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Sex Differences in the Triad of Acquired Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158111. [PMID: 34360877 PMCID: PMC8348369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triad of noise-generated, drug-induced, and age-related hearing loss is the major cause of acquired sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) in modern society. Although these three forms of hearing loss display similar underlying mechanisms, detailed studies have revealed the presence of sex differences in the auditory system both in human and animal models of ASNHL. However, the sexual dimorphism of hearing varies among noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), ototoxicity, and age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Importantly, estrogen may play an essential role in modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms in the cochlea and several reports have shown that the effects of hormone replacement therapy on hearing loss are complex. This review will summarize the clinical features of sex differences in ASNHL, compare the animal investigations of cochlear sexual dimorphism in response to the three insults, and address how estrogen affects the auditory organ at molecular levels.
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Ulkumen B, Batir MB, Artunc Ulkumen B, Pala HG, Vatansever S, Cam S. Role of VPAC1 anD VPAC2 receptors in the etiology of pregnancy rhinitis: an experimental study in rats. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 88:505-510. [PMID: 32798199 PMCID: PMC9422359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pregnancy rhinitis is a common sex hormone-related otorhinolaryngological disorder. There are some epidemiological and physiological studies on pregnancy rhinitis, but histopathological and biomolecular changes have not been studied thoroughly. Objectives The receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 are known for their roles in allergic rhinitis. On the other hand, activation of subclinical allergy has been suggested in the pathophysiology of pregnancy rhinitis. Therefore, we aimed to compare the physiological and gestational pattern of VPAC1 and VPAC2 expression in rat nasal mucosa. Methods Twenty adult Wister albino female rats were enrolled into the study. Two groups constituted as 10 control (group A) and 10 pregnant (group B) rats. They were fed ad libitum and sheltered at room temperature (22°±2 °C). The rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation by intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg/kg Na-pentobarbitone. Then, 10 − 15 mL of blood was taken, and samples were reserved for the detection of serum estradiol and progesterone levels by ELISA test. The nasal septum was resected and divided in half for immunohistochemical analyses and real time polymerase chain reaction testing of VPAC1 and VPAC2. Results VPAC1 and VPAC2 were found to be in all layers of septal specimens, but the immunostaining of surface epithelium was more distinct in specimens of both groups. We demonstrated higher overall staining intensity in the pregnant group. PCR revealed significant increase in expression of VPAC1 (p = 0.023) and VPAC2 (p = 0.021) in pregnant group when compared with control group. In addition, we demonstrated upregulatory effect of estradiol and progesterone on the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor expression. Conclusions Gestational up-regulation of nasal VPAC1 and VPAC2 was shown both by PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. These findings support the hypothesis that PR is caused by the activation of subclinical allergy that is present before pregnancy.
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Williamson TT, Zhu X, Pineros J, Ding B, Frisina RD. Understanding hormone and hormone therapies' impact on the auditory system. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1721-1730. [PMID: 32026519 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and aldosterone all demonstrate vital roles in sustaining auditory function through either the maintenance of cochlear neurons, up/down regulation of critical molecules (i.e., IGF-1, BDNF, etc.), or generation of the endocochlear potential. With disease and/or age, hormone expression begins to decline drastically, which ultimately affects cochlear structures and the integrity of cochlear cells. The following review explores the latest findings as well as realistic outcomes for hormone therapy treatment in the auditory system. This information could serve as a potential guide for patients considering hormone therapy as a medicinal choice to alleviate the signs of onset of presbycusis-age-related hearing loss. Additional scientific investigations could also be carried out to further enhance recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanika T Williamson
- Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer Pineros
- Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert D Frisina
- Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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