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Tamiya J, Sakaguchi W, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto T, Saruta J, Kubota N, Kawata A, Hasegawa I, Hamada N, Tsukinoki K. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Related Factors on the Mucosal Epithelium of the Tongue. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2023; 56:29-37. [PMID: 37124954 PMCID: PMC10139837 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.22-00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infects a variety of tissues, including the oral cavity. However, there are few reports examining the association of SARS-CoV-2 with tongue mucosal tissues with sticky tongue debris. This study investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated molecules by dissecting tongue tissue from autopsy specimens of 23 patients who died of COVID-19-related illness (pneumonia). Immunohistochemical staining, electron microscopy, and PCR analysis were performed on the tongue tissue specimens. The mucosal epithelium of the tongue formed a very thick keratinized with well-developed filiform papillae in all cases. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were consistently co-expressed in all samples in the epithelium. The S-protein was strongly expressed in basal cells and the epithelial surface. S-protein-positive viral particles were detected in the tongue's stratified squamous epithelium via an immunoelectron microscope. Based on PCR amplification of the N1 and N2 regions, the SARS-CoV-2 gene was detected on the tongue epithelium, tongue submucosa, and in tongue debris. This suggests that tongue debris, including the squamous epithelial tissue, could be a source of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Furthermore, removing tongue debris may decrease the amount of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tamiya
- Department of Pathology and Histomorphology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Histomorphology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Kimiko Nakagawa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Department of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Education Planning, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Akira Kawata
- Department of Pathology and Histomorphology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Iwao Hasegawa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Nobushiro Hamada
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Pathology and Histomorphology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
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Suzuki H, Yamamoto T. CXCL14-like immunoreactivity in somatostatin-producing cells of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) pancreas. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:158-162. [PMID: 36148519 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examines chemokine CXCL14-like peptide distribution in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) pancreas using a specific anti-human CXCL14 antibody. CXCL14-immunoreactive cells were observed in the pancreatic islet peripheral region. The staining was abolished after pre-absorbing the antibody with recombinant human CXCL14. CXCL14-immunoreactive cells were immuno-positive for somatostatin, but not glucagon and insulin. CXCL14 secreted from somatostatin-producing cells might participate in insulin secretion modulation together with somatostatin. In addition, CXCL14 might participate in glucose homeostasis in co-operation with somatostatin and growth hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohumi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Munakata, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
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Tian W, Zhao R, Luo S, Xu X, Zhao G, Yao Z. Effect of postoperative utilization of somatostatin on clinical outcome after definitive surgery for duodenal fistula. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:63. [PMID: 36732816 PMCID: PMC9896769 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-00988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of postoperative utilization of somatostatin after definitive surgery for duodenal fistula (DF) in preventing a recurrence. METHODS Patients with definitive surgery for DF between January 2010 and December 2021 were categorized based on the utilization of somatostatin or not after the surgery. Patients in the Somatostatin group were matched to those in the Non-somatostatin group using propensity scores matching (PSM), so as to evaluate the effect of postoperative use of somatostatin by comparing the two groups. RESULTS A total of 154 patients were divided into the in the Somatostatin group (84) and the Non-somatostatin group (70). Forty-three patients (27.9%) exhibited a recurrent fistula, with which the postoperative use of somatostatin was not associated (19 [22.6%] in the Somatostatin group and 24 (34.3%) in the Non-somatostatin group; unadjusted OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.28-1.14; P = 0.11). However, the postoperative usage of somatostatin served as a protective factor for developing into high-output recurrent fistula (eight (13.3%) in the Somatostatin group and 15 (25%) in the Non-somatostatin group; adjusted OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.15-0.93; P = 0.04). After PSM, the recurrent fistula occurred in 29.2% subjects (35/120). The postoperative usage of somatostatin was not associated with recurrent fistula (13 in PSM Somatostatin group vs. 22 in PSM Non-somatostatin group; unadjusted OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.21-1.07; P = 0.07), while its postoperative usage decreased the incidence of recurrent high-output fistula (5/60 in the PSM Somatostatin group, compared with 13/60 in the PSM Non-somatostatin group; adjusted OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.09-0.95). CONCLUSION Postoperative use of somatostatin could effectively reduce the incidence of recurrent high-output fistula, without association with overall incidence of postoperative recurrent fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Tian
- grid.440259.e0000 0001 0115 7868Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Risheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Shikun Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Zheng Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
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Shamsi BH, Chatoo M, Xu XK, Xu X, Chen XQ. Versatile Functions of Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors in the Gastrointestinal System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652363. [PMID: 33796080 PMCID: PMC8009181 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) play an important role in the brain and gastrointestinal (GI) system. SST is produced in various organs and cells, and the inhibitory function of somatostatin-containing cells is involved in a range of physiological functions and pathological modifications. The GI system is the largest endocrine organ for digestion and absorption, SST-endocrine cells and neurons in the GI system are a critical effecter to maintain homeostasis via SSTRs 1-5 and co-receptors, while SST-SSTRs are involved in chemo-sensory, mucus, and hormone secretion, motility, inflammation response, itch, and pain via the autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and exoendocrine pathways. It is also a power inhibitor for tumor cell proliferation, severe inflammation, and post-operation complications, and is a first-line anti-cancer drug in clinical practice. This mini review focuses on the current function of producing SST endocrine cells and local neurons SST-SSTRs in the GI system, discusses new development prognostic markers, phosphate-specific antibodies, and molecular imaging emerging in diagnostics and therapy, and summarizes the mechanism of the SST family in basic research and clinical practice. Understanding of endocrines and neuroendocrines in SST-SSTRs in GI will provide an insight into advanced medicine in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Haider Shamsi
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mahanand Chatoo
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Kang Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Xu
- College of Renji, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Qun Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education (MOE), Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xue Qun Chen,
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Gulubova MV, Tolekova AN, Ivanova K, Hamza S, Hadzhi M, Chonov D, Ananiev J. Fructose-induced metabolic disturbances in rats and its impact on stomach endocrine cell number and smooth muscle contractility. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:440-448. [PMID: 30633582 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1555601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Context: Gastric ghrelin-positive endocrine cells (GHR + EC) were most dense in the oxyntic mucosa.Objective: We evaluated ECs and contractile activity in rat stomach with metabolic disorders.Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Control (n = 9) received tap water and Fructose (n = 9) drank 15% fructose solution for 12 weeks. Streptozotocin was applied in a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. two weeks after the beginning of the experiment on Fructose group. Smooth-muscle strips from the stomach were influenced by Angiotensin II for analysis of parameters of contractions. Stomach samples were elaborated with immunohistochemistry for ghrelin, somatostatin, gastrin antibodies and with double immunofluorescence.Results: In treated animals, GHR + EC were significantly increased in the corpus where somatostatin-positive cells were decreased. Contractile activity was decreased.Conclusions: The increase number of GHR + EC was discussed in the context of Somatostatin and Gastrin-positive ECs variations and correlated with the decrease of smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya V Gulubova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Anna N Tolekova
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Koni Ivanova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Sevinch Hamza
- Department of Anatomy, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Mehmed Hadzhi
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Chonov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Julian Ananiev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Yamamoto T, Sasaguri K, Mizumoto N, Suzuki H. The Chemokine CXCL14-like Immunoreactivity Co-exists with Somatostatin, but not NPY in the Rat Dorsal Horn and Has Intimate Association with GABAergic Neurons in the Lateral Spinal Nucleus. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2020; 53:121-129. [PMID: 33177784 PMCID: PMC7642483 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.20-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that the chemokine CXCL14 not only has a chemotactic activity, but also functions as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter. In this study, we investigated the distribution of CXCL14 immunoreactive structures in the rat spinal cord and clarified the association of these structures with somatostatin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; a marker for GABAergic neurons), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). CXCL14 immunoreactive fibers and puncta were observed in lamina II, which modulates somatosensation including nociception, and the lateral spinal nucleus of the spinal dorsal horn at cervical, thoracic, and lumber spinal cord levels. These CXCL14 immunoreactive structures were also immuno-positive for somatostatin, but were immuno-negative for GAD and NPY. In the cervical lateral spinal nucleus, CXCL14 immunoreactive puncta, which were also immuno-positive for somatostatin, existed along the proximal dendrites of some of GABAergic neurons. Together, these results suggest that CXCL14 contributes to the modulation of somatosensation in concert with somatostatin. Neurons targeted by the CXCL14 fiber system include GABAergic neurons located in the lateral spinal nucleus suggesting that CXCL14 with somatostatin can influence the GABAergic neuron function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Kenichi Sasaguri
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine
| | | | - Hirohumi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka
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Suzuki H, Yamamoto T. Chemokine CXCL14-like immunoreactivity in the αMSH-producing cells and PRL-producing cells of the flat-tailed house gecko pituitary. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:408-413. [PMID: 32037367 PMCID: PMC7192720 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution pattern of chemokine CXCL14-immunoreactive cells was examined by
immunohistochemistry in the pituitary of the gecko Hemidactylus
platyurus. Immunoreactive cells were observed in the pars intermedia and pars
distalis of the pituitary, but not in the pars nervosa. All α-melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (αMSH)-producing cells were immunoreactive for CXCL14 in the pars intermedia. The
CXCL14-immunoreactive cells corresponded to prolactin (PRL)-producing cells but not to
other adenohypophyseal-hormone-producing cells in the pars distalis. CXCL14 secreted from
αMSH-producing cells and PRL-producing cells may regulate insulin release from β cells in
the pancreatic islets as well as glucose uptake in the muscle cells together with αMSH
and/or PRL. In addition, secreted CXCL14 with αMSH and/or PRL may act as a bioactive
factor regulating hormone release in the adenohypophyseal cells of the reptilian pars
distalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohumi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Akamabunkyo-machi 1-1, Munakata, Fukuoka 811-4192, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
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Gonkowski S, Rytel L. Somatostatin as an Active Substance in the Mammalian Enteric Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184461. [PMID: 31510021 PMCID: PMC6769505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SOM) is an active substance which most commonly occurs in endocrine cells, as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system. One of the parts of the nervous system where the presence of SOM has been confirmed is the enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It regulates most of the functions of the stomach and intestine and it is characterized by complex organization and a high degree of independence from the central nervous system. SOM has been described in the ENS of numerous mammal species and its main functions in the GI tract are connected with the inhibition of the intestinal motility and secretory activity. Moreover, SOM participates in sensory and pain stimuli conduction, modulation of the release of other neuronal factors, and regulation of blood flow in the intestinal vessels. This peptide is also involved in the pathological processes in the GI tract and is known as an anti-inflammatory agent. This paper, which focuses primarily on the distribution of SOM in the ENS and extrinsic intestinal innervation in various mammalian species, is a review of studies concerning this issue published from 1973 to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski Str. 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Tachibana K, Suzuki H, Yamashita M, Yamamoto T. Distribution, nature, and origin of CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers in rat parotid gland. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:21-27. [PMID: 30930077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and nature of CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers in salivary glands, especially the parotid gland was immunohistochemically investigated. Furthermore, the origin of parotid CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers was determined by retrograde tracing experiments. CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers were localized in the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, particularly in the parotid gland. Double staining using identical sections revealed that a subpopulation of cells neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing fibers was immunopositive for CXCL14 in the parotid gland. In the peripheral regions of acinar cells, CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers tended to coexist with NPY; however, perivascular NPY-immunoreactive fibers tended to be immunonegative for CXCL14. Parotid CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers were immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) but immunonegative for choline acetyltransferase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). After injection of horseradish peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) in the parotid gland, retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and otic ganglion. Some of the WGA-immunoreactive somata in the SCG were immunopositive for CXCL14; however, no doubly-labeled somata were noted in the otic ganglion. These results indicate that CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers originate in the SCG, and are sympathetic in nature. The coexistence of CXCL14 with NPY/TH suggests that CXCL14 may be associated with NPY/TH functions as a neuromodulatory chemokine in the parotid gland. The localization of CXCL14 nerve fibers around the acinar cells of the parotid gland indicates its involvement in acinar cell function, but not vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Tachibana
- Nittai Healthcare College Yoga 2-2-7, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-0087, Japan
| | - Hirohumi Suzuki
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan; Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Akamabunkyou-machi 1-1, Munakata, Fukuoka 811-4192, Japan
| | - Masako Yamashita
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
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Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto Y, Saita T, Shin M. Immunohistochemistry for Anti-diabetes Drug, Alogliptin Using a Newly Prepared Monoclonal Antibody: Its Precise Localization in Rat Small Intestine. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2019; 52:27-34. [PMID: 30923413 PMCID: PMC6434317 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.18036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of time sequence of localization of drugs in cells and tissues of animals may help in developing a better understanding of the actual overall pharmacokinetics of the drugs. We produced monoclonal antibody (mAb) against alogliptin (AG), a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, conjugated to BSA with N-(γ-maleimidobutyryloxy)-succinimide. The mAb was specific for AG and did not cross-react with sitagliptin, vancomycin or amoxicillin. The mAb enabled us to develop an immunohistochemical method for detecting the localization of AG in the rat small intestine. One hour after a single oral administration of AG, immunohistochemistry revealed that the immunoreactivity of AG was observed in almost all of cells and tissues of the duodenum. The microvilli of the absorptive epithelial cells were moderately stained. The staining pattern of AG at jejunum and ilium was almost the same as that of duodenum, but the staining intensity, especially at absorptive epithelial cells and intestinal gland epithelial cells, became stronger towards the distal part of the small intestine. These results suggested that AG may be more actively absorbed from the lower part of the small intestine than in the upper part. It may affect the function of cells with membrane-bound DPP-4 because it was reported that membrane-bound form of DPP-4 exists in the microvilli of the absorptive epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University
| | - Yutaro Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University
| | - Tetsuya Saita
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University
| | - Masashi Shin
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University
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