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Wyatt EC, VanDerStad LR, Cook NE, McGovern MR, Zaman T, Lundin PM, Vaughan RA. Valsartan Rescues Suppressed Mitochondrial Metabolism during Insulin Resistance in C2C12 Myotubes. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4117. [PMID: 39243192 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Elevated circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) have been linked with the severity of insulin resistance across numerous populations, implicating heightened BCAA metabolism as a potential therapy for insulin resistance. Recently, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) inhibitor Valsartan (VAL) was identified as a potent inhibitor of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK), a negative regulator of BCAA metabolism. This work investigated the effect of VAL on myotube metabolism and insulin sensitivity under both insulin sensitive and insulin resistant conditions. C2C12 myotubes were treated with or without VAL at 8 µM for 24 h, both with and without hyperinsulinemic-induced insulin resistance. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification were used to measure mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism, respectively. Gene expression was assessed via qRT-PCR, and insulin sensitivity was assessed via Western blot. Insulin resistance significantly reduced both basal and peak mitochondrial function which were rescued to control levels by concurrent VAL. Changes in mitochondrial function occurred without substantial changes in mitochondrial content or related gene expression. Insulin sensitivity and glycolytic metabolism were unaffected by VAL, as was lipogenic signaling and lipid content. Additionally, both VAL and insulin resistance depressed Bckdha expression. Interestingly, an interaction effect was observed for extracellular isoleucine, valine, and total BCAA (but not leucine), suggesting VAL may alter BCAA utilization in an insulin sensitivity-dependent manner. Insulin resistance appears to suppress mitochondrial function in a myotube model which can be rescued by VAL. Further research will be required to explore the implications of these findings in more complex models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Wyatt
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lindsey R VanDerStad
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Norah E Cook
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Macey R McGovern
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Toheed Zaman
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pamela M Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
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Wang K, Liu Q, Tang M, Qi G, Qiu C, Huang Y, Yu W, Wang W, Sun H, Ni X, Shen Y, Fang X. Chronic kidney disease-induced muscle atrophy: Molecular mechanisms and promising therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115407. [PMID: 36596414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a high-risk chronic catabolic disease due to its high morbidity and mortality. CKD is accompanied by many complications, leading to a poor quality of life, and serious complications may even threaten the life of CKD patients. Muscle atrophy is a common complication of CKD. Muscle atrophy and sarcopenia in CKD patients have complex pathways that are related to multiple mechanisms and related factors. This review not only discusses the mechanisms by which inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction promote CKD-induced muscle atrophy but also explores other CKD-related complications, such as metabolic acidosis, vitamin D deficiency, anorexia, and excess angiotensin II, as well as other related factors that play a role in CKD muscle atrophy, such as insulin resistance, hormones, hemodialysis, uremic toxins, intestinal flora imbalance, and miRNA. We highlight potential treatments and drugs that can effectively treat CKD-induced muscle atrophy in terms of complication treatment, nutritional supplementation, physical exercise, and drug intervention, thereby helping to improve the prognosis and quality of life of CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224500, PR China
| | - Mingyu Tang
- Xinglin College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Guangdong Qi
- Department of Endocrinology, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224500, PR China
| | - Chong Qiu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Weiran Yu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China; Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Xuejun Ni
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China.
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China.
| | - Xingxing Fang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China.
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de Campos Zani SC, Son M, Bhullar KS, Chan CB, Wu J. IRW (Isoleucine-Arginine-Tryptophan) Improves Glucose Tolerance in High Fat Diet Fed C57BL/6 Mice via Activation of Insulin Signaling and AMPK Pathways in Skeletal Muscle. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061235. [PMID: 35740257 PMCID: PMC9220315 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IRW (Isoleucine−Arginine−Tryptophan), has antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties in cells and animal models and prevents angiotensin-II- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced insulin resistance (IR) in vitro. We investigated the effects of IRW on body composition, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistant (IR) model. C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD for 6 weeks, after which IRW was incorporated into the diet (45 or 15 mg/kg body weight (BW)) until week 14. IRW45 (at a dose of 45 mg/kg BW) reduced BW (p = 0.0327), fat mass gain (p = 0.0085), and preserved lean mass of HFD mice (p = 0.0065), concomitant with enhanced glucose tolerance and reduced fasting glucose (p < 0.001). In skeletal muscle, IRW45 increased insulin-stimulated protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation (p = 0.0132) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation (p < 0.001). Angiotensin 2 receptor (AT2R) (p = 0.0024), phosphorylated 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) (p < 0.0124) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (p < 0.001) were enhanced in skeletal muscle of IRW45-treated mice, as was the expression of genes involved in myogenesis. Plasma angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) activity was increased (p = 0.0016). Uncoupling protein-1 in white adipose tissue (WAT) was partially restored after IRW supplementation. IRW improves glucose tolerance and body composition in HFD-fed mice and promotes glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via multiple signaling pathways, independent of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myoungjin Son
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (M.S.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (M.S.); (K.S.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Catherine B. Chan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (S.C.d.C.Z.); (C.B.C.)
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (M.S.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (M.S.); (K.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-6885; Fax: +1-780-492-4346
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Tu H, Ma D, Luo Y, Tang S, Li Y, Chen G, Wang L, Hou Z, Shen C, Lu H, Zhuang X, Zhang L. Quercetin alleviates chronic renal failure by targeting the PI3k/Akt pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6538-6558. [PMID: 34528858 PMCID: PMC8806539 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1973877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) threatens human health greatly and attracts worldwide concerns of health professionals in the public health sector. In our preliminary study, we found that Compound capsule (Shengqing Jiangzhuo Capsule, SQJZJN) had a significant therapeutic effect on CRF. Quercetin is one of the main components of this Compound capsule. In this study, we investigated the effect of Quercetin monomer on CRF and the regulation of PI3k/Akt pathway. Network pharmacology analysis methods were employed to analyze the SQJZJN/Quercetin/PIK3R1 network relationships. In this study, a CRF rat model was prepared using the gavage adenine solution method and detected the indicators of Creatinine (Cr), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and Uric Acid (UA). After treating the rat model with Quercetin and PIK3R1-interfering lentivirus, respectively, we observed the changes on the histological morphology of the kidney and detected apoptosis using TUNEL staining. Gene and protein expression associated with renal function were detected using qPCR, WB and immunofluorescence. Quercetin was identified as the main ingredient of SQJZJN by the network pharmacological screening and Quercetin at 1.5 and 3 g/(kg.d) concentrations could effectively alleviate the CRF symptoms, reduce the levels of Cr, BUN, and UA, and markedly inhibit cell apoptosis demonstrated by the intragastric administration. Furthermore, the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT, NLRP3, caspase1, AQP1, and AQP2 in all groups was detected by immunofluorescence and western blot assays, indicating that Quercetin could reduce the expression of NLRP3, caspase1, p-PI3k, and p-Akt, and increase the expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in the renal tissues of CRF rats. Being labeled with biotin and incubated with the total protein extracted from kidney tissues, Quercetin could bind to PIK3R1. Following the PIK3R1 interference lentivirus was injected into the CRF model rats by tail vein, the CRF symptoms were effectively alleviated in the PIK3R1 interference group, consistent with the effect of Quercetin. Taken together, Quercetin, a major component of SQJZJN, might minimize renal fibrosis and apoptosis in CRF rats by inhibiting the PI3k/Akt pathway through targeting PIK3R1. By regulating AQP1 and AQP2, both water retention and toxin accumulation were reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Tu
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duanhua Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuifu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Nephrology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Gangyi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengkun Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuangpeng Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangyou Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
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Glycomacropeptide Prevents Iron/Ascorbate-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Insulin Sensitivity with an Impact on Lipoprotein Production in Intestinal Caco-2/15 Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041175. [PMID: 32331475 PMCID: PMC7231176 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), a major worldwide concern for the public health system, refers to a cluster of key metabolic components, and represents a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. As oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation are the major triggers of insulin sensitivity (IS), a cardinal MetS feature, the principal aim of the present work is to determine whether glycomacropeptide (GMP), a milk-derived bioactive peptide, exerts beneficial effects on their expression. Methods. Fully differentiated intestinal Caco-2/15 cells are used to evaluate the preventive action of 2 mg/mL GMP against OxS and inflammation induced by the mixture iron-ascorbate (Fe/Asc) (200 μM:2 mM). The potency of GMP of decreasing the production of lipoproteins, including chylomicrons (CM), very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is also assessed. Results. The administration of GMP significantly reduces malondialdehyde, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, and raises superoxide dismutase 2 and glutathione peroxidase via the induction of the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2, a transcription factor, which orchestrates cellular antioxidant defenses. Similarly, GMP markedly lowers the inflammatory agents tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 via abrogation of the nuclear transcription factor-kB. Moreover, GMP-treated cells show a down-regulation of Fe/Asc-induced mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, suggesting greater IS. Finally, GMP decreases the production of CM, VLDL, and LDL. Conclusions. Our results highlight the effectiveness of GMP in attenuating OxS, inflammation and lipoprotein biogenesis, as well as improving IS, the key components of MetS. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanisms mediating the preventive action of GMP.
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Hu Y, Shi LX, Zhang Q, Peng NC. Increased Risk of Chronic Kidney Diseases in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A 3-year Prospective Cohort Study. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:204-210. [PMID: 31016511 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and rapid decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was investigated. A total of 10 140 patients participating in the epidemiological study (Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals, REACTION) of risk factors of type 2 diabetes in China were followed up for 3 years, with MS being diagnosed by adult treatment panel III (ATPIII) combined with waist circumference in Asian population and renal function being evaluated by eGFR <60 mL·min-1(1.73 m2)-1 and rapid decline of eGFR ≤30%. The results showed that as compared with the non-MS group, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of CKD and rapid decline of eGFR were 1.64 (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.20-2.25, P<0.05) and 1.23 (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05-1.43, P<0.05) respectively in MS group. With the increase in the number (0, 1, 2, 3 and ≥4) of MS components, the prevalence of CKD was 1.42%, 1.44%, 2.80%, 3.42%, and 4.03% (P<0.001), respectively. The ORs of incident CKD were 1.67 (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.22-2.27, P<0.05) for high TG, 1.50 (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.10-2.05, P<0.05) for low HDL-C, and 1.39 (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.02-1.91, P<0.05) for hyperglycemia. The risk for developing incident CKD was higher in the group with the highest HOMA-IR than in the group with the lowest HOMA-IR (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.16-2.89, P<0.05). It is suggested that MS is an independent risk factor for incident CKD. The occurrence and development of CKD is closely related to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, 215004, China.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Huaxi Qu, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Li-Xin Shi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Huaxi Qu, Guizhou, 550004, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Huaxi Qu, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Nian-Chun Peng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Huaxi Qu, Guizhou, 550004, China
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