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Zidovec-Lepej S, Bodulić K, Bogdanic M, Gorenec L, Savic V, Grgic I, Sabadi D, Santini M, Radmanic Matotek L, Kucinar J, Barbic L, Zmak L, Ferenc T, Stevanovic V, Antolasic L, Milasincic L, Hruskar Z, Vujica Ferenc M, Vilibic-Cavlek T. Proinflammatory Chemokine Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neuroinvasive Flavivirus Infections. Microorganisms 2024; 12:657. [PMID: 38674602 PMCID: PMC11052399 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are the most important neuroinvasive arboviruses detected in Europe. In this study, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 12 proinflammatory chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) in 77 patients with neuroinvasive diseases (NIDs). Flavivirus infection was confirmed in 62 patients (TBEV and WNV in 31 patients each), while in 15 patients the etiology of NID was not determined (NDE). Similar patterns of high-level expression of chemokines regulating monocyte/macrophage responses (CCL2), neutrophil recruitment (CXCL1 and CXCL8), and interferon-inducible chemoattractants for leukocytes (CXCL10 and CXCL11) have been observed in WNV and TBEV groups. None of the tested chemokines significantly differed between patients with TBEV or WNV. Concentrations of CCL17, CCL20, CXCL5, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were significantly lower in both WNV and TBEV groups compared to NID NDE patients. The logistic regression model showed that CSF concentrations of CXCL11, CXCL5, and CXCL10 could potentially be used for the classification of patients into the WNV or TBEV group versus groups with other NIDs. This study identified, for the first time, similar patterns of CSF chemokine expression in WNV and TBEV infections, suggesting common immunopathogenic mechanisms in neuroinvasive flavivirus infections that should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Z.-L.); (L.G.); (I.G.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Kristian Bodulić
- Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (Z.H.)
| | - Lana Gorenec
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Z.-L.); (L.G.); (I.G.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Grgic
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Z.-L.); (L.G.); (I.G.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Dario Sabadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Santini
- Department for Infections in Immunocompromised Patients, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Leona Radmanic Matotek
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Z.-L.); (L.G.); (I.G.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Jasmina Kucinar
- Department of Serology and Immunology, Istria County Institute of Public Health, 52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Ljiljana Zmak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Microbiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas Ferenc
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Ljiljana Antolasic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ljiljana Milasincic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zeljka Hruskar
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (Z.H.)
| | - Mateja Vujica Ferenc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (Z.H.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Kobayashi S, Fukuda Y, Yoshii K, Thammahakin P, Maezono K, Eyer L, Růžek D, Kariwa H. Development of recombinant West Nile virus expressing mCherry reporter protein. J Virol Methods 2023; 317:114744. [PMID: 37119976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted to humans and animals by a mosquito and enters the central nervous system, leading to lethal encephalitis. Reporter viruses expressing fluorescent proteins enable detection of infected cells in vitro and in vivo, facilitating evaluation of the dynamics of viral infection, and the development of diagnostic or therapeutic methods. In this study, we developed a method for production of a recombinant replication-competent WNV expressing mCherry fluorescent protein. The expression of mCherry was observed in viral antigen-positive cells in vitro and in vivo, but the growth of the reporter WNV was reduced as compared to the parental WNV. The expression of mCherry was stable during 5 passages in reporter WNV-infected culture cells. Neurological symptoms were observed in mice inoculated intracranially with the reporter WNV. The reporter WNV expressing mCherry will facilitate research into WNV replication in mouse brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yukine Fukuda
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Passawat Thammahakin
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Maezono
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Luděk Eyer
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Bhattacharjee S, Ghosh D, Saha R, Sarkar R, Kumar S, Khokhar M, Pandey RK. Mechanism of Immune Evasion in Mosquito-Borne Diseases. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050635. [PMID: 37242305 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, mosquito-borne illnesses have emerged as a major health burden in many tropical regions. These diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika virus infection, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile virus infection, are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. These pathogens have been shown to interfere with the host's immune system through adaptive and innate immune mechanisms, as well as the human circulatory system. Crucial immune checkpoints such as antigen presentation, T cell activation, differentiation, and proinflammatory response play a vital role in the host cell's response to pathogenic infection. Furthermore, these immune evasions have the potential to stimulate the human immune system, resulting in other associated non-communicable diseases. This review aims to advance our understanding of mosquito-borne diseases and the immune evasion mechanisms by associated pathogens. Moreover, it highlights the adverse outcomes of mosquito-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debanjan Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Rounak Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Rima Sarkar
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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Complete Genome Sequence, Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Relationships of a Temminck's Stint Calicivirus: Evidence for a New Genus within Caliciviridae Family. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081540. [PMID: 36013958 PMCID: PMC9416405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caliciviridae is a family of viral pathogens that naturally infects vertebrates, including humans, and causes a range of highly contagious infectious diseases. Caliciviruses are not well studied because of the lack of a universal approach to their cultivation; however, the development of molecular genetics and bioinformatics methods can shed light on their genetic architecture and evolutionary relationships. Here, we present and characterize the complete genome sequence of calicivirus isolated from a sandpiper-Temminck's stint (Calidris temminckii), preliminarily named Temminck's stint calicivirus (TsCV). Its genome is a linear, non-segmented, single-stranded (+sense) RNA with genome organization typical of avian caliciviruses. Comparative studies have shown significant divergence of the nucleotide sequence of the TsCV genome, as well as the amino acid sequence of the major capsid protein from all publicly available genomic and protein sequences, with the highest genome sequence similarity to unclassified Ruddy turnstone calicivirus A (43.68%) and the lowest pairwise divergence of the major capsid protein with unclassified goose calicivirus (57.44%). Phylogenetic analysis, as well as a comparative analysis of the homologous proteins, showed evidence of another separate genus within the Caliciviridae family-previously proposed, but not yet accepted by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)-the Sanovirus genus, which combines seven previously unclassified genomic sequences of avian caliciviruses, including the newly discovered TsCV, which we propose to consider as a separate species.
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Antiviral Cytokine Response in Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020342. [PMID: 33671821 PMCID: PMC7927094 DOI: 10.3390/v13020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the immune response to West Nile virus (WNV) are limited. We analyzed the antiviral cytokine response in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with WNV fever and WNV neuroinvasive disease using a multiplex bead-based assay for the simultaneous quantification of 13 human cytokines. The panel included cytokines associated with innate and early pro-inflammatory immune responses (TNF-α/IL-6), Th1 (IL-2/IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4/IL-5/IL-9/IL-13), Th17 immune response (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21/IL-22) and the key anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Elevated levels of IFN-γ were detected in 71.7% of CSF and 22.7% of serum samples (p = 0.003). Expression of IL-2/IL-4/TNF-α and Th1 17 cytokines (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21) was detected in the serum but not in the CSF (except one positive CSF sample for IL-17F/IL-4). While IL-6 levels were markedly higher in the CSF compared to serum (CSF median 2036.71, IQR 213.82–6190.50; serum median 24.48, IQR 11.93–49.81; p < 0.001), no difference in the IL-13/IL-9/IL-10/IFN-γ/IL-22 levels in serum/CSF was found. In conclusion, increased concentrations of the key cytokines associated with innate and early acute phase responses (IL-6) and Th1 type immune responses (IFN-γ) were found in the CNS of patients with WNV infection. In contrast, expression of the key T-cell growth factor IL-2, Th17 cytokines, a Th2 cytokine IL-4 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α appear to be concentrated mainly in the periphery.
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Yamamoto M, Ichinohe T, Watanabe A, Kobayashi A, Zhang R, Song J, Kawaguchi Y, Matsuda Z, Inoue JI. The Antimalarial Compound Atovaquone Inhibits Zika and Dengue Virus Infection by Blocking E Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121475. [PMID: 33371476 PMCID: PMC7767512 DOI: 10.3390/v12121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses bear class II fusion proteins as their envelope (E) proteins. Here, we describe the development of an in vitro quantitative mosquito-cell-based membrane-fusion assay for the E protein using dual split proteins (DSPs). The assay does not involve the use of live viruses and allows the analysis of a membrane-fusion step independent of other events in the viral lifecycle, such as endocytosis. The progress of membrane fusion can be monitored continuously by measuring the activities of Renilla luciferase derived from the reassociation of DSPs during cell fusion. We optimized the assay to screen an FDA-approved drug library for a potential membrane fusion inhibitor using the E protein of Zika virus. Screening results identified atovaquone, which was previously described as an antimalarial agent. Atovaquone potently blocked the in vitro Zika virus infection of mammalian cells with an IC90 of 2.1 µM. Furthermore, four distinct serotypes of dengue virus were also inhibited by atovaquone with IC90 values of 1.6–2.5 µM, which is a range below the average blood concentration of atovaquone after its oral administration in humans. These findings make atovaquone a likely candidate drug to treat illnesses caused by Zika as well as dengue viruses. Additionally, the DSP assay is useful to study the mechanism of membrane fusion in Flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yamamoto
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.Y.); (A.W.); (A.K.); (Y.K.)
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ichinohe
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Aya Watanabe
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.Y.); (A.W.); (A.K.); (Y.K.)
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ayako Kobayashi
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.Y.); (A.W.); (A.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Rui Zhang
- Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China;
| | - Jiping Song
- China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China;
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.Y.); (A.W.); (A.K.); (Y.K.)
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zene Matsuda
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.Y.); (A.W.); (A.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8072, Japan
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (J.-i.I.); Tel.: +81-3-6409-2204 (Z.M.); +81-3-6409-2476 (J.-i.I.)
| | - Jun-ichiro Inoue
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.Y.); (A.W.); (A.K.); (Y.K.)
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Senior Professor Office, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (J.-i.I.); Tel.: +81-3-6409-2204 (Z.M.); +81-3-6409-2476 (J.-i.I.)
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Vittor AY, Long M, Chakrabarty P, Aycock L, Kollu V, DeKosky ST. West Nile Virus-Induced Neurologic Sequelae-Relationship to Neurodegenerative Cascades and Dementias. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2020; 7:25-36. [PMID: 32775145 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-020-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review West Nile virus (WNV) emerged from Central Africa in the 1990s and is now endemic throughout much of the world. Twenty years after its introduction in the USA, it is becoming apparent that neurological impairments can persist for years following infection. Here, we review the epidemiological data in support of such long-term deficits and discuss possible mechanisms that drive these persistent manifestations. Recent Findings Focusing on the recently discovered antimicrobial roles of amyloid and alpha-synuclein, we connect WNV late pathology to overlapping features encountered in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also summarize new research on microglial activation and engulfment of neural synapses seen in recovered WNV as well as in neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss how loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may exacerbate this process. Summary Neuroinvasive viral infections such as WNV may be linked epidemiologically and mechanistically to neurodegeneration. This may open doors to therapeutic options for hitherto untreatable infectious sequelae; additionally, it may also shed light on the possible infectious etiologies of age-progressive neurodegenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Vittor
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maureen Long
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren Aycock
- School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vidya Kollu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Genetic susceptibility to West Nile virus infection in Camargue horses. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:284-292. [PMID: 31005660 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic neurotropic virus capable to cause lethal meningoencephalitis (WNE) in infected hosts such as birds, horses, and humans. Due to their sensitivity, horses serve as sentinel species in areas at risk. We studied a population of Camargue horses living in Southern France in two zones with endemic WNV circulation where WNV outbreaks were recorded in 2000 and 2003-4. Two sets of microsatellite markers located in MHC and Ly49 genomic regions were genotyped as well as multiple SNPs in ten immunity-related candidate gene regions. Associations between genetic polymorphisms and resistance/susceptibility to WNE were tested. While single marker associations were weak, compound two-gene genotypes of SNPs located within the MAVS, NCR2 and IL-10 genes and microsatellites HMS082 and CZM013 were associated with susceptibility to WNE. Combinations of microsatellite markers CZM009, ABGe17402 and ABGe9019 were associated with simple seroconversion without clinical signs of WNE (resistance). In addition, a distribution of polymorphic markers between WNV-IgG seropositive horses and a control group of WNV-IgG seronegative horses was tested. One SNP in the OAS1 gene (NC_009151.3:g.21961328A>G) was significantly associated with the seropositive phenotype (pcorr = 0.023; OR = 40.5 CI (4.28; 383.26); RR = 8.18 CI (1.27; 52.89) in the Camargue breed. In compound genotypes, SNP markers for SLC11A1, MAVS, OAS1, TLR4, ADAM17 and NCR2 genes and ten microsatellites showed non-random distribution between seropositive and seronegative groups of horses. Further analysis of associated markers could contribute to our understanding of anti-WNV defense mechanisms in horses.
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Vonesch N, Binazzi A, Bonafede M, Melis P, Ruggieri A, Iavicoli S, Tomao P. Emerging zoonotic viral infections of occupational health importance. Pathog Dis 2019; 77:ftz018. [PMID: 30916772 PMCID: PMC7108535 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral infections represent a public health risk pointed out by the spreading of pathogens with potential zoonotic risk. Moreover, the risk of zoonosis has probably been underestimated in occupational settings. A literature review between 2007 and 2018 was performed to identify evidences concerning the epidemiological associations between some emerging viruses and occupational diseases. Observational studies and case-reports were selected and analyzed. West Nile Virus (WNV) disease, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) disease and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection were included in the review for their potential zoonotic transmission. The most important risk factor for acquiring WNV infection and CCHF infection is the exposure to infected mosquitoes and ticks, respectively; therefore, outdoor workers are at risk of infection. HEV is responsible for epidemics and endemics of acute hepatitis in humans, that can become infected through waterborne, foodborne and zoonotic transmission routes. A total of 10, 34 and 45 eligible studies for WNV, CCHF virus (CCFHV) and HEV, respectively, were analyzed by year, country, study design, risk group and outcomes. The occupational risk groups mainly included farm and agricultural workers, veterinarians, slaughterers, animal handlers, healthcare workers and soldiers. These findings support the need to develop effective interventions to prevent transmission of emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Vonesch
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian National Workers Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Binazzi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian National Workers Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Bonafede
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian National Workers Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Melis
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian National Workers Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità,Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian National Workers Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tomao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian National Workers Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
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Ke PY. The Multifaceted Roles of Autophagy in Flavivirus-Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123940. [PMID: 30544615 PMCID: PMC6321027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process in which intracellular components are eliminated via lysosomal degradation to supply nutrients for organelle biogenesis and metabolic homeostasis. Flavivirus infections underlie multiple human diseases and thus exert an immense burden on public health worldwide. Mounting evidence indicates that host autophagy is subverted to modulate the life cycles of flaviviruses, such as hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus. The diverse interplay between autophagy and flavivirus infection not only regulates viral growth in host cells but also counteracts host stress responses induced by viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of autophagy in the flavivirus life cycle. We also discuss the impacts of virus-induced autophagy on the pathogeneses of flavivirus-associated diseases and the potential use of autophagy as a therapeutic target for curing flavivirus infections and related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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Radu RA, Terecoasă EO, Ene A, Băjenaru OA, Tiu C. Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome Associated With West-Nile Virus Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Front Neurol 2018; 9:864. [PMID: 30386288 PMCID: PMC6198716 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a very rare condition with different autoimmune, infectious and paraneoplastic aetiologies or in most cases idiopathic. We report the case of a 75-year-old woman who was admitted in our department in early fall for altered mental status, opsoclonus, multifocal myoclonus, truncal titubation and generalized tremor, preceded by a 5 day prodrome consisting of malaise, nausea, fever and vomiting. Brain computed tomography and MRI scans showed no significant abnormalities and cerebrospinal fluid changes consisted of mildly increased protein content and number of white cells. Work-up for paraneoplastic and autoimmune causes of OMS was negative but serologic tests identified positive IgM and IgG antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV). The patient was treated with Dexamethasone and Clonazepam with progressive improvement of mental status, myoclonus, opsoclonus and associated neurologic signs. Six months after the acute illness she had complete recovery. To our knowledge this is the 14th case of WNV associated OMS reported in the literature so far. We briefly describe the clinical course of the other reported cases together with the different treatment strategies that have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan Alexandru Radu
- Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Oana Terecoasă
- Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Amalia Ene
- Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Alexandru Băjenaru
- Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Tiu
- Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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