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Markoutsas D, Tzavoulis D, Tsoukalos G, Ioannidis I. Embolisation of a high - flow renal arteriovenous fistula with the use of simultaneous transvenous and transarterial approach and balloon-assisted coil embolization. CVIR Endovasc 2024; 7:37. [PMID: 38639830 PMCID: PMC11031547 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-024-00451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal arteriovenous fistula (RAVF) is a rare vascular malformation, which can be asymptomatic or may cause hemorrhage, hypokalaemic hypertension, heart failure and hematuria. Endovascular embolization is a minimally invasive method which can preserve renal parenchyma. In our case, balloon assisted coil embolization with simultaneous transvenous and transarterial approach was used. A remodelling balloon, which is routinely used in neurovascular procedures, was chosen in order to eliminate the risk of coil migration and preserve feeding artery and renal parenchyma. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of successful balloon - assisted coil embolization of a high flow renal arteriovenous fistula in a 25-year-old male patient via simultaneous transarterial and transvenous approach with preservation of the feeding artery. CONCLUSION Endovascular embolisation is a safe and effective treatment of RAVFs with low risk of complications. Simultaneous transarterial and transvenous coil deployment with the use of a flow control balloon catheter can eliminate the risk of coil migration and coil protrusion into the parent artery with permanent RAVF occlusion and renal parenchyma preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Markoutsas
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Athens Naval Hospital, 70 Dinokratous Str., Athens, 11521, Greece.
| | - D Tzavoulis
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Hygeia Hospital, 4 Erithrou Stavrou Str., Marousi, Athens, 15223, Greece
| | - G Tsoukalos
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Athens Naval Hospital, 70 Dinokratous Str., Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - I Ioannidis
- Radiology Department, Larissa University Hospital, Mezourlo Area, Larissa, 41110, Greece
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Oyama M, Tamura H, Hidaka Y, Furuie K, Kuraoka S. Renal arteriovenous fistula discovered ~2 years after renal biopsy: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7538. [PMID: 37334343 PMCID: PMC10276242 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Although percutaneous renal biopsy is considered safe, this invasive procedure has complications such as renal arteriovenous fistula (RAVF). Even if complications such as RAVFs are not observed early after renal biopsy, considering the possibility of delayed renal hemorrhage, follow-up with ultrasound after renal biopsy even in asymptomatic cases could be important. Abstract Although percutaneous renal biopsy is considered safe, this invasive procedure can lead to complications such as renal arteriovenous fistula (RAVF). RAVF occurs when some arteries and veins communicate in the absence of capillaries in the renal hilum or renal parenchyma. It was previously thought to be relatively rare; however, with advances in imaging diagnostics, it is sometimes found asymptomatically. In addition, renal biopsy is the most common cause of acquired RAVF. In this case, RAVF was discovered 2 years after renal biopsy. Late-onset RAVF is scarce. This case highlights that even if complications such as RAVFs are not observed early after renal biopsy, considering the possibility of delayed RAVF, follow-up with ultrasound could be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Oyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yuko Hidaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Keishiro Furuie
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Shohei Kuraoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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Renal arteriovenous fistula complicated with malignant hypertension: a case report. J Hypertens 2022; 40:2076-2080. [PMID: 36052528 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Renal arteriovenous fistula (RAVF) is a rare vascular disease and is usually presented with severe hypertension. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation was proposed to play a key role in RAVF-induced hypertension but the data was inconsistent. We reported a case of RAVF presented as malignant hypertension, which was detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and successfully managed by interventional embolization. A 35-year-old male was presented with a headache and blurred vision. His blood pressure was up to 220/110 mmHg, with significantly elevated serum creatinine and proteinuria. Hypertensive target organ impairments were noted. A RAVF was detected by contrast-enhanced renal ultrasonography. He underwent renal artery angiography and renal arteriovenous fistula embolization. RAAS activation was also evaluated by separate renal vein sampling. The patient's blood pressure and target-organ damage improved after RAVF embolization and blood pressure control. This is a rare case of renal arteriovenous fistula with malignant hypertension. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can be useful for diagnosis.
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Becker LS, Hinrichs JB. Fogarty-assisted transcatheter embolization of a large renal high-flow arteriovenous fistula. CVIR Endovasc 2022; 5:19. [PMID: 35389109 PMCID: PMC8991269 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-022-00295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal high-flow arteriovenous fistulas and its complications may involve high output heart failure, hematuria, hypertension or lethal hemorrhage. Case presentation This case report covers the case of a 65-year-old male patient with a large renal high-flow arteriovenous fistula of the right kidney (RAVF), treated with balloon-assisted coil and liquid (n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate) embolization. By use of ballon-occlusion with an over-the-wire Fogarty catheter and advancement of a microcatheter through the lumen distal to the balloon during the transcatheter embolization of a high-flow RAVF, control of arterial blood flow is feasible by temporary occlusion of the afferent artery. This technique of flow modulation facilitates controlled deployment of embolization materials and decreases the risk of inadvertent distal embolization by use of only one 6-French (F) arterial sheath. Conclusions Balloon-assisted embolization using a Fogarty occlusion catheter represents a feasible, safe and effective treatment option for the treatment of large, high-flow arteriovenous fistulas of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena S Becker
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan B Hinrichs
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Percutaneous transcatheter super-selective renal arterial embolization with N -butyl cyanoacrylate for iatrogenic renal hemorrhage. J Interv Med 2022; 5:200-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jimed.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ultrasound diagnosis of renal arteriovenous malformation in a young adult: An underrecognized cause of recurrent haematuria. SONOGRAPHY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sono.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Balcı AB, Sanrı US, Özsin KK, Tatlı AB, Özyazıcıoğlu AF, Yavuz Ş. Early period results of radiofrequency ablation and cyanoacrylate embolization for great saphenous vein insufficiency. Vascular 2021; 30:771-778. [PMID: 34116619 DOI: 10.1177/17085381211026154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the 6 months efficacy and safety of cyanoacrylate closure for the treatment of incompetent great saphenous veins (GSVs) in comparison with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). METHODS In this multicenter, retrospective, clinical trial, 398 symptomatic subjects with incompetent GSVs were assigned to either cyanoacrylate closure or RFA. The primary endpoint, complete closure of the target GSV, was determined using duplex ultrasound examination starting from one-, three-, and six-month visits. RESULTS All patients were followed for 6 months and there was no difference between the groups in terms of mean follow-up time. Hospital stay and return to work/activity were shorter in the cyanoacrylate ablation (CAA) group, and these differences between the groups were statistically significant. Ecchymosis was observed higher in the RFA group and was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In this study, in which we examined the CAA and RFA methods, we found that both methods were effective and reliable; however, we found that patients in the CAA group had a more comfortable postoperative period and returned to work earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah B Balcı
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Şırnak State Hospital, Şırnak, Turkey
| | - Umut S Sanrı
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 147003Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Kadir K Özsin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 147003Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet B Tatlı
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 584778Bursa City Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet F Özyazıcıoğlu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 147003Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Şenol Yavuz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 147003Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Bursa, Turkey
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Singh M, Varela CE, Whyte W, Horvath MA, Tan NCS, Ong CB, Liang P, Schermerhorn ML, Roche ET, Steele TWJ. Minimally invasive electroceutical catheter for endoluminal defect sealing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf6855. [PMID: 33811080 PMCID: PMC11057783 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surgical repair of lumen defects is associated with periprocedural morbidity and mortality. Endovascular repair with tissue adhesives may reduce host tissue damage, but current bioadhesive designs do not support minimally invasive deployment. Voltage-activated tissue adhesives offer a new strategy for endoluminal repair. To facilitate the clinical translation of voltage-activated adhesives, an electroceutical patch (ePATCH) paired with a minimally invasive catheter with retractable electrodes (CATRE) is challenged against the repair of in vivo and ex vivo lumen defects. The ePATCH/CATRE platform demonstrates the sealing of lumen defects up to 2 millimeters in diameter on wet tissue substrates. Water-tight seals are flexible and resilient, withstanding over 20,000 physiological relevant stress/strain cycles. No disruption to electrical signals was observed when the ePATCH was electrically activated on the beating heart. The ePATCH/CATRE platform has diverse potential applications ranging from endovascular treatment of pseudo-aneurysms/fistulas to bioelectrodes toward electrophysiological mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine (NNIN), Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Claudia E Varela
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William Whyte
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus A Horvath
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nigel C S Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chee Bing Ong
- Histopathology/Advanced Molecular Pathology Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Patric Liang
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marc L Schermerhorn
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ellen T Roche
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Terry W J Steele
- NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine (NNIN), Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Belczak SQ, Pedroso GD, Atihe LF, Vilela ABF, Melice RS, Benedito C, Marques GG. Renal arteriovenous fistula after renal biopsy: a case report and literature review. J Vasc Bras 2019; 18:e20180112. [PMID: 31258554 PMCID: PMC6582767 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.011218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired renal arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are rare conditions in which an anomalous connection arises between the arterial and venous systems. Renal AVFs can be classified into three main groups: idiopathic, congenital, and acquired, the last of which are the most common. Incidence has been increasing, due to the growing number of renal biopsies. Although the renal biopsy procedure is relatively safe nowadays, one possible complication is formation of an AVF in the renal vascular territory. Treatment of renal AVF is widely discussed in the literature and a variety of treatment methods can be employed. We report a case of arteriovenous fistula after renal biopsy that was successfully treated with endovascular coil embolization.
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Isom N, Masoomi R, Alli A, Gupta K. Congenital Renal Arteriovenous Malformation: A Rare but Treatable Cause of Hypertension. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:314-317. [PMID: 30852581 PMCID: PMC6698062 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.912727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital renal vascular anomalies have been classified into 3 categories: cirsoid, angiomatous, and aneurysmal. These classifications are based on the size, location, and number of vessels involved. Aneurysmal malformations, such as the one reported here, have a single (and dilated) feeding and draining vessel. The prevalence of renal AVMs is estimated at less than 0.04%, making them rare causes of secondary hypertension. CASE REPORT A 29-year-old white woman was seen in the hypertension clinic as a referral from high-risk obstetric clinic for management of hypertension (HTN). A secondary hypertension workup with Doppler waveforms of the renal arteries revealed prominent diastolic flow in the left compared to the right. For confirmation, an MRA was done, which showed a large left renal upper-pole arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with associated vascular shunting and early opacification of the left renal vein. This congenital AVM was identified as the cause of her hypertension. Angiography and coil embolization were performed. The patient's BP normalized within a few days and she was taken off her antihypertensive medications. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates that a careful review of duplex waveforms beyond just peak velocity and ratios is important to identify uncommon pathologies. This is important, as renal AVMs respond well to embolization, with resolution of hypertension in 59% of patients treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Isom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Reza Masoomi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Adam Alli
- Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kamal Gupta
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Li HB, Zhang J, Li XM, Zhou SY, Niu CQ, Liu ZY, Lu LG. Clinical efficacy of absolute ethanol combined with n-butyl cyanoacrylate sclerotherapy in the treatment of Puig's classified advanced venous malformation in children. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:1276-1281. [PMID: 30680003 PMCID: PMC6327634 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present retrospective study was to investigate the clinical safety and efficacy of absolute ethanol combined with n-butyl cyanoacrylate sclerotherapy in the treatment of Puig's classified advanced venous malformation. Sclerotherapy was performed in 121 children (52 males and 69 females; age range, 5 months to 16 years) with venous malformations under general anesthesia between April 2009 and October 2014 at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China. The patients with venous malformations were diagnosed and classified according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. According to the characteristics of intraoperative percutaneous angiography, 21 patient cases (9 males and 12 females; age range, 6 months to 14 years) were classified as advanced Puig's venous malformation. These 21 patients were treated with absolute ethanol combined with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. The patients were followed-up for 6–24 months (average, 15 months) after treatment. Following treatment with absolute ethanol combined with n-butyl cyanoacrylate, 15 cases were controlled and the total effective rate was 71% (15/21). However, 1 patient developed skin ulcerations, which was classed as a minor complication, 1 patient developed ectopic embolism caused by n-butyl cyanoacrylate reflux, and 1 patient developed transient pulmonary hypertension, the latter two complications were classified as major. Notably, the incidence rate of minor and major complications were 14.3%. To conclude, the present findings indicated that absolute ethanol combined with n-butyl cyanoacrylate sclerotherapy was a safe and effective method with a low complication rate in the treatment of Puig's classified advanced venous malformation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated South China Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical Univercity, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical Univercity, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Yi Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical Univercity, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Qiang Niu
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical Univercity, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yin Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical Univercity, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Li-Gong Lu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated South China Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Yang GK, Parapini M, Gagnon J, Chen JC. Comparison of cyanoacrylate embolization and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of varicose veins. Phlebology 2018; 34:278-283. [PMID: 30114987 DOI: 10.1177/0268355518794105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review clinical outcomes of varicose vein patients treated with cyanoacrylate embolization and radiofrequency ablation at our institution. METHODS A retrospective review of patients who underwent cyanoacrylate embolization and radiofrequency ablation during a three-year period. Patient records were reviewed to assess demographics, location and severity of disease, treatment details and outcome at short- and mid-term follow-ups. Outcome parameters included treatment success and complications. RESULTS Between January 2014 and December 2016, 335 patients with 476 veins were treated with either cyanoacrylate embolization (n = 148) or radiofrequency ablation (n = 328) at the Vancouver General Hospital Vascular Surgery Vein Clinic. The average age of patients were 57 ± 1 years with the majority being female (78%) and an average BMI of 24.8 ± 0.5. CEAP classes were 2 (49%), 3 (26%), 4a (22%) and >4b (3%). Of the veins treated with cyanoacrylate embolization, the vein types were as follows: 76% were great saphenous vein, 16% were small saphenous vein, 5% were anterior accessory great saphenous vein and 1.4% were perforator veins. The vein types for radiofrequency ablation were 88%, 9%, 3% and 0%, respectively. The average amount of cyanoacrylate embolization delivered for great saphenous vein treatment was 1.8 ± 0.1 ml with a treatment length of 43 ± 1 cm. Subgroup comparison was done for great saphenous vein segments. Treatment success was 100% in cyanoacrylate embolization and 99% in radiofrequency ablation. Superficial phlebitis was the most common complication noted at mid-term follow-up in 5% of cyanoacrylate embolization and 16% of radiofrequency ablation treatments (P < 0.05). One patient in each group had asymptomatic proximal thrombus extension treated with anticoagulation for 2-3 weeks. Three superficial infections from glue clumps were noted in the cyanoacrylate embolization group requiring excision and drainage. Five patients in the radiofrequency ablation group had persistent numbness and one wound complications at the access site. CONCLUSION Cyanoacrylate embolization offers equivalent success rates with lower mid-term complication rates as radiofrequency ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Yang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marina Parapini
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joel Gagnon
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jerry C Chen
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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