Chen
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Weiqing Shao
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Yiran Chen
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Zhifei Lin
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Chenhe Yi
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Yitong Li
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe Third Afflicted Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325200China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
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3
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Lang J, Leal AD, Marín-Jiménez JA, Hartman SJ, Shulman J, Navarro NM, Lewis MS, Capasso A, Bagby SM, Yacob BW, MacBeth M, Freed BM, Eckhardt SG, Jordan K, Blatchford PJ, Pelanda R, Lieu CH, Messersmith WA, Pitts TM. Cabozantinib sensitizes microsatellite stable colorectal cancer to immune checkpoint blockade by immune modulation in human immune system mouse models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877635. [PMID: 36419897 PMCID: PMC9676436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been found to be effective in metastatic MSI-high colorectal cancers (CRC), however, have no efficacy in microsatellite stable (MSS) cancers, which comprise the majority of mCRC cases. Cabozantinib is a small molecule multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is FDA approved in advanced renal cell, medullary thyroid, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Using Human Immune System (HIS) mice, we tested the ability of cabozantinib to prime MSS-CRC tumors to enhance the potency of immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. In four independent experiments, we implanted distinct MSS-CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) into the flanks of humanized BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnullSirpαNOD (BRGS) mice that had been engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells at birth. For each PDX, HIS-mice cohorts were treated with vehicle, nivolumab, cabozantinib, or the combination. In three out of the four models, the combination had a lower tumor growth rate compared to vehicle or nivolumab-treated groups. Furthermore, interrogation of the HIS in immune organs and tumors by flow cytometry revealed increased Granzyme B+, TNFα+ and IFNγ+ CD4+ T cells among the human tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) that correlated with reduced tumor growth in the combination-treated HIS-mice. Notably, slower growth correlated with increased expression of the CD4+ T cell ligand, HLA-DR, on the tumor cells themselves. Finally, the cabozantinib/nivolumab combination was tested in comparison to cobimetinib/atezolizumab. Although both combinations showed tumor growth inhibition, cabozantinib/nivolumab had enhanced cytotoxic IFNγ and TNFα+ T cells. This pre-clinical in vivo data warrants testing the combination in clinical trials for patients with MSS-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alexis D. Leal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Juan A. Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-L´Hospitalet), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah J. Hartman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy Shulman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie M. Navarro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew S. Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Stacey M. Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bethlehem W. Yacob
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Morgan MacBeth
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian M. Freed
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Patrick J. Blatchford
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher H. Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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4
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Zafari N, Khosravi F, Rezaee Z, Esfandyari S, Bahiraei M, Bahramy A, Ferns GA, Avan A. The role of the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer and the potential therapeutic approaches. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24585. [PMID: 35808903 PMCID: PMC9396196 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) with a high prevalence is recognized as the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death globally. Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in the network of tumor cells, stromal cells, immune cells, blood vessel cells, and fibroblasts that comprise the tumor microenvironment (TME) to identify new therapeutic interventions. METHODS Databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, were searched to provide an overview of the recent research progress related to targeting the TME as a novel therapeutic approach. RESULTS Tumor microenvironment as a result of the cross talk between these cells may result in either advantages or disadvantages in tumor development and metastasis, affecting the signals and responses from the surrounding cells. Whilst chemotherapy has led to an improvement in CRC patients' survival, the metastatic aspect of the disease remains difficult to avoid. CONCLUSIONS The present review emphasizes the structure and function of the TME, alterations in the TME, its role in the incidence and progression of CRC, the effects on tumor development and metastasis, and also the potential of its alterations as therapeutic targets. It should be noted that providing novel studies in this field of research might help us to achieve practical therapeutic strategies based on their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zafari
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health InstituteHormozgan University of Medical SciencesBandar AbbasIran
| | - Zahra Rezaee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sahar Esfandyari
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohamad Bahiraei
- Department of Radiology, Besat HospitalHamedan University of Medical SciencesHamedanIran
| | - Afshin Bahramy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical SchoolDivision of Medical EducationSussexUK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Basic Medical Sciences InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Medical Genetics Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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5
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Zhang M, Tao Z, Gao L, Chen F, Ye Y, Xu S, Huang W, Li X. Toosendanin inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth through the Hedgehog pathway by targeting Shh. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1201-1211. [PMID: 35656621 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers worldwide. This complex and often fatal disease has a high mortality rate. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial in CRC. Many studies have indicated that Shh is overexpressed in cancer stem cells (CSCs), and shh overexpression is positively correlated with CRC tumorigenesis. New drugs that kill CRC cells through the Hh pathway are needed. Toosendanin (TSN), a natural triterpenoid saponin extracted from the bark or fruit of Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc, can inhibit various tumors. Here, we investigated the effects of TSN in CRC and explored the possible targets and mechanisms. Shh-Light Ⅱ cells were treated with TSN and tested by dual luciferase reporter assays to determine the relationship with the Hh pathway. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were used to test the inhibitory effects of TSN on CRC cells. The expression of Hh components after TSN treatment was detected using western blots and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cellular thermal shift assays confirmed the targets of TSN. The same effects of TSN on xenograft tumor growth were investigated in vivo. The average weight, volume of the finally resected tumor, and the expression of Shh in the TSN-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. This result strongly suggested that TSN administration inhibited CRC growth in vivo. Our research preliminarily demonstrated that the target of TSN was Shh and that TSN inhibits CRC cell growth by inhibiting the Hh pathway, identifying a new anticancer molecular mechanism of TSN in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongyi Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shifang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Lai X, Dong Q, Xu F, Wu S, Yang D, Liu C, Li Y, Li Z, Ma D. Correlation of c-MET expression with clinical characteristics and the prognosis of colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:2203-2210. [PMID: 34790385 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proto-oncogene c-MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor gene) plays a critical role in cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion in cancers. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between c-MET expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods A total of 337 enrolled patients were collected in present study. Here, the c-MET and EGFR expression were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The mutational statuses of KRAS in exons 2, 3, and 4, NRAS in exons 2, 3, and 4, and BRAF in exon 15 from formalin-fixed sections were detected by direct DNA sequencing. Results Our results showed that high c-MET expression was significantly associated with tumor perineural invasion (P=0.007) and gender (P=0.016). High level c-MET expression (c-MET-high) in the primary tumors was observed in 68.2% of patients. In the 337 enrolled patients, 43.2% of patients had KRAS mutations, 3.3% of patients had NRAS mutations, and 4.7% of patients had BRAF mutations. However, KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF gene mutations had no association with c-MET protein levels in primary tumors. Additionally, c-MET protein expression had a strong correlation with EGFR expression (P=0.002). The survival time was not significantly longer for patients with c-MET-high primary tumors than for those with c-MET-low primary tumors. Conclusions c-MET immunohistochemistry was significantly higher in primary tumors with perineural invasion, female gender, and EGFR high expression. However, c-MET-high in the primary tumors was not significantly associated with longer survival compared with c-MET-low tumors. Further studies are required to investigate c-MET as potential molecular marker of progression and to test the possibility of its incorporation as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiumei Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sipei Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute; Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyang Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Yu T, Cheng L, Yan X, Xiong H, Chen J, He G, Zhou H, Dong H, Xu G, Tang Y, Shi Z. Systems biology approaches based discovery of a small molecule inhibitor targeting both c-Met/PARP-1 and inducing cell death in breast cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:2656-2666. [PMID: 32201536 PMCID: PMC7065998 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common types of cancer worldwide. Molecular strategies have developed rapidly; however, novel treatments strategies with high efficacy and lower toxicity are still urgently demanded. Notably, biological networks estimated from microarray data and functional activity network analysis could be utilized to identify and validate potential targets. In this study, two microarray data (GSE13477, GSE31192) were firstly selected, and analyzed by multi-functional activity network analysis to generate the core protein-protein-interaction (PPI) network. Several potential targets were subsequently identified and c-Met and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) were manually chosen as the key targets in breast cancer. Furthermore, virtual screening and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were utilized to recognize novel c-Met/PARP-1 inhibitors in Specs products database. Three small molecules, namely, ZINC19909930, ZINC20032678 and ZINC13562414 were selected. Additionally, these compounds were synthesized, and two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were used to validate our bioinformatic findings in vitro. MTT assay and Hoechst staining showed that ZINC20032678 significantly induced breast cancer cell death, which was mediated through apoptosis by flow cytometry. Furthermore, ZINC20032678 was shown to target the active sites of the both targets and recruitment of downstream apoptotic signaling pathways, eventually inducing breast cancer cell apoptosis. Collectively, our findings not only offer systems biology approaches based drug target identification, but also provide the new clues for developing novel inhibitors for future breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Lijia Cheng
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Xueling Yan
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Hang Xiong
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Central Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Gang He
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Hongbo Dong
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Guangya Xu
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China.,School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- School of Medicine & Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics & Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital/ Clinical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610015, China
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8
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Parizadeh SM, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani R, Fazilat-Panah D, Hassanian SM, Shahidsales S, Khazaei M, Parizadeh SMR, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The potential therapeutic and prognostic impacts of the c-MET/HGF signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:802-811. [PMID: 31116909 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and a common cause of cancer-related mortality globally. In spite of the improvements in the early diagnosis of CRC, approximately one-third of patients develop metastasis and then have a very poor survival rate. The mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) is a tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor activated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Activation of c-MET/HGF signaling pathway regulates a variety of biological processes including cell motility, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and the development and progression of cancer cells. Recent studies have suggested that the c-MET/HGF signaling pathway is involved in the carcinogenesis of CRC. In this review, we summarize the main findings of recent studies investigating the role of c-MET/HGF signaling pathway in CRC and the potential of the c-MET/HGF signaling pathways in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Mody K, Bekaii-Saab T. Clinical Trials and Progress in Metastatic Colon Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2018; 27:349-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Liu J, Zeng W, Huang C, Wang J, Xu L, Ma D. Upregulation of c-mesenchymal epithelial transition expression and RAS mutations are associated with late lung metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4229-4242. [PMID: 29725370 PMCID: PMC5920233 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether c-mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (C-MET) overexpression combined with RAS (including KRAS, NRAS and HRAS) or BRAF mutations were associated with late distant metastases and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). A total of 374 patients with stage III CRC were classified into 4 groups based on RAS/BRAF and C-MET status for comprehensive analysis. Mutations in RAS/BRAF were determined using Sanger sequencing and C-MET expression was examined using immunohistochemistry. The associations between RAS/BRAF mutations in combination with C-MET overexpression and clinicopathological variables including survival were evaluated. In addition, their predictive value for late distant metastases were statistically analyzed via logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis. Among 374 patients, mutations in KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, BRAF and C-MET overexpression were observed in 43.9, 2.4, 0.3, 5.9 and 71.9% of cases, respectively. Considering RAS/BRAF mutations and C-MET overexpression, vascular invasion (P=0.001), high carcino-embryonic antigen level (P=0.031) and late distant metastases (P<0.001) were more likely to occur in patients of group 4. Furthermore, survival analyses revealed RAS/BRAF mutations may have a more powerful impact on survival than C-MET overexpression, although they were both predictive factors for adverse prognosis. Further logistic regression suggested that RAS/BRAF mutations and C-MET overexpression may predict late distant metastases. In conclusion, RAS/BRAF mutations and C-MET overexpression may serve as predictive indicators for metastatic behavior and poor prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Weiqiang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Chengzhi Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Junjiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Lishu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Dong Ma
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
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11
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Schmidinger M, Danesi R. Management of Adverse Events Associated with Cabozantinib Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Oncologist 2018; 23:306-315. [PMID: 29146618 PMCID: PMC5905684 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabozantinib was recently approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted therapy. Cabozantinib is a multikinase inhibitor targeting VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 2, mesenchymal-epithelial transition receptor, and "anexelekto" receptor tyrosine kinase. A 60-mg daily dose led to improved overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) versus everolimus in advanced RCC patients as a second- or later-line treatment in the METEOR trial. Improved PFS with cabozantinib versus sunitinib has also been demonstrated in the first-line setting in CABOSUN. However, cabozantinib, like other VEGFR inhibitors, is associated with toxicity that may affect the patient's quality of life. The most frequent adverse events (AEs) are diarrhea, fatigue, hypertension, hand-foot syndrome, weight loss, nausea, and stomatitis. This article summarizes the safety profile of cabozantinib in RCC patients and offers guidance for the management of these AEs. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of these AEs and, based on our experiences with cabozantinib and other multikinase inhibitors, we present approaches to manage toxicity. Prophylactic and therapeutic solutions are available to help with the management of toxicity associated with cabozantinib, and adequate interventions can ensure optimum adherence and maximize patient outcomes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Cabozantinib leads to improved survival outcomes in renal cell carcinoma patients compared with everolimus. However, management of the adverse event profile is crucial to achieve optimum adherence and outcomes with the use of cabozantinib. This review aims to provide appropriate guidance that will minimize the impact of adverse events and help to maximize the utility of this agent in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schmidinger
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Zhang M, Zhu J, Yu J, Wang B, Qiu J, Zhang J. A five-gene based risk score with high prognostic value in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6724-6734. [PMID: 29344121 PMCID: PMC5754913 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently occurring malignancies worldwide. The outcomes of patients with similar clinical symptoms or at similar pathological stages remain unpredictable. This inherent clinical diversity is most likely due to the genetic heterogeneity. The present study aimed to create a predicting tool to evaluate patient survival based on genetic profile. Firstly, three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE9348, GSE44076 and GSE44861) were utilized to identify and validate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CRC. The GSE14333 dataset containing survival information was then introduced in order to screen and verify prognosis-associated genes. Of the 66 DEGs, the present study screened out 46 biomarkers closely associated to patient overall survival. By Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, it was demonstrated that these genes participated in multiple biological processes which were highly associated with cancer proliferation, drug-resistance and metastasis, thus further affecting patient survival. The five most important genes, MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase, carboxypeptidase M, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2, guanylate cyclase activator 2B and sodium voltage-gated channel a subunit 9 were selected by a random survival forests algorithm, and were further made up to a linear risk score formula by multivariable cox regression. Finally, the present study tested and verified this risk score within three independent GEO datasets (GSE14333, GSE17536 and GSE29621), and observed that patients with a high risk score had a lower overall survival (P<0.05). Furthermore, this risk score was the most significant compared with other predicting factors including age and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, in the model, and was able to predict patient survival independently and directly. The findings suggest that this survival associated DEGs-based risk score is a powerful and accurate prognostic tool and is promisingly implemented in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Pan
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianghong Yu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Bangting Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jigang Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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13
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Wu C, Zhu X, Liu W, Ruan T, Tao K. Hedgehog signaling pathway in colorectal cancer: function, mechanism, and therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3249-3259. [PMID: 28721076 PMCID: PMC5501640 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s139639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers worldwide. It is a complicated and often fatal cancer, and is related to a high disease-related mortality. Around 90% of mortalities are caused by the metastasis of CRC. Current treatment statistics shows a less than 5% 5-year survival for patients with metastatic disease. The development and metastasis of CRC involve multiple factors and mechanisms. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays an important role in embryogenesis and somatic development. Abnormal activation of the Hh pathway has been proven to be related to several types of human cancers. The role of Hh signaling in CRC, however, remains controversial. In this review, we will go through previous literature on the Hh signaling and its functions in the formation, proliferation, and metastasis of CRC. We will also discuss the potential of targeting Hh signaling pathway in the treatment, prognosis, and prevention of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tuo Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Lv C, Gu H, Zhao X, Huang L, Zhou S, Zhi F. Involvement of Activated Cdc42 Kinase1 in Colitis and Colorectal Neoplasms. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4794-4802. [PMID: 27926694 PMCID: PMC5158129 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated Cdc42 kinase1 (ACK1) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase which is critical for cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Genomic amplification of ACK1 has been reported in multiple human cancers. We aimed to investigate ACK1 protein expression in colorectal mucosa with inflammation and neoplasm, and to evaluate its correlation with disease activity and severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 250 individuals who underwent total colonoscopy were collected randomly from January 2007 to May 2013 in Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China. Colorectal mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained by endoscopy from 78 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 22 with Crohn's disease (CD), 20 with infectious colitis, 26 with non-IBD and noninfectious colitis, 16 with sporadic adenomas, 4 with dysplasia-associated lesions or masses, 10 with sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC), 4 with UC-related CRC, 10 with hyperplastic polyps, and 60 without colonic abnormalities. ACK1 protein levels were determined immunohistochemically. The correlations of ACK1 expression with disease activity and severity were also evaluated. RESULTS Significantly increased ACK1 expression was observed in epithelial cells of colorectal mucosa with inflammation and dysplasia compared to controls (P<0.05). ACK1 expression correlated with clinical activity in IBD (χ²=4.57, P=0.033 for UC; χ²=5.68, P=0.017 for CD), as well as grade of dysplasia in preneoplastic lesions (P<0.05). No significant differences in ACK1 expression were found between UC and CD, or between IBD and non-IBD conditions (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS ACK1 protein is increased extensively in colitis and colorectal dysplasia. ACK1 overexpression may play a role in colorectal inflammation and neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolan Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiang Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xinmei Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Sanxi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Corresponding Author: Fachao Zhi, e-mail:
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15
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Yu SS, Quinn DI, Dorff TB. Clinical use of cabozantinib in the treatment of advanced kidney cancer: efficacy, safety, and patient selection. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5825-5837. [PMID: 27713636 PMCID: PMC5045229 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s97397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell (cc) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of cancer found in the kidney accounting for ~90% of all kidney cancers. In 2012, there were ~337,000 new cases of RCC diagnosed worldwide with an estimated 143,000 deaths, with the highest incidence and mortality in Western countries. Despite improvements in cancer control achieved with VEGF- and mTOR-targeted therapy for RCC, progression remains virtually universal and additional therapies are needed. The pivotal results of the METEOR trial led to cabozantinib's designation as a breakthrough drug by the US Food and Drug Administration and its approval for treatment of advanced RCC in 2016. Subsequent data from the CABOSUN trial, where caboxantinib is compared with sunitinib, will provide information on the relative activity of cabozantinib as first-line therapy for ccRCC. We review the development of cabozantinib in advanced RCC and its role in the treatment landscape for advanced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Yu
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David I Quinn
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tanya B Dorff
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Ahn DH, Ciombor KK, Mikhail S, Bekaii-Saab T. Genomic diversity of colorectal cancer: Changing landscape and emerging targets. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5668-5677. [PMID: 27433082 PMCID: PMC4932204 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements in screening and preventive measures have led to an increased detection of early stage colorectal cancers (CRC) where patients undergo treatment with a curative intent. Despite these efforts, a high proportion of patients are diagnosed with advanced stage disease that is associated with poor outcomes, as CRC remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. The development of next generation sequencing and collaborative multi-institutional efforts to characterize the cancer genome has afforded us with a comprehensive assessment of the genomic makeup present in CRC. This knowledge has translated into understanding the prognostic role of various tumor somatic variants in this disease. Additionally, the awareness of the genomic alterations present in CRC has resulted in an improvement in patient outcomes, largely due to better selection of personalized therapies based on an individual’s tumor genomic makeup. The benefit of various treatments is often limited, where recent studies assessing the genomic diversity in CRC have identified the development of secondary tumor somatic variants that likely contribute to acquired treatment resistance. These studies have begun to alter the landscape of treatment for CRC that include investigating novel targeted therapies, assessing the role of immunotherapy and prospective, dynamic assessment of changes in tumor genomic alterations that occur during the treatment of CRC.
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17
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Tampellini M, Sonetto C, Scagliotti GV. Novel anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies in colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:507-20. [PMID: 26938715 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1161754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-angiogenetic agents are currently the standard of care in metastatic CRC patients. Bevacizumab, aflibercept, regorafenib and recently ramucirumab have significantly improved both progression-free and overall survival in different lines of treatment. Since bevacizumab's approval, a number of novel anti-VEGF agents have been tested in preclinical and clinical models. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on the most recent clinical results of novel agents targeting VEGF and its receptors with a major focus on those investigated recently in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION In the last 15 years, a number of new anti-angiogenetic agents have been tested. Unfortunately, most of them have demonstrated unacceptable toxicities or failed to show activity. When tested as single agents, encouraging preliminary results were reported with fruquintinib, famitinib, and nintedanib. Interesting novel mechanisms of action are also being explored: VGX-100 is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) which binds to VEGF-C, inhibiting activation of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 when combined with bevacizumab; tanibirumab is a mAb which binds to VEGFR-2 and vanucizumab is a bispecific mAb binding both to VEGF-A and Angiopoietin-2. Data about the combination of these agents with chemotherapy are very encouraging, even though preliminary. However, the definition of specific predictive biomarkers remains a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tampellini
- a University of Turin , Department of Oncology, AOU San Luigi di Orbassano , Torino , Italy
| | - C Sonetto
- a University of Turin , Department of Oncology, AOU San Luigi di Orbassano , Torino , Italy
| | - G V Scagliotti
- a University of Turin , Department of Oncology, AOU San Luigi di Orbassano , Torino , Italy
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