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Cui A, Liu H, Liu X, Zhang M, Xiao B, Wang B, Yang J. Steroidal saponins: Natural compounds with the potential to reverse tumor drug resistance (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 28:585. [PMID: 39421314 PMCID: PMC11484340 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Steroidal saponins are a type of natural product that have been widely used in Chinese herbal medicine, with a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects. Cancer has become a growing global health problem, and drug therapy is currently the most important clinical antitumor treatment. However, drug resistance is a major obstacle to the effectiveness of chemotherapy, resulting in >90% of deaths of patients with cancer receiving conventional chemotherapy. It has been found that steroidal saponins may exert an effect on the reversal of drug resistance in tumor cells by regulating apoptosis, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and drug efflux through multiple related signaling pathways. The present study reviews the role and mechanism of steroidal saponins in the treatment of tumor drug resistance, aiming to provide a scientific basis and research ideas for the future development and clinical application of natural steroidal saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Cui
- The Clinical Medicine Research Center of The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Antitumor Effects of Natural Products, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Hai Liu
- The Clinical Medicine Research Center of The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- The Clinical Medicine Research Center of The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Antitumor Effects of Natural Products, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Minhong Zhang
- The Clinical Medicine Research Center of The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Bang Xiao
- The Clinical Medicine Research Center of The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Antitumor Effects of Natural Products, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Biao Wang
- The Clinical Medicine Research Center of The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiong Yang
- The Clinical Medicine Research Center of The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Antitumor Effects of Natural Products, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Osteoporosis Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
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Tian H, Zhao F, Yue BS, Zhai BT. Combinational Antitumor Strategies Based on the Active Ingredients of Toad Skin and Toad Venom. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3549-3594. [PMID: 39139676 PMCID: PMC11321342 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s469832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A multidrug combination strategy is an important mean to improve the treatment of cancer and is the mainstream scheme of clinical cancer treatment. The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, represented by toad skin and toad venom, have the advantages of high efficiency, low toxicity, wide action and multiple targets and have become ideal targets in combined treatment strategies for tumors in recent years. Toad skin and toad venom are traditional Chinese animal medicines derived from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus Schneider that have shown excellent therapeutic effects on the treatment of various cancers and cancer pain as adjuvant antitumor drugs in clinical practice. The involved mechanisms include inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle, inhibiting cell proliferation, migration and invasion, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, reversing the multidrug resistance of tumor cells, and regulating multiple signaling pathways and targets. Moreover, a multidrug combination strategy based on a nanodelivery system can realize the precise loading of the active ingredients of toad skin or toad venom and other antitumor drugs and carry drugs to overcome physiological and pathological barriers, complete efficient enrichment in tumor tissues, and achieve targeted delivery to tumor cells and the controlled release of drugs, thus enhancing antitumor efficacy and reducing toxicity and side effects. This article reviewed the clinical efficacy and safety of the combination of toad skin and toad venom with chemotherapeutic drugs, targeted drugs, analgesics and other drugs; evaluated the effects and mechanisms of the combination of toad skin and toad venom with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy or hyperthermia, traditional Chinese medicine, signaling pathway inhibitors and other therapies in cell and animal models; and summarized the codelivery strategies for the active ingredients of toad skin and toad venom with chemotherapeutic drugs, small-molecule targeted drugs, monoclonal antibodies, active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, and photodynamic and photothermal therapeutic drugs to provide a basis for the rational drug use of toad skin and toad venom in the clinic and the development of novel drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Sen Yue
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing-Tao Zhai
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang X, Zhao X, Liu K, Che Y, Qiu X, Qu Y, Sun X, Song J. Bufalin: A Systematic Review of Research Hotspots and Antitumor Mechanisms by Text Mining and Bioinformatics. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1633-1650. [PMID: 33148004 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bufalin is an anticancer drug extract from traditional Chinese medicine. Several articles about bufalin have been published. However, the literature on bufalin has not yet been systematically studied. This study aimed to identify the study status and knowledge structures of bufalin and to summarize the antitumor mechanism. Data were retrieved and downloaded from the PubMed database. The softwares of BICOMB, gCLUTO, Ucinet 6.0, and NetDraw2.084 were used to analyze these publications. The bufalin related genes were recognized and tagged by ABNER software. Then these BF-related genes were performed by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. A total of 474 papers met the search criteria from 2000 to 2019. By biclustering clustering analysis, the 50 high-frequency main MeSH terms/subheadings were classified into 5 clusters. The clusters of drug therapy and the mechanism of bufalin were hotspot topics. A total of 50 genes were identified as BF-related genes. PPI network analysis showed that inducing apoptosis was the main effect of bufalin, and apoptosis-related gene Caspase 3 was the most reported by people. Bufalin could inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells through multiple signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT, Hedgehog, MAPK/JNK, Wnt/[Formula: see text]-catenin, TGF-[Formula: see text]/Smad, Integrin signaling pathway, and NF-KB signaling pathway via KEGG analysis. Through the quantitative analysis of bufalin literature, we revealed the research status and hot spots in this field and provided some guidance for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Dalian Dermatology Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Liu
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Che
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xun Qiu
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Qu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhua Sun
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
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