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Zhu Y, Zhang F, Zhang S, Yi M. Predicting latent lncRNA and cancer metastatic event associations via variational graph auto-encoder. Methods 2023; 211:1-9. [PMID: 36709790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are shown to be closely associated with cancer metastatic events (CME, e.g., cancer cell invasion, intravasation, extravasation, proliferation) that collaboratively accelerate malignant cancer spread and cause high mortality rate in patients. Clinical trials may accurately uncover the relationships between lncRNAs and CMEs; however, it is time-consuming and expensive. With the accumulation of data, there is an urgent need to find efficient ways to identify these relationships. Herein, a graph embedding representation-based predictor (VGEA-LCME) for exploring latent lncRNA-CME associations is introduced. In VGEA-LCME, a heterogeneous combined network is constructed by integrating similarity and linkage matrix that can maintain internal and external characteristics of networks, and a variational graph auto-encoder serves as a feature generator to represent arbitrary lncRNA and CME pair. The final robustness predicted result is obtained by ensemble classifier strategy via cross-validation. Experimental comparisons and literature verification show better remarkable performance of VGEA-LCME, although the similarities between CMEs are challenging to calculate. In addition, VGEA-LCME can further identify organ-specific CMEs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first computational attempt to discover the potential relationships between lncRNAs and CMEs. It may provide support and new insight for guiding experimental research of metastatic cancers. The source code and data are available at https://github.com/zhuyuan-cug/VGAE-LCME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shihua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 974 Heping Avenue, Qingshan District, 430081, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Ming Yi
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Gong X, Chi H, Strohmer DF, Teichmann AT, Xia Z, Wang Q. Exosomes: A potential tool for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1089410. [PMID: 36741380 PMCID: PMC9889675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, with a very poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most common treatments for ovarian cancer, with unsatisfactory results. Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, which have a diameter of approximately 30-100 nm and are secreted by many different types of cells in various body fluids. Exosomes are highly stable and are effective carriers of immunotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are involved in various cellular responses in the tumor microenvironment, influencing the development and therapeutic efficacy of ovarian cancer, and exhibiting dual roles in inhibiting and promoting tumor development. Exosomes also contain a variety of genes related to ovarian cancer immunotherapy that could be potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Undoubtedly, exosomes have great therapeutic potential in the field of ovarian cancer immunotherapy. However, translation of this idea to the clinic has not occurred. Therefore, it is important to understand how exosomes could be used in ovarian cancer immunotherapy to regulate tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the biomarkers of exosomes in different body fluids related to immunotherapy in ovarian cancer and the potential mechanisms by which exosomes influence immunotherapeutic response. We also discuss the prospects for clinical application of exosome-based immunotherapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dorothee Franziska Strohmer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Tobias Teichmann
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynecology and Breast Diseases (Gynecology), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Qin Wang,
| | - Qin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynecology and Breast Diseases (Gynecology), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Qin Wang,
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3
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Li S, Gao L, Liu J, Guo C, Zheng J, Zhi K, Ren W. The microRNA-10b-Bim axis promotes cancer progression through activating autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:373. [PMID: 36008375 PMCID: PMC9411559 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is related to many cellular mechanisms and dysregulation of autophagy involves the pathological process in cancer. miR-10b activates autophagy, which promotes invasion and migration of OSCC. Its functional role in the mechanism of OSCC to autophagy remains to be unclear. Overexpression of miR-10b was followed by enhanced OSCC invasion and migration and activated autophagic protein, such as LC3II/ATG5. MiR-10b attracted Bim directly according to the Bio-informatics analyses and double luciferases reporter assays. Functional experiments further revealed that miR-10b could promote invasion and migration in vitro. In addition, miR-10b induced autophagy via inhibiting Bim in invasion and migration of OSCC. Notably, animal experiments confirmed that miR-10b-Bim promoted proliferation and autophagy in OSCC. In addition, this study provides a theoretical support for regulating the mechanism of OSCC by inducing autophagy with miR-10b-Bim as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266555, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266555, China.,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266555, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266555, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266555, China. .,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China.
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266555, China. .,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China.
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4
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Hussen BM, Kheder RK, Abdullah ST, Hidayat HJ, Rahman HS, Salihi A, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Functional interplay between long non-coding RNAs and Breast CSCs. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:233. [PMID: 35864503 PMCID: PMC9306174 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) represents aggressive cancer affecting most women’s lives globally. Metastasis and recurrence are the two most common factors in a breast cancer patient's poor prognosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor cells that are able to self-renew and differentiate, which is a significant factor in metastasis and recurrence of cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) describe a group of RNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides and do not have the ability to code for proteins. Some of these lncRNAs can be mainly produced in various tissues and tumor forms. In the development and spread of malignancies, lncRNAs have a significant role in influencing multiple signaling pathways positively or negatively, making them promise useful diagnostic and prognostic markers in treating the disease and guiding clinical therapy. However, it is not well known how the interaction of lncRNAs with CSCs will affect cancer development and progression. Here, in this review, we attempt to summarize recent findings that focus on lncRNAs affect cancer stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in breast cancer development and progression, as well as the strategies and challenges for overcoming lncRNA's therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil , Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Ramiar Kamal Kheder
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq.,Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania, KGR, Iraq
| | - Sara Tharwat Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Xia L, Chen J, Huang M, Mei J, Lin M. The functions of long noncoding RNAs on regulation of F-box proteins in tumorigenesis and progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:963617. [PMID: 35928868 PMCID: PMC9343830 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.963617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has revealed that F-box protein, a subunit of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, participates in carcinogenesis and tumor progression via targeting its substrates for ubiquitination and degradation. F-box proteins could be regulated by cellular signaling pathways and noncoding RNAs in tumorigenesis. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), one type of noncoding RNAs, has been identified to modulate the expression of F-box proteins and contribute to oncogenesis. In this review, we summarize the role and mechanisms of multiple lncRNAs in regulating F-box proteins in tumorigenesis, including lncRNAs SLC7A11-AS1, MT1JP, TUG1, FER1L4, TTN-AS1, CASC2, MALAT1, TINCR, PCGEM1, linc01436, linc00494, GATA6-AS1, and ODIR1. Moreover, we discuss that targeting these lncRNAs could be helpful for treating cancer via modulating F-box protein expression. We hope our review can stimulate the research on exploration of molecular insight into how F-box proteins are governed in carcinogenesis. Therefore, modulation of lncRNAs is a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy via regulation of F-box proteins.
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6
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Identification of Candidate lncRNA and Pseudogene Biomarkers Associated with Carbon-Nanotube-Induced Malignant Transformation of Lung Cells and Prediction of Potential Preventive Drugs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052936. [PMID: 35270630 PMCID: PMC8910615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has linked carbon nanotube (CNT) exposure with malignant transformation of lungs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and pseudogenes are important regulators to mediate the pathogenesis of diseases, representing potential biomarkers for surveillance of lung carcinogenesis in workers exposed to CNTs and possible targets to develop preventive strategies. The aim of this study was to screen crucial lncRNAs and pseudogenes and predict preventive drugs. GSE41178 (small airway epithelial cells exposed to single- or multi-walled CNTs or dispersant control) and GSE56104 (lung epithelial cells exposed to single-walled CNTs or dispersant control) datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Weighted correlation network analysis was performed for these two datasets, and the turquoise module was preserved and associated with CNT-induced malignant phenotypes. In total, 24 lncRNAs and 112 pseudogenes in this module were identified as differentially expressed in CNT-exposed cells compared with controls. Four lncRNAs (MEG3, ARHGAP5-AS1, LINC00174 and PVT1) and five pseudogenes (MT1JP, MT1L, RPL23AP64, ZNF826P and TMEM198B) were predicted to function by competing endogenous RNA (MEG3/RPL23AP64-hsa-miR-942-5p-CPEB2/PHF21A/BAMBI; ZNF826P-hsa-miR-23a-3p-SYNGAP1, TMEM198B-hsa-miR-15b-5p-SYNGAP1/CLU; PVT1-hsa-miR-423-5p-PSME3) or co-expression (MEG3/MT1L/ZNF826P/MT1JP-ATM; ARHGAP5-AS1-TMED10, LINC00174-NEDD4L, ARHGAP5-AS1/PVT1-NIP7; MT1L/MT1JP-SYNGAP1; MT1L/MT1JP-CLU) mechanisms. The expression levels and prognosis of all genes in the above interaction pairs were validated using lung cancer patient samples. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the combination of four lncRNAs, five pseudogenes or lncRNAs + pseudogenes were all effective for predicting lung cancer (accuracy >0.8). The comparative toxicogenomics database suggested schizandrin A, folic acid, zinc or gamma-linolenic acid may be preventive drugs by reversing the expression levels of lncRNAs or pseudogenes. In conclusion, this study highlights lncRNAs and pseudogenes as candidate diagnostic biomarkers and drug targets for CNT-induced lung cancer.
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7
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Wang M, Wei J, Shang F, Zang K, Zhang P. Down-regulation of lncRNA SNHG5 relieves sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by regulating the miR-374a-3p/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. J Biochem 2021; 169:575-583. [PMID: 33479745 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an acute systemic infectious disease engendered by infectious factors, which can cause the dysfunction of multiple organs, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Recently, more and more researchers are focussing on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is closely associated with the development and progression of various diseases; however, the role and mechanism of lncRNA in sepsis-induced AKI are not fully understood. Here, we found a significant increase in the expression of lncRNA small nuclear RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) in the serum of patients with sepsis than healthy controls. Similar results were obtained from mouse model of sepsis. Further investigations revealed that knockdown of SNHG5 improves the viability and reduces the rate of apoptosis and the generation of inflammatory cytokines in HK-2 and TCMK-1 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Mechanistically, we showed that SNHG5 can combine with microRNA-374a-3p (miR-374a-3p), which inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity by targeting TLR4. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that SNHG5 may regulate sepsis-induced AKI via the miR-374a-3p/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, therefore providing a new insight into the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing West Road, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Jilou Wei
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing West Road, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Futai Shang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing West Road, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Kui Zang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing West Road, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing West Road, Huai'an 223300, China
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8
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Yuan F, Lou Z, Zhou Z, Yan X. Long non‑coding RNA KCNQ1OT1 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell cisplatin resistance via the miR‑454/USP47 axis. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:54. [PMID: 33576460 PMCID: PMC7895519 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non‑coding RNAs serve an essential role in drug resistance in various types of cancer, including lung, breast and bladder cancer. The present study aimed to investigate whether KCNQ1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) was associated with cisplatin (DDP) resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). KCNQ1OT1, microRNA (miR)‑454 and ubiquitin specific peptidase 47 (USP47) expression levels were measured via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. 5‑8F/DDP and SUNE‑1/DDP cell viability and chemosensitivity were assessed by performing Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays. Colony forming and Transwell assays were conducted to assess the effect of the KCNQ1OT1/miR‑454/USP47 axis on DDP resistance in NPC cells. The association between miR‑454 and KCNQ1OT1 or USP47 was verified via bioinformatics analysis, dual‑luciferase reporter assays and RIP assays. KCNQ1OT1 and USP47 expression levels were significantly upregulated, whereas miR‑454 expression levels were significantly downregulated in DDP‑resistant NPC cells compared with parental NPC cells. KCNQ1OT1 knockdown promoted chemosensitivity in DDP‑resistant NPC cells (5‑8F/DDP and SUNE‑1/DDP), as indicated by significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in the short hairpin RNA (sh)KCNQ1OT1 group compared with the sh‑negative control (NC) group. Moreover, miR‑454 was identified as a target of KCNQ1OT1. KCNQ1OT1 overexpression significantly reversed miR‑454 overexpression‑mediated effects on NPC cell viability and DDP resistance. Furthermore, the results indicated that miR‑454 directly targeted USP47. Compared with the shNC group, USP47 knockdown significantly suppressed NPC cell viability and DDP resistance, which was significantly reversed by co‑transfection with miR‑454 inhibitor. Furthermore, compared with the shNC group, KCNQ1OT1 knockdown significantly downregulated USP47 expression, which was significantly counteracted by miR‑454 knockdown. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that KCNQ1OT1 enhanced DDP resistance in NPC cells via the miR‑454/USP47 axis, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for patients with DDP‑resistant NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhuji Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing College of Arts and Sciences, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhuji Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing College of Arts and Sciences, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhuji Central Hospital, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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9
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Bim's Effect on the Expression of miR-423-3p in Promoting Primary Hepatic Cancer (PHC) and Role of miR-423-3p in PHC Proliferation and Invasion. Biochem Genet 2021; 59:1247-1259. [PMID: 33770317 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the miR-423-3p expression in primary hepatic cancer (PHC), its effect on cell proliferation, and migration and explored Bcl-2-interacting mediator effect on the role of miR-423-3p in promoting liver cancer. The miR-423-3p expression levels in LC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues were compared, and the relationship between miR-423-3p and clinical pathological characteristics of patients was analyzed. These levels in peripheral blood of LC patients and healthy volunteers were compared, and the diagnostic value of miR-423-3p in LC was analyzed. The miR-423-3p and BCL-2-interacting mediators of cell death (Bim) expression in LC cells SMMC-7721 and Huh-7 were analyzed. The changes of cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis level were evaluated. Furthermore, the association and regulatory relationship between miR-423-3p and Bim were evaluated by dual luciferase report. The miR-423-3p expression level in LC increased, indicating miR-423-3p could be a diagnostic marker for LC. miR-423-3p expression was relatively low in patients with low TNM stage (I-II) and LC with serum AFP level ≤ 20 μg/L, related to the 5-year survival rate of LC patients. The 5-year survival rate of patients with low miR-423-3p expression was dramatically higher than that of those with high miR-423-3p expression. The miR-423-3p can promote proliferation and migration of LC cells and inhibit apoptosis, Bim can inhibit their growth and metastasis, and miR-423-3p can also regulate Bim expression. The miR-423-3p expression level in LC increased and could inhibit Bim to promote the proliferation and invasion of LC cells and inhibit apoptosis.
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Li F, Gu F, Li Q, Zhai C, Gong R, Zhu X. ROR1-AS1 knockdown inhibits growth and invasion and promotes apoptosis in NSCLC cells by suppression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22726. [PMID: 33491326 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The role of ROR1-AS1 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the functional role of ROR1-AS1 in NSCLC and to explore the underlying mechanisms. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay was performed to detect cell proliferation. Transwell assay was performed to evaluate cell invasive ability. Cell apoptotic rates and caspase-3/7 activity were determined to evaluate apoptosis. The expression levels of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins were measured using Western blot analysis. Results showed that ROR1-AS1 expression was upregulated in NSCLC samples. Knockdown of ROR1-AS1 inhibited the viability and invasive ability of NSCLC cells. Knockdown of ROR1-AS1 induced apoptotic rate and caspase-3/7 activity and suppressed xenograft NSCLC tumor growth. In addition, ROR1-AS1 knockdown inhibited the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in NSCLC cells. However, treatment with 740Y-P prevented the effects of si-ROR1-AS1 on viability, invasive ability, and apoptosis of NSCLC cells. These findings implied that ROR1-AS1 played an oncogenic role in NSCLC via regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanshi Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Fengming Gu
- Department of Intensive Care, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanshi Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Chaoshuan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanshi Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanshi Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Xuezhuan Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care, Lianshui People's Hospital Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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11
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Hao YQ, Liu KW, Zhang X, Kang SX, Zhang K, Han W, Li L, Li ZH. GINS2 was regulated by lncRNA XIST/miR-23a-3p to mediate proliferation and apoptosis in A375 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1455-1465. [PMID: 33389496 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma ranks second in aggressive tumors, and the occurrence of metastasis in melanoma results in a persistent drop in the survival rate of patients. Therefore, it is very necessary to find a novel therapeutic method for treating melanoma. It has been reported that lncRNA XIST could promote the tumorigenesis of melanoma. However, the mechanism by which lncRNA XIST regulates the progression of melanoma remains unclear. The proliferation of A375 cells was measured by clonal formation. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell apoptosis and cycle. The level of GINS2, miR-23a-3p, and lncRNA XIST was investigated by qRT-PCR. Protein level was detected by Western blot, and the correctness of prediction results was confirmed by Dual luciferase. In present study, GINS2 and lncRNA XIST were overexpressed in melanoma, while miR-23a-3p was downregulated. Silencing of GINS2 or overexpression of miR-23a-3p reversed cell growth and promoted apoptosis in A375 cells. Mechanically, miR-23a-3p directly targeted GINS2, and XIST regulated GINS2 level though mediated miR-23a-3p. Moreover, XIST exerted its function on cell proliferation, cell viability, and promoted the cell apoptosis of A375 cells though miR-23a-3p/GINS2 axis. LncRNA XIST significantly promoted the tumorigenesis of melanoma via sponging miR-23a-3p and indirectly targeting GINS2, which can be a potential new target for treating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Hao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, 014010, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Mental Health Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Halison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, 053000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Xia Kang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wurihan Han
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Hai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Seo D, Kim D, Chae Y, Kim W. The ceRNA network of lncRNA and miRNA in lung cancer. Genomics Inform 2020; 18:e36. [PMID: 33412752 PMCID: PMC7808869 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2020.18.4.e36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since lung cancer is a major causative for cancer-related deaths, the investigations for discovering biomarkers to diagnose at an early stage and to apply therapeutic strategies have been continuously conducted. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are being exponentially studied as promising biomarkers of lung cancer. Moreover, supportive evidence provides the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network between lncRNAs and miRNAs participating in lung tumorigenesis. This review introduced the oncogenic or tumor-suppressive roles of lncRNAs and miRNAs in lung cancer cells and summarized the involvement of the lncRNA/miRNA ceRNA networks in carcinogenesis and therapeutic resistance of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Seo
- Department of Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea
| | - Dain Kim
- Department of Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Chae
- Department of Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea.,Department of Science Education, Chungbuk Science High School, Cheongju 28189, Korea
| | - Wanyeon Kim
- Department of Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea.,Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea
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13
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Ke R, Lv L, Zhang S, Zhang F, Jiang Y. Functional mechanism and clinical implications of MicroRNA-423 in human cancers. Cancer Med 2020; 9:9036-9051. [PMID: 33174687 PMCID: PMC7724490 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play a vital role in the regulatory mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Current research indicates that microRNA-423 (miR-423) is abnormally expressed in various human tumors and participates in multiple signaling pathways of cancer progression. In most studies, miR-423 was confirmed as oncomiR, while a few contradictory reports considered miR-423 as an anticancer miRNA. The paradoxical role in cancer may hinder the application of miR-423 as a diagnostic and therapeutic target. Simultaneously, the interaction mechanism between miR-423 and lncRNA also needs attention. In this review, we have summarized the dual role of aberrant miR-423 expression and its mechanisms in tumorigenesis, and the therapeutic potential of miR-423 in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiSheng Ke
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,The Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, China
| | - LiZhi Lv
- The Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fuzhou City, China
| | - SiYu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - FuXing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fuzhou City, China
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14
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Lu J, Wu X, Wang L, Li T, Sun L. Long noncoding RNA LINC00467 facilitates the progression of acute myeloid leukemia by targeting the miR-339/SKI pathway. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 62:428-437. [PMID: 33054480 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1832667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in the development and progression of many diseases. It has been reported that lncRNA LINC00467 is disregulated in multiple tumors, while its role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still unknown. Here, we find that LINC00467 expression is significantly increased in AML specimens and cell lines. Further investigations show that knockdown of LINC00467 inhibits the malignant phenotypes of AML cells. Consistently, LINC00467 knockdown slows AML progression in immunodeficient mice. Interestingly, microRNA-339 (miR-339) is upregulated and its target gene SKI, an oncogene, is downregulated in AML cells after LINC00467 knockdown. More importantly, inhibition of miR-339 can largely abolish the effect of LINC00467 knockdown on AML cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that LINC00467 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML by targeting the miR-339/SKI pathway, which provides a new sight for the subsequent treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Hematology, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Hematology, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qingdao Binhai University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Tantan Li
- Department of Hematology, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Hematology, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan, China
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15
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Zhang W, Liu K, Pei Y, Tan J, Ma J, Zhao J. Long Noncoding RNA HIF1A-AS2 Promotes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Progression by the miR-153-5p/S100A14 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8715-8722. [PMID: 32922043 PMCID: PMC7457835 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s262293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) plays a critical role in initiating lung cancer. This study aims to research the function and mechanism of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 in regulating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. Methods qRT-PCR was used to analyze gene expression. The CCK-8 assay was performed to detect cell proliferation. The Transwell assay was conducted to examine cell migration and invasion. A Caspase3 activity detection kit was utilized to analyze apoptosis. The luciferase reporter assay was carried out to research interactions of HIF1A-AS2, miR-153-5p and S100A14. Results HIF1A-AS2 expression was raised in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. The HIF1A-AS2 level was increased in advanced NSCLC tumor tissues. High HIF1A-AS2 expression was related to poor prognosis. HIF1A-AS2 knockdown decreased proliferation, migration and invasion while promoting apoptosis. HIF1A-AS2 was the sponge for miR-153-5p, and miR-153-5p targeted S100A14. HIF1A-AS2 promoted S100A14 expression through regulating miR-153-5p. Conclusion The HIF1A-AS2/miR-153-5p/S100A14 axis plays a crucial role in promoting NSCLC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqiang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Pei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
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16
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Shan QL, Chen NN, Meng GZ, Qu F. Overexpression of lncRNA MT1JP Mediates Apoptosis and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Regulating miR-24-3p. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4715-4724. [PMID: 32606962 PMCID: PMC7308148 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s249582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the effects of the long non-coding (lnc) RNA MT1JP on the apoptosis and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Patients and Methods Patients with liver cancer admitted to the Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng were included in this study. We transfected hepatocellular carcinoma cells with MT1JP and miR-24-3p and assessed their expression and effects on apoptosis and migration. Correlations were verified using a dual-luciferase reporter and RNA-binding protein coimmunoprecipitation. Results The expression of MT1JP was downregulated (P < 0.05), whereas that of miR-24-3p was upregulated in liver cancer. Serum MT1JP levels were correlated with tumor size, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), TNM stage, differentiation, and lymph node metastasis. Both MT1JP overexpression and miR-24-3p inhibition inhibited cellular proliferation and migration and increased apoptosis rates. They significantly downregulated expression of the cell migration-associated proteins matrix metalloproteinase -2, -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9) (P < 0.05). They upregulated the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax) and cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinases (Caspase-3 and -9) proteins that are involved in apoptosis. They decreased expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2; P < 0.05). A target relationship between MT1JP and miR-24-3p was identified using dual-luciferase gene reporter assays and RNA-binding protein coimmunoprecipitations. MT1JP overexpression significantly downregulated miR-24-3p expression (P < 0.05). MT1JP and miR-24-3p expression were negatively correlated in liver cancer tissues (r = −0.561, P < 0.001; Pearson χ2 tests). Rescue experiments showed that upregulating miR-24-3p expression could counteract MT1JP overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Conclusion MT1JP, even when expressed at low levels, participates in the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of liver cancer cells by regulating miR-24-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Li Shan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Ning Chen
- College of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Zhi Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Qu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wu J, Qian D, Sun X. Long noncoding RNAs as potential biomarkers in retinoblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:201. [PMID: 32514246 PMCID: PMC7257223 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant rare intraocular tumor of childhood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported participating in its progression, but their significance remains inconclusive. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to explore specific lncRNA biomarker in patients with retinoblastoma. Materials and methods Eligible articles were searched from the Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane library. Hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were extracted or calculated to evaluate the relationship between lncRNAs and retinoblastoma. The meta-analysis part was conducted with STATA v.15 software. Results A total of 9 articles with 834 retinoblastoma patients are yielded. Heterogeneity among HRs of overall survival (OS) is notably high (I2 = 91.3%, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis suggests that elevated expression of lncRNA BDNF-AS and MT1JP are favorable factors in OS (pooled HR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.72-2.07, I2 = 0%). Six articles included optic nerve invasion as a clinicopathological outcome and showed a notable correlation (pooled HR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.26-3.50, I2 = 0.0%). We validate our analysis via the public dataset and also sum up the studies of lncRNA BDNF-AS and MT1JP in other cancers. Conclusion Differential expression of lncRNAs has been reported in retinoblastoma. Some of them showed potential in retinoblastoma prognosis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Dashi Qian
- Department of Translation and Interpreting, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Foreign Language, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, 200080 China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, 200080 China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080 China.,Shanghai engineering center for precise diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases, Shanghai, 200080 China
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18
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Ouyang Q, Cui Y, Yang S, Wei W, Zhang M, Zeng J, Qu F. lncRNA MT1JP Suppresses Biological Activities of Breast Cancer Cells in vitro and in vivo by Regulating the miRNA-214/RUNX3 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5033-5046. [PMID: 32581560 PMCID: PMC7280253 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s241503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of our research was to evaluate MT1JP in breast cancer. Material and Methods For clinical purpose, tissues were collected, and a correlation analysis ofMT1JP and miRNA-214 gene expressions was conducted. Using an in vitro study, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines were used as research objects in our research. Colony, flow cytometry, TUNEL, transwell, adhesion and wound healing assay were used to discuss the biological activities of the cells. In an in vivo study, tumor weight and volume were measured, and cell apoptosis was measured by TUNEL assay. The relative mechanism's proteins were evaluated by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry assay. Results Compared with adjacent tissues, MT1JP and miRNA-214 gene expressions were significantly different (P<0.001, respectively). By in vitro and in vivo studies, the biological activities of the cells were significantly decreased in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines with MT1JP overexpression. The relative mechanism was correlated with miRNA-214/RUNX3 axis. Conclusion The overexpression of MT1JP suppresses the biological activities of breast cancer cells by regulation miRNA-214/RUNX3 axis in vitro and vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Ouyang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Jiangxi, China Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Breast Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Cui
- Department of Physiology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixin Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Jiangxi, China Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Breast Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensong Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Jiangxi, China Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Breast Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Jiangxi, China Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Breast Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, People's Republic of China
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