Elevated Levels of Serum β2-Glycoprotein I/Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Complexes Are Associated with Cerebral Infarction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Correlation Between Serum β2-GPI/oxLDL and the Risk of Cerebral Infarction in Patients with T2DM

Objective

This study aims to study the correlation between serum β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI)/oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and the risk of cerebral infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods

From January 2019 to March 2021, 56 patients with T2DM combined with cerebral infarction were chosen as a diabetic cerebral infarction (DCI) group, and 60 patients with simple T2DM were chosen as a T2DM group. In addition, 60 healthy volunteers were recruited as a control group. The essential information of each group was collected, and the serum β2-GPI/oxLDL and inflammatory factor levels in each group were compared. The clinical factors that affect the risk of ischemic cerebral infarction in patients with T2DM were analyzed by a logistic model.

Results

Compared with the control group, the level of serum β2-GPI/oxLDL in the T2DM and DCI groups increased significantly, P < 0.001. Compared with the T2DM group, the serum β2-GPI/oxLDL level in the DCI group increased significantly, P < 0.05. The result of Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that serum β2-GPI/oxLDL was positively correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (all P’s < 0.05). Serum TNF-α and β2-GPI/oxLDL were independent risk variates for DCI (P < 0.05). Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the values of the area under the curve for TNF-α, serum β2-GPI/oxLDL, and the combined diagnosis of DCI were 0.653 (0.552–0.753), 0.680 (0.583–0.777), 0.739 (0.647–0.831), respectively.

Conclusion

In DCI patients, the levels of serum oxLDL/β2-GPI are significantly increased. Serum oxLDL/β2-GPI is an independent risk factor that affects the occurrence of DCI. In addition, the serum β2-GPI/oxLDL level implicates the lipid metabolism and inflammatory status of the internal environment of DCI patients to a certain extent.

Peptidic vaccines: The new cure for heart diseases?

Cardiovascular disease continues to be the most common cause of death worldwide. The global burden is so high that numerous organizations are providing counseling recommendations and annual revisions of current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments as well as risk prediction for disease prevention and further progression. Although primary preventive interventions targeting risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, smoking, and sedentarism have led to a global decline in hospitalization rates, the aging population has overwhelmed these efforts on a global scale. This review focuses on peptidic vaccines, with the known and not well-known autoantigens in atheroma formation or acquired cardiac diseases, as novel potential immunotherapy approaches to counteract harmful heart disease continuance. We summarize how cancer immunomodulatory strategies started novel approaches to modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses, and how they can be targeted for therapeutic purposes in the cardiovascular system. Brief descriptions focused on the processes that start as either immunologic or non-immunologic, and the ultimate loss of cardiac muscle cell contractility as the outcome, are discussed. We conclude debating how novel strategies with nanoparticles and nanovaccines open a promising therapeutic option to reduce or prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Therapeutic Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Ileal Transposition on Type 2 Diabetes in a Non-Obese Rat Model by Regulating Blood Glucose and Reducing Ghrelin Levels

Background

Nowadays, more than 170 million patients suffer from diabetes mellitus worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and ileal transposition (IT) surgery on the control of diabetes.

Material/Methods

Goto-Kakizaki rats were used to establish type 2 diabetes models and undergo SG or IT surgery. At 2 months post-surgery, insulin, glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose tolerance, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated.

Results

SG significantly shortened operative time and post-operative recovery time compared to IT surgery (P<0.05). SG and IT surgery resulted in significantly induced weight loss, significantly decreased levels of glucose, and significantly enhanced levels of Ghrelin compared the Sham surgery group (P<0.001). SG and IT surgery resulted in significantly increased GLP-1 levels compared to Sham surgery (P<0.001). SG resulted in better reduction of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose compared to IT surgery (P<0.05). SG and IT surgery significantly upregulated insulin tolerance test (ITT) levels compared to Sham surgery (P<0.001). SG induced better reductions in TC and TG compared to IT surgery (P<0.05).

Conclusions

In non-obese rats with spontaneous diabetes, both SG and IT surgery were found to control diabetes by regulating body weight and levels of glucose, Ghrelin, GLP-1, OGTT glucose, insulin, TC, and TG. Moreover, SG demonstrated advantages of shorter operative time, shorter post-operative recovery time, and better control of diabetes compared to IT surgery.