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Yin Y, Xie X, Zhou L, Yin X, Guo S, Zhou X, Li Q, Shi X, Peng C, Gao J. A chromosome-scale genome assembly of turmeric provides insights into curcumin biosynthesis and tuber formation mechanism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1003835. [PMID: 36226278 PMCID: PMC9549246 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1003835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Curcuma longa, known as the 'golden spice' and 'life spice', is one of the most commonly utilized spices in the world and also has medicinal, cosmetic, dye and flavoring values. Herein, we present the chromosomal-level genome for turmeric to explore the differences between tubers and rhizomes in the regulation of curcumin biosynthesis and the mechanism of tuber formation. We assembled the turmeric genome into 21 pseudochromosomes using Pacbio long reads complemented with Hi-C technologies, which has a total length of 1.11 Gb with scaffold N50 of 50.12 Mb and contains 49,612 protein-coding genes. Genomic evolutionary analysis indicated that turmeric and ginger have shared a recent WGD event. Contraction analysis of gene families showed possible roles for transcription factors, phytohormone signaling, and plant-pathogen interactions associated genes in adaptation to harsh environments. Transcriptomic data from tubers at different developmental stages indicated that candidate genes related to phytohormone signaling and carbohydrate metabolic responses may be associated with the induction of tuber formation. The difference in curcumin content between rhizomes and tubers reflected the remodeling of secondary metabolites under environmental stress, which was associated with plant defense in response to abiotic stresses. Overall, the availability of the C. longa genome provides insight into tuber formation and curcumin biosynthesis in turmeric as well as facilitating the understanding of other Curcuma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianmei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianjian Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Innovation Research of Chinese Materia Medica, Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingmiao Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Innovation Research of Chinese Materia Medica, Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jihai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Liu PG, Xu ZL, Zhu Y, Lin TB, Lv ZQ, Yang S, Wang JW, Hu WJ, Chen L, Wei J. Integrative Analyses of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics in Sex Differentiation of Mulberry Flowers. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:881090. [PMID: 35601834 PMCID: PMC9117626 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.881090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination and sex differentiation of plants are important physiological processes of plant development. Mulberry (Morus indica L.) is an important economic tree being cultivated in sericulture countries, and mulberry leaf is commonly used for sericulture. The transcriptomic and metabolomic differences between the staminate flowers (SFs) and pistillate flowers (PFs) of mulberry were investigated by RNA sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Overall, we uncovered 4,230 genes and 209 metabolites are significantly differentially expressed between the SFs and PFs of mulberry. The combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) are involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and starch and sucrose metabolism, and these detected DEGs and DEMs may be associated with sex differentiation of mulberry through the regulation of the enrichment pathways, such as the MAPK pathway, flavonoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and starch and sucrose metabolism. This study will provide a rich source for the analysis of the molecular mechanism of mulberry sex differentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Gang Liu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Long Xu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Bao Lin
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Lv
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin-Wang Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jun Hu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Wei,
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Strictosidine synthase, an indispensable enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole and β-carboline alkaloids. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:591-607. [PMID: 34419259 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoid indole (TIAs) and β-carboline alkaloids (BCAs), such as suppressant reserpine, vasodilatory yohimbine, and antimalarial quinine, are natural compounds derived from strictosidine. These compounds can exert powerful pharmacological effects but be obtained from limited source in nature. the whole biosynthetic pathway of TIAs and BCAs, The Pictet-Spengler reaction catalyzed by strictosidine synthase (STR; EC: 4.3.3.2) is the rate-limiting step. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate their biosynthesis pathways, especially the role of STR, and related findings will support the biosynthetic generation of natural and unnatural compounds. This review summarizes the latest studies concerning the function of STR in TIA and BCA biosynthesis, and illustrates the compounds derived from strictosidine. The substrate specificity of STR based on its structure is also summarized. Proteins that contain six-bladed four-stranded β-propeller folds in many organisms, other than plants, are listed. The presence of these folds may lead to similar functions among organisms. The expression of STR gene can greatly influence the production of many compounds. STR is mainly applied to product various valuable drugs in plant cell suspension culture and biosynthesis in other carriers.
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Cruz-Valderrama JE, Bernal-Gallardo JJ, Herrera-Ubaldo H, de Folter S. Building a Flower: The Influence of Cell Wall Composition on Flower Development and Reproduction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070978. [PMID: 34206830 PMCID: PMC8304806 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral patterning is a complex task. Various organs and tissues must be formed to fulfill reproductive functions. Flower development has been studied, mainly looking for master regulators. However, downstream changes such as the cell wall composition are relevant since they allow cells to divide, differentiate, and grow. In this review, we focus on the main components of the primary cell wall-cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins-to describe how enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, modifications, and degradation of cell wall components are related to the formation of the floral organs. Additionally, internal and external stimuli participate in the genetic regulation that modulates the activity of cell wall remodeling proteins.
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Bansal A, Salaria M, Sharma T, Stobdan T, Kant A. Comparative de novo transcriptome analysis of male and female Sea buckthorn. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:96. [PMID: 29430358 PMCID: PMC5796948 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea buckthorn is a dioecious medicinal plant found at high altitude. The plant has both male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals. In this article, whole transcriptome de novo assemblies of male and female flower bud samples were carried out using Illumina NextSeq 500 platform to determine the role of the genes involved in sex determination. Moreover, genes with differential expression in male and female transcriptomes were identified to understand the underlying sex determination mechanism. The current study showed 63,904 and 62,272 coding sequences (CDS) in female and male transcriptome data sets, respectively. 16,831 common CDS were screened out from both transcriptomes, out of which 625 were upregulated and 491 were found to be downregulated. To understand the potential regulatory roles of differentially expressed genes in metabolic networks and biosynthetic pathways: KEGG mapping, gene ontology, and co-expression network analysis were performed. Comparison with Flowering Interactive Database (FLOR-ID) resulted in eight differentially expressed genes viz. CHD3-type chromatin-remodeling factor PICKLE (PKL), phytochrome-associated serine/threonine-protein phosphatase (FYPP), protein TOPLESS (TPL), sensitive to freezing 6 (SFR6), lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 homolog 1 (LDL1), pre-mRNA-processing-splicing factor 8A (PRP8A), sucrose synthase 4 (SUS4), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 12 (UBP12), known to be broadly involved in flowering, photoperiodism, embryo development, and cold response pathways. Male and female flower bud transcriptome data of Sea buckthorn may provide comprehensive information at genomic level for the identification of genetic regulation involved in sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234 India
| | - Mehul Salaria
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234 India
| | - Tashil Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234 India
| | - Tsering Stobdan
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence R&D Organisation, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Anil Kant
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234 India
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Hu L, He H, Zhu C, Peng X, Fu J, He X, Chen X, Ouyang L, Bian J, Liu S. Genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of the chalcone synthase gene family in rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:95-105. [PMID: 27878652 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes of the chalcone synthase family are also known as type III polyketide synthases (PKS), and produce a series of secondary metabolites in bacteria, fungi and plants. In a number of plants, genes encoding PKS comprise a large multigene family. Currently, detailed reports on rice (Oryza sativa) PKS (OsPKS) family genes and tissue expression profiling are limited. Here, 27 candidate OsPKS genes were identified in the rice genome,and 23 gene structures were confirmed by EST and cDNA sequencing; phylogenetic analysis has indicated that these 23 OsPKS members could be clustered into three groups (I-III). Comparative analysis has shown OsPKS08 and OsPKS26 could be classified with the CHS genes of other species. Two members OsPKS10 and OsPKS21 were grouped into anther specific chalcone synthase-like (ASCL) clade. Intron/exon structure analysis revealed that nearly all of the OsPKS members contained one phase-1 intron at a conserved Cys. Analysis of chromosomal localization and genome distribution showed that some of the members were distributed on a chromosome as a cluster. Expression data exhibited widespread distribution of the rice OsPKS gene family within plant tissues, suggesting functional diversification of the OsPKS genes. Our results will contribute to future study of the complexity of the OsPKS gene family in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
- Collaboration Center for Double Cropping Rice Modernization Production, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Haohua He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
- Collaboration Center for Double Cropping Rice Modernization Production, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Changlan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaosong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
| | - Junru Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaopeng He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
| | - Linjuan Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
| | - Jianmin Bian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nangchang, 330045, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- School of Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
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7
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Genome-wide identification and transcriptional expression analysis of chalcone synthase in flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Zemp N, Tavares R, Widmer A. Fungal Infection Induces Sex-Specific Transcriptional Changes and Alters Sexual Dimorphism in the Dioecious Plant Silene latifolia. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005536. [PMID: 26448481 PMCID: PMC4598173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism, including differences in morphology, behavior and physiology between females and males, is widespread in animals and plants and is shaped by gene expression differences between the sexes. Such expression differences may also underlie sex-specific responses of hosts to pathogen infections, most notably when pathogens induce partial sex reversal in infected hosts. The genetic changes associated with sex-specific responses to pathogen infections on the one hand, and sexual dimorphism on the other hand, remain poorly understood. The dioecious White Campion (Silene latifolia) displays sexual dimorphism in floral traits and infection with the smut fungus Micobrotryum lychnidis-dioicae induces a partial sex reversal in females. We find strong sex-specific responses to pathogen infection and reduced sexual dimorphism in infected S. latifolia. This provides a direct link between pathogen-mediated changes in sex-biased gene expression and altered sexual dimorphism in the host. Expression changes following infection affected mainly genes with male-biased expression in healthy plants. In females, these genes were up-regulated, leading to a masculinization of the transcriptome. In contrast, infection in males was associated with down-regulation of these genes, leading to a demasculinization of the transcriptome. To a lesser extent, genes with female-biased expression in healthy plants were also affected in opposite directions in the two sexes. These genes were overall down-regulated in females and up-regulated in males, causing, respectively, a defeminization in infected females and a feminization of the transcriptome in infected males. Our results reveal strong sex-specific responses to pathogen infection in a dioecious plant and provide a link between pathogen-induced changes in sex-biased gene expression and sexual dimorphism. Females and males differ from each other in many traits, including morphology, behavior and physiology. Differences in gene expression between the sexes, known as sex-biased gene expression, contribute to such sexual dimorphism. Here we characterize the responses of females and males of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia to infection with the anther smut fungus Micobrotryum lychnidis-dioicae. This fungus sterilizes the plant and induces a partial sex reversal in female hosts that form rudimentary stamens, thus allowing the fungus to transmit its spores via pollinators. Our comparisons of gene expression in healthy and infected plants reveal strong sex-specific responses to anther smut infection. Expression changes in females and males are in opposite directions and are associated with reduced sexual dimorphism between infected females and males. Our study reveals that infection with the anther smut fungus alters the extent of sex-biased gene expression in S. latifolia in a sex-specific manner and highlights how transcriptomic changes in females and males shape sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklaus Zemp
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Tavares
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR 5558), CNRS / Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Size Does Matter: Staging of Silene latifolia Floral Buds for Transcriptome Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22027-45. [PMID: 26378529 PMCID: PMC4613295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioecious plants in the Caryophyllaceae family are susceptible to infection by members of the anthericolous smut fungi. In our studies of the Silene latifolia/Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae pathosystem, we were interested in characterizing the plant-pathogen interaction at the molecular level before and during teliosporogenesis. This takes place during floral bud development, and we hoped to capture the interaction by Illumina Next-Gen RNA-Sequencing. Using previous literature that documented the stages of the floral buds for S. latifolia, we examined the floral buds from plants grown and infected under growth chamber conditions, using the disserting microscope to determine the stage of floral buds based on the morphology. We compiled the information and determined the size of floral buds that correspond to the desired stages of development for tissue collection, for the purpose of RNA-sequencing. This offers a practical approach for researchers who require a large number of floral buds/tissue categorized by stages of development, ascertaining whether infected/uninfected buds are at comparable stages of development and whether this also holds true for male vs. female buds. We also document our experience in infecting the plants and some of the unusual morphologies we observed after infection.
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Budahn H, Barański R, Grzebelus D, Kiełkowska A, Straka P, Metge K, Linke B, Nothnagel T. Mapping genes governing flower architecture and pollen development in a double mutant population of carrot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:504. [PMID: 25339960 PMCID: PMC4189388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A linkage map of carrot (Daucus carota L.) was developed in order to study reproductive traits. The F2 mapping population derived from an initial cross between a yellow leaf (yel) chlorophyll mutant and a compressed lamina (cola) mutant with unique flower defects of the sporophytic parts of male and female organs. The genetic map has a total length of 781 cM and included 285 loci. The length of the nine linkage groups (LGs) ranged between 65 and 145 cM. All LGs have been anchored to the reference map. The objective of this study was the generation of a well-saturated linkage map of D. carota. Mapping of the cola-locus associated with flower development and fertility was successfully demonstrated. Two MADS-box genes (DcMADS3, DcMADS5) with prominent roles in flowering and reproduction as well as three additional genes (DcAOX2a, DcAOX2b, DcCHS2) with further importance for male reproduction were assigned to different loci that did not co-segregate with the cola-locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Budahn
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
| | - Rafał Barański
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Faculty of Horticulture, University of AgricultureKraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzebelus
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Faculty of Horticulture, University of AgricultureKraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kiełkowska
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Faculty of Horticulture, University of AgricultureKraków, Poland
| | - Petra Straka
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
| | - Kai Metge
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Linke
- Department of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Nothnagel
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
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Chromosomal variations in Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, an actively evolving dioecious cucurbit exhibiting floral plymorphism. THE NUCLEUS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-014-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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12
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Zemp N, Minder A, Widmer A. Identification of internal reference genes for gene expression normalization between the two sexes in dioecious white Campion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92893. [PMID: 24675788 PMCID: PMC3968030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR is a precise and efficient method for studying gene expression changes between two states of interest, and is frequently used for validating interesting gene expression patterns in candidate genes initially identified in genome-wide expression analyses, such as RNA-seq experiments. For an adequate normalisation of qRT-PCR data, it is essential to have reference genes available whose expression intensities are constant among the different states of interest. In this study we present and validate a catalogue of traditional and newly identified reference genes that were selected from RNA-seq data from multiple individuals from the dioecious plant Silene latifolia with the aim of studying gene expression differences between the two sexes in both reproductive and vegetative tissues. The catalogue contains more than 15 reference genes with both stable expression intensities and a range of expression intensities in flower buds and leaf tissues. These reference genes were used to normalize expression differences between reproductive and vegetative tissues in eight candidate genes with sex-biased expression. Our results suggest a trend towards a reduced sex-bias in sex-linked gene expression in vegetative tissues. In this study, we report on the systematic identification and validation of internal reference genes for adequate normalization of qRT-PCR-based analyses of gene expression differences between the two sexes in S. latifolia. We also show how RNA-seq data can be used efficiently to identify suitable reference genes in a wide diversity of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklaus Zemp
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aria Minder
- ETH Zurich, Genetic Diversity Centre (GDC), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Widmer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Lu Z, Huang X, Ouyang Y, Yao J. Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic and co-expression analysis of OsSET gene family in rice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65426. [PMID: 23762371 PMCID: PMC3676427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SET domain is responsible for the catalytic activity of histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs) during developmental process. Histone lysine methylation plays a crucial and diverse regulatory function in chromatin organization and genome function. Although several SET genes have been identified and characterized in plants, the understanding of OsSET gene family in rice is still very limited. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, a systematic analysis was performed and revealed the presence of at least 43 SET genes in rice genome. Phylogenetic and structural analysis grouped SET proteins into five classes, and supposed that the domains out of SET domain were significant for the specific of histone lysine methylation, as well as the recognition of methylated histone lysine. Based on the global microarray, gene expression profile revealed that the transcripts of OsSET genes were accumulated differentially during vegetative and reproductive developmental stages and preferentially up or down-regulated in different tissues. Cis-elements identification, co-expression analysis and GO analysis of expression correlation of 12 OsSET genes suggested that OsSET genes might be involved in cell cycle regulation and feedback. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study will facilitate further studies on OsSET family and provide useful clues for functional validation of OsSETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhua Lu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jialing Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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Aizza LCB, Dornelas MC. A genomic approach to study anthocyanin synthesis and flower pigmentation in passionflowers. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:371517. [PMID: 21772993 PMCID: PMC3137904 DOI: 10.4061/2011/371517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the plant pigments ranging from red to purple colors belong to the anthocyanin group of flavonoids. The flowers of plants belonging to the genus Passiflora (passionflowers) show a wide range of floral adaptations to diverse pollinating agents, including variation in the pigmentation of floral parts ranging from white to red and purple colors. Exploring a database of expressed sequence tags obtained from flower buds of two divergent Passiflora species, we obtained assembled sequences potentially corresponding to 15 different genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in these species. The obtained sequences code for putative enzymes are involved in the production of flavonoid precursors, as well as those involved in the formation of particular ("decorated") anthocyanin molecules. We also obtained sequences encoding regulatory factors that control the expression of structural genes and regulate the spatial and temporal accumulation of pigments. The identification of some of the putative Passiflora anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes provides novel resources for research on secondary metabolism in passionflowers, especially on the elucidation of the processes involved in floral pigmentation, which will allow future studies on the role of pigmentation in pollinator preferences in a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cristina Baldon Aizza
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal. Rua Monteiro Lobato 970, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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15
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Kim SS, Grienenberger E, Lallemand B, Colpitts CC, Kim SY, Souza CDA, Geoffroy P, Heintz D, Krahn D, Kaiser M, Kombrink E, Heitz T, Suh DY, Legrand M, Douglas CJ. LAP6/POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE A and LAP5/POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE B encode hydroxyalkyl α-pyrone synthases required for pollen development and sporopollenin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:4045-66. [PMID: 21193570 PMCID: PMC3027170 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.080028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyze the condensation of malonyl-CoA units with various CoA ester starter molecules to generate a diverse array of natural products. The fatty acyl-CoA esters synthesized by Arabidopsis thaliana ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE5 (ACOS5) are key intermediates in the biosynthesis of sporopollenin, the major constituent of exine in the outer pollen wall. By coexpression analysis, we identified two Arabidopsis PKS genes, POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE A (PKSA) and PKSB (also known as LAP6 and LAP5, respectively) that are tightly coexpressed with ACOS5. Recombinant PKSA and PKSB proteins generated tri-and tetraketide α-pyrone compounds in vitro from a broad range of potential ACOS5-generated fatty acyl-CoA starter substrates by condensation with malonyl-CoA. Furthermore, substrate preference profile and kinetic analyses strongly suggested that in planta substrates for both enzymes are midchain- and ω-hydroxylated fatty acyl-CoAs (e.g., 12-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA), which are the products of sequential actions of anther-specific fatty acid hydroxylases and acyl-CoA synthetase. PKSA and PKSB are specifically and transiently expressed in tapetal cells during microspore development in Arabidopsis anthers. Mutants compromised in expression of the PKS genes displayed pollen exine layer defects, and a double pksa pksb mutant was completely male sterile, with no apparent exine. These results show that hydroxylated α-pyrone polyketide compounds generated by the sequential action of ACOS5 and PKSA/B are potential and previously unknown sporopollenin precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Etienne Grienenberger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Lallemand
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Che C. Colpitts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Clarice de Azevedo Souza
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Pierrette Geoffroy
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plate-Forme d’Analyses Métaboliques de l’Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Botanique, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Krahn
- Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biologie und Geographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biologie und Geographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thierry Heitz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dae-Yeon Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Michel Legrand
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Carl J. Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Address correspondence to
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16
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Chandra A, Huff DR. A fungal parasite regulates a putative female-suppressor gene homologous to maize tasselseed2 and causes induced hermaphroditism in male buffalograss. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:239-250. [PMID: 20121446 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-3-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Parasitically induced hermaphroditism is a fascinating illustration of floral sex organ modification; however, knowledge of how parasites induce hermaphroditism in plants is limited. Here, we show the fungal parasite pistil smut induces development of female sex organs (pistils) in flowers of male buffalograss, potentially by downregulating a putative female-suppressor gene, BdTs2, homologous to maize Tasselseed2 (ZmTs2). Full-length BdTs2, isolated using rapid amplification of cDNA ends, exhibits 89% nucleotide sequence similarity with ZmTs2 and 85% amino acid sequence homology with ZmTs2 protein. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrate that unisexual buffalograss flowers develop through a process of selective abortion of opposite sex organs within hermaphroditic floral primordia. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that high expression levels of BdTs2 within male inflorescences correlate with the selective abortion of gynoecium, leading to the development of unisexual male flowers. RNA in situ hybridization confirmed the expression of BdTs2 precisely within vestigial gynoeciums of male flowers and not in other floral organs of the inflorescence. Furthermore, we show that BdTs2 expression is downregulated by pistil smut infection, which corresponds to the presence of pistils in flowers otherwise destined to become unisexual male. This study provides a potential molecular basis for pistil smut-induced hermaphroditism in male buffalograss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Chandra
- Texas AgriLife Research-Dallas, Texas A&M System, 17360 Coit Road, Dallas, TX 75252, USA
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17
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Koduri PKH, Gordon GS, Barker EI, Colpitts CC, Ashton NW, Suh DY. Genome-wide analysis of the chalcone synthase superfamily genes of Physcomitrella patens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 72:247-63. [PMID: 19876746 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily catalyze the production of a variety of secondary metabolites in bacteria, fungi and plants. Some of these metabolites have played important roles during the early evolution of land plants by providing protection from various environmental assaults including UV irradiation. The genome of the moss, Physcomitrella patens, contains at least 17 putative CHS superfamily genes. Three of these genes (PpCHS2b, PpCHS3 and PpCHS5) exist in multiple copies and all have corresponding ESTs. PpCHS11 and probably also PpCHS9 encode non-CHS enzymes, while PpCHS10 appears to be an ortholog of plant genes encoding anther-specific CHS-like enzymes. It was inferred from the genomic locations of genes comprising it that the moss CHS superfamily expanded through tandem and segmental duplication events. Inferred exon-intron architectures and results from phylogenetic analysis of representative CHS superfamily genes of P. patens and other plants showed that intron gain and loss occurred several times during evolution of this gene superfamily. A high proportion of P. patens CHS genes (7 of 14 genes for which the full sequence is known and probably 3 additional genes) are intronless, prompting speculation that CHS gene duplication via retrotransposition has occurred at least twice in the moss lineage. Analyses of sequence similarities, catalytic motifs and EST data indicated that a surprisingly large number (as many as 13) of the moss CHS superfamily genes probably encode active CHS. EST distribution data and different light responsiveness observed with selected genes provide evidence for their differential regulation. Observed diversity within the moss CHS superfamily and amenability to gene manipulation make Physcomitrella a highly suitable model system for studying expansion and functional diversification of the plant CHS superfamily of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Harshavardhan Koduri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
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18
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Xu J, Yang C, Yuan Z, Zhang D, Gondwe MY, Ding Z, Liang W, Zhang D, Wilson ZA. The ABORTED MICROSPORES regulatory network is required for postmeiotic male reproductive development in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:91-107. [PMID: 20118226 PMCID: PMC2828693 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.071803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana ABORTED MICROSPORES (AMS) gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that is required for tapetal cell development and postmeiotic microspore formation. However, the regulatory role of AMS in anther and pollen development has not been fully defined. Here, we show by microarray analysis that the expression of 549 anther-expressed genes was altered in ams buds and that these genes are associated with tapetal function and pollen wall formation. We demonstrate that AMS has the ability to bind in vitro to DNA containing a 6-bp consensus motif, CANNTG. Moreover, 13 genes involved in transportation of lipids, oligopeptides, and ions, fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, flavonol accumulation, substrate oxidation, methyl-modification, and pectin dynamics were identified as direct targets of AMS by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The functional importance of the AMS regulatory pathway was further demonstrated by analysis of an insertional mutant of one of these downstream AMS targets, an ABC transporter, White-Brown Complex homolog, which fails to undergo pollen development and is male sterile. Yeast two-hybrid screens and pull-down assays revealed that AMS has the ability to interact with two bHLH proteins (AtbHLH089 and AtbHLH091) and the ATA20 protein. These results provide insight into the regulatory role of the AMS network during anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Yuan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Dasheng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Martha Y. Gondwe
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiwen Ding
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wanqi Liang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Bio-X Research Center, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Address correspondence to
| | - Zoe A. Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Cervantes-Martinez I, Sandhu D, Xu M, Ortiz-Pérez E, Kato KK, Horner HT, Palmer RG. The male sterility locus ms3 is present in a fertility controlling gene cluster in soybean. J Hered 2009; 100:565-70. [PMID: 19617521 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is self-pollinated. To produce large quantities of hybrid seed, insect-mediated cross-pollination is necessary. An efficient nuclear male-sterile system for hybrid seed production would benefit from molecular and/or phenotypic markers linked to male fertility/sterility loci to facilitate early identification of phenotypes. Nuclear male-sterile, female-fertile ms3 mutant is a single recessive gene and displays high outcrossed seed set with pollinators. Our objective was to map the ms3 locus. A segregating population of 150 F(2) plants from Minsoy (PI 27890) x T284H, Ms3ms3 (A00-68), was screened with 231 simple sequence repeat markers. The ms3 locus mapped to molecular linkage group (MLG) D1b (Gm02) and is flanked by markers Satt157 and Satt542, with a distance of 3.7 and 12.3 cM, respectively. Female-partial sterile-1 (Fsp1) and the Midwest Oilseed male-sterile (msMOS) mutants previously were located on MLG D1b. msMOS and Fsp1 are independent genes located very close to each other. All 3 genes are located in close proximity of Satt157. We believe that this is the first report of clustering of fertility-related genes in plants. Characterization of these closely linked genes may help in understanding the evolutionary relationship among them.
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20
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Kazama Y, Fujiwara MT, Koizumi A, Nishihara K, Nishiyama R, Kifune E, Abe T, Kawano S. A SUPERMAN-like gene is exclusively expressed in female flowers of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1127-41. [PMID: 19406862 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying dioecious flower development, the present study analyzed a SUPERMAN (SUP) homolog, SlSUP, which was identified in Silene latifolia. The sex of this plant is determined by heteromorphic X and Y sex chromosomes. It was revealed that SlSUP is a single-copy autosomal gene expressed exclusively in female flowers. Introduction of a genomic copy of SlSUP into the Arabidopsis thaliana sup (sup-2) mutant complemented the excess-stamen and infertile phenotypes of sup-2, and the overexpression of SlSUP in transgenic Arabidopsis plants resulted in reduced stamen numbers as well as the suppression of petal elongation. During the development of the female flower in S. latifolia, the expression of SlSUP is first detectable in whorls 2 and 3 when the normal expression pattern of the B-class flowering genes was already established and persisted in the stamen primordia until the ovule had matured completely. In addition, significant expression of SlSUP was detected in the ovules, suggestive of the involvement of this gene in ovule development. Furthermore, it was revealed that the de-suppression of stamen development by infection of the S. latifolia female flower with Microbotryum violaceum was accompanied by a significant reduction in SlSUP transcript levels in the induced organs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SlSUP is a female flower-specific gene and suggest that SlSUP has a positive role in the female flower developmental pathways of S. latifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Flores-Sanchez IJ, Verpoorte R. Plant polyketide synthases: a fascinating group of enzymes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:167-74. [PMID: 19071029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The polyketide synthases (PKSs) are condensing enzymes which form a myriad of polyketide compounds. Several PKSs have been identified and studied in plants. This mini-review summarizes what is known about plant PKSs and some of their aspects such as specificity, reaction mechanisms, structure, as well as their possible evolution are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isvett J Flores-Sanchez
- Pharmacognosy Department/Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Yang S, Terachi T, Yamagishi H. Inhibition of chalcone synthase expression in anthers of Raphanus sativus with Ogura male sterile cytoplasm. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 102:483-9. [PMID: 18625698 PMCID: PMC2701772 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Expression of the mitochondrial gene orf138 causes Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Raphanus sativus, but little is known about the mechanism by which CMS takes place. A preliminary microarray experiment revealed that several nuclear genes concerned with flavonoid biosynthesis were inhibited in the male-sterile phenotype. In particular, a gene for one of the key enzymes for flavonoid biosynthesis, chalcone synthase (CHS), was strongly inhibited. A few reports have suggested that the inhibition of CHS causes nuclear-dependent male sterile expression; however, there do not appear to be any reports elucidating the effect of CHS on CMS expression. In this study, the expression patterns of the early genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, including CHS, were investigated in normal and male-sterile lines. METHODS In order to determine the aberrant stage for CMS expression, the characteristics of male-sterile anthers are observed using light and transmission electron microscopy for several stages of flower buds. The expression of CHS and the other flavonoid biosynthetic genes in the anthers were compared between normal and male-sterile types using real time RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS Among the flavonoid biosynthetic genes analysed, the expression of CHS was strongly inhibited in the later stages of anther development in sterility cytoplasm; accumulation of putative naringenin derivatives was also inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results show that flavonoids play an important role in the development of functional pollen, not only in nuclear-dependent male sterility, but also in CMS.
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Wu S, O'Leary SJB, Gleddie S, Eudes F, Laroche A, Robert LS. A chalcone synthase-like gene is highly expressed in the tapetum of both wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1441-1449. [PMID: 18592248 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel anther-specific chalcone synthase-like gene, TaCHSL1, was isolated and characterized. The TaCHSL1 transcript was detected only within the tapetum during the "free" and early vacuolated microspore stages in both wheat and triticale. Sequence analysis indicated that the 41.8 kDa TaCHSL1 deduced protein belongs to a small distinct group of type III polyketide synthases that includes angiosperm and gymnosperm orthologs shown to be anther-specific. TaCHSL1 sequence characteristics and conservation, as well as its restricted expression pattern, point to a distinct and important biochemical role in developing anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Wu
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, KW Neatby Bldg, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
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Fukuma K, Neuls ED, Ryberg JM, Suh DY, Sankawa U. Mutational Analysis of Conserved Outer Sphere Arginine Residues of Chalcone Synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 142:731-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvm188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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