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Deng D, Zhang T, Ma L, Zhao W, Huang S, Wang K, Shu S, Chen X. PD-L1/PD-1 pathway: a potential neuroimmune target for pain relief. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:51. [PMID: 38643205 PMCID: PMC11031890 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain is a common symptom of many diseases with a high incidence rate. Clinically, drug treatment, as the main method to relieve pain at present, is often accompanied by different degrees of adverse reactions. Therefore, it is urgent to gain a profound understanding of the pain mechanisms in order to develop advantageous analgesic targets. The PD-L1/PD-1 pathway, an important inhibitory molecule in the immune system, has taken part in regulating neuroinflammation and immune response. Accumulating evidence indicates that the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway is aberrantly activated in various pain models. And blocking PD-L1/PD-1 pathway will aggravate pain behaviors. This review aims to summarize the emerging evidence on the role of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway in alleviating pain and provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in pain resolution, including the regulation of macrophages, microglia, T cells, as well as nociceptor neurons. However, its underlying mechanism still needs to be further elucidated in the future. In conclusion, despite more deep researches are needed, these pioneering studies indicate that PD-L1/PD-1 may be a potential neuroimmune target for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiqian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaofang Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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Wang L, Zhou J, Liu H, Xu H, Li H, Feng Y, Tian X. Lung cancer patients with positive programmed death-ligand 1 expression endure graver postoperative pain. Eur J Pain 2023; 27:248-256. [PMID: 36373199 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative pain after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is common in lung cancer patients, and it is unclear whether cancer itself participates in pain regulation. Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expressed by tumours may be analgesic. Our study aimed to detect the association between PD-L1 and acute postoperative pain. METHODS We reviewed patients who underwent VATS for lung cancer with tumour PD-L1 expression analysed in our centre from Jan 2017 to Jul 2020. They were divided into PD-L1 (-) group and PD-L1 (+) group and were further divided into four subgroups according to opioids for postoperative analgesia: sufentanil PD-L1 (-), sufentanil PD-L1 (+), oxycodone PD-L1 (-), and oxycodone PD-L1 (+). We compared the numeric rating scale (NRS) for the first three postoperative days at rest or cough between groups. RESULTS A total of 369 patients (167 in PD-L1 (-) vs. 202 in PD-L1 (+)) were included. On the first postoperative day, NRS at cough in the PD-L1 (+) patients were higher than those in the PD-L1 (-) patients (2.91 ± 1.07 vs. 2.66 ± 1.01, p = 0.018). On the third day, NRS at cough in PD-L1 (+) patients was higher (2.50 ± 1.02 vs. 2.26 ± 1.09, p = 0.043). For patients with oxycodone, NRS was higher in PD-L1 (+) than in PD-L1 (-) (p = 0.041) at cough after surgery. In contrast, those with sufentanil did not significantly differ in NRS between groups. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PD-L1 (+) suffered graver pain in the early postoperative period after VATS for lung cancer compared with PD-L1 (-) on tumours. Analgesia with sufentanil seemed to overcome this effect better than oxycodone. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated that patients with positive programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tumours suffered graver pain in the early postoperative period after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer and reacted differently with opioids. It might be beneficial to adjust analgesic protocols according to tumour PD-L1 expression for individualized postoperative pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huixin Liu
- Department of Academic Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Türkmen NB, Çiftçi O, Taşlıdere A, Aydın M, Eke BC. The effect of aromatase inhibitors against possible testis toxicity in pembrolizumab treated rats. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14557. [DOI: 10.1111/and.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neşe Başak Türkmen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology Inonu University Malatya Turkey
| | - Osman Çiftçi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicinal Pharmacology Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey
| | - Aslı Taşlıdere
- Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Embryology Department Inonu University Malatya Turkey
| | - Muhterem Aydın
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Firat University Elazig Turkey
| | - Binay Can Eke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology Ankara University Ankara Turkey
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Zhao J, Roberts A, Wang Z, Savage J, Ji RR. Emerging Role of PD-1 in the Central Nervous System and Brain Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1188-1202. [PMID: 33877518 PMCID: PMC8353059 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint modulator and a major target of immunotherapy as anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in cancer treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role of PD-1 in the central nervous system (CNS). PD-1 has been implicated in CNS disorders such as brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cognitive function, and pain. PD-1 signaling suppresses the CNS immune response via resident microglia and infiltrating peripheral immune cells. Notably, PD-1 is also widely expressed in neurons and suppresses neuronal activity via downstream Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 and modulation of ion channel function. An improved understanding of PD-1 signaling in the cross-talk between glial cells, neurons, and peripheral immune cells in the CNS will shed light on immunomodulation, neuromodulation, and novel strategies for treating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
| | - Alexus Roberts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Justin Savage
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
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Zhu G, Jiang Y, Wang H, Shao S. The relationship between the expression of soluble programmed cell death-1 and cancer pain: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25555. [PMID: 33907102 PMCID: PMC8084006 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune checkpoint programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) plays a critical role in immune regulation. Recent studies have demonstrated functional PD-1 expression in peripheral sensory neurons, which contributes to neuronal excitability, pain, and opioid analgesia. However, the relationship between the expression of soluble programmed cell death-1(sPD-1) and cancer pain is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sPD-1 expression level and cancer pain through meta-analysis. METHODS Studies were selected from Pubmed, Web of science, Embase, Google Scholar, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the random-effect model or fixed-effect model to assess the association between sPD-1 expression level and cancer pain. All analyses were performed with the Stata 14 software. RESULTS This review will be disseminated in print by peer-review. CONCLUSION The results of this study will help us to determine whether the expression level of sPD-1 is related to cancer pain. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The private information from individuals will not be published. This systematic review also should not endanger participant rights. Ethical approval is not available. The results may be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated in relevant conferences. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/WDPUY.
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Calapai F, Mondello E, Mannucci C, Sorbara EE, Gangemi S, Quattrone D, Calapai G, Cardia L. Pain Biomarkers in Cancer: An Overview. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:293-304. [PMID: 33138755 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201102103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a common symptom in oncologic patients and its management is generally guided with reference to pain individually perceived by patients and expressed through self-reported scales. However, the utility of these tools is limited as it strongly depends on patients' opinions. For this reason, more objective instruments are desirable. OBJECTIVE In this overview, scientific articles indicating potential markers to be used for pain management in cancer were collected and discussed. METHODS Research was performed on principal electronic scientific databases by using the words "pain", "cancer", "markers" and "biomarkers" as the main keywords, and findings describing potential biomarkers for the management of cancer pain were reported. RESULTS Studies on pain markers not specific for cancer typology (inflammatory, genetic markers predicting response to analgesic drugs, neuroimaging markers) and pain markers for specific types of cancer (bone cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, cancer in pediatrics) have been presented and commented on. CONCLUSION This overview supports the view of the involvement of inflammatory mediators in the mechanisms underlying cancer pain. Only a small amount of data from research up till today is available on markers that can help in the management of pain, except for pro-inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory indexes such as C-reactive protein (CRP). However, biomarkers are a promising strategy useful to predict pain intensity and to objectively quantify analgesic response in guiding decisions regarding individual-tailored treatments for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Epifanio Mondello
- Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Policlinico "G. Martino" - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela E Sorbara
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Quattrone
- Pain Therapy Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" - Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Cardia
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino- Pulejo, Messina, Italy
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Yang J, Xu G, Yin Z, Cheng Y, Sun SM, Zheng Q, Chen J, Liang FR, Zhao L. Acupuncture for chronic cancer-related pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039087. [PMID: 33033027 PMCID: PMC7542929 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic cancer-related pain is one of the most common excruciating symptom that can be caused by the cancer (by the primary tumour or by metastases) or by its treatment (surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy). Although multiple clinical trials and systematic reviews have suggested that acupuncture could be effective in treating chronic cancer-related pain, the comparative efficacy and safety of these acupuncture methods remains unclear. We, therefore, performed this study to evaluate and rank the efficacy and safety of different acupuncture methods for chronic cancer-related pain. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Seven databases will be searched, including Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, the Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) from their inception to March 2020. The primary outcome is the change of pain intensity. Bayesian network meta-analysis will be conducted using software R3.5.1. Finally, we will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation System (GRADE) to assess the quality of evidence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required for literature-based studies. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020165747.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guixing Xu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihan Yin
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng Ming Sun
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianhua Zheng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan-Rong Liang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Abstract
A limited number of peripheral targets generate pain. Inflammatory mediators can sensitize these. The review addresses targets acting exclusively or predominantly on sensory neurons, mediators involved in inflammation targeting sensory neurons, and mediators involved in a more general inflammatory process, of which an analgesic effect secondary to an anti-inflammatory effect can be expected. Different approaches to address these systems are discussed, including scavenging proinflammatory mediators, applying anti-inflammatory mediators, and inhibiting proinflammatory or facilitating anti-inflammatory receptors. New approaches are contrasted to established ones; the current stage of progress is mentioned, in particular considering whether there is data from a molecular and cellular level, from animals, or from human trials, including an early stage after a market release. An overview of publication activity is presented, considering a IuPhar/BPS-curated list of targets with restriction to pain-related publications, which was also used to identify topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin I Ciotu
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Kaur K, Kozlowska AK, Topchyan P, Ko MW, Ohanian N, Chiang J, Cook J, Maung PO, Park SH, Cacalano N, Fang C, Jewett A. Probiotic-Treated Super-Charged NK Cells Efficiently Clear Poorly Differentiated Pancreatic Tumors in Hu-BLT Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010063. [PMID: 31878338 PMCID: PMC7017229 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Background and Aims: We have previously demonstrated that the stage of differentiation of tumors has profound effect on the function of NK cells, and that stem-like/poorly differentiated tumors were preferentially targeted by the NK cells. Therefore, in this study we determined the role of super-charged NK cells in immune mobilization, lysis, and differentiation of stem-like/undifferentiated tumors implanted in the pancreas of humanized-BLT (hu-BLT) mice fed with or without AJ2 probiotics. The phenotype, growth rate and metastatic potential of pancreatic tumors differentiated by the NK cells (NK-differentiated) or patient derived differentiated or stem-like/undifferentiated pancreatic tumors were investigated. Methods: Pancreatic tumor implantation was performed in NSG and hu-BLT mice. Stage of differentiation of tumors was determined using our published criteria for well-differentiated tumors exhibiting higher surface expression of MHC- class I, CD54, and PD-L1 (B7H1) and lower expression of CD44 receptors. The inverse was seen for poorly-differentiated tumors. Results: Stem-like/undifferentiated pancreatic tumors grew rapidly and formed large tumors and exhibited lower expression of above-mentioned differentiation antigens in the pancreas of NSG and hu-BLT mice. Unlike stem-like/undifferentiated tumors, NK-differentiated MP2 (MiaPaCa-2) tumors or patient-derived differentiated tumors were not able to grow or grew smaller tumors, and were unable to metastasize in NSG or hu-BLT mice, and they were susceptible to chemotherapeutic drugs. Stem-like/undifferentiated pancreatic tumors implanted in the pancreas of hu-BLT mice and injected with super-charged NK cells formed much smaller tumors, proliferated less, and exhibited differentiated phenotype. When differentiation of stem-like tumors by the NK cells was prevented by the addition of antibodies to IFN-γ and TNF-α, tumors grew rapidly and metastasized, and they remained resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. Greater numbers of immune cells infiltrated the tumors of NK-injected and AJ2-probiotic bacteria-fed mice. Moreover, increased IFN-γ secretion in the presence of decreased IL-6 was seen in tumors resected and cultured from NK-injected and AJ2 fed mice. Tumor-induced decreases in NK cytotoxicity and IFN-γ secretion were restored/increased within PBMCs, spleen, and bone marrow when mice received NK cells and were fed with AJ2. Conclusion: NK cells prevent growth of pancreatic tumors through lysis and differentiation, thereby curtailing the growth and metastatic potential of stem-like/undifferentiated-tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Anna Karolina Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Meng-Wei Ko
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Nick Ohanian
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Jessica Chiang
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Jessica Cook
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Phyu Ou Maung
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Nicholas Cacalano
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Changge Fang
- BioPro Diagnostics, LLC, 4919 Brook Hills Drive, Annandale, VA 22003, USA;
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-968-4994; Fax: +1-310-794-7109
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