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Alharbi H. Identifying Thematics in a Brain-Computer Interface Research. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2023:2793211. [PMID: 36643889 PMCID: PMC9833923 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2793211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This umbrella review is motivated to understand the shift in research themes on brain-computer interfacing (BCI) and it determined that a shift away from themes that focus on medical advancement and system development to applications that included education, marketing, gaming, safety, and security has occurred. The background of this review examined aspects of BCI categorisation, neuroimaging methods, brain control signal classification, applications, and ethics. The specific area of BCI software and hardware development was not examined. A search using One Search was undertaken and 92 BCI reviews were selected for inclusion. Publication demographics indicate the average number of authors on review papers considered was 4.2 ± 1.8. The results also indicate a rapid increase in the number of BCI reviews from 2003, with only three reviews before that period, two in 1972, and one in 1996. While BCI authors were predominantly Euro-American in early reviews, this shifted to a more global authorship, which China dominated by 2020-2022. The review revealed six disciplines associated with BCI systems: life sciences and biomedicine (n = 42), neurosciences and neurology (n = 35), and rehabilitation (n = 20); (2) the second domain centred on the theme of functionality: computer science (n = 20), engineering (n = 28) and technology (n = 38). There was a thematic shift from understanding brain function and modes of interfacing BCI systems to more applied research novel areas of research-identified surround artificial intelligence, including machine learning, pre-processing, and deep learning. As BCI systems become more invasive in the lives of "normal" individuals, it is expected that there will be a refocus and thematic shift towards increased research into ethical issues and the need for legal oversight in BCI application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Alharbi
- Department of Information and Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81481, Saudi Arabia
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van Velthoven EAM, van Stuijvenberg OC, Haselager DRE, Broekman M, Chen X, Roelfsema P, Bredenoord AL, Jongsma KR. Ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses-a systematic review. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35475424 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac65b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this review was to systematically identify the ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses.Approach. A systematic search was performed in both PubMed and Embase using a search string that combined synonyms for visual neuroprostheses, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), cochlear implants (CIs), and ethics. We chose to include literature on BCIs and CIs, because of their ethically relavant similarities and functional parallels with visual neuroprostheses.Main results. We included 84 articles in total. Six focused specifically on visual prostheses. The other articles focused more broadly on neurotechnologies, on BCIs or CIs. We identified 169 ethical implications that have been categorized under seven main themes: (a) benefits for health and well-being; (b) harm and risk; (c) autonomy; (d) societal effects; (e) clinical research; (f) regulation and governance; and (g) involvement of experts, patients and the public.Significance. The development and clinical use of visual neuroprostheses is accompanied by ethical issues that should be considered early in the technological development process. Though there is ample literature on the ethical implications of other types of neuroprostheses, such as motor neuroprostheses and CIs, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding the ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses. Our findings can serve as a starting point for further research and normative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A M van Velthoven
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - O C van Stuijvenberg
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - D R E Haselager
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - M Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - X Chen
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Roelfsema
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A L Bredenoord
- Erasmus School of Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K R Jongsma
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
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Wijdenes P, Haider K, Gavrilovici C, Gunning B, Wolff MD, Lijnse T, Armstrong R, Teskey GC, Rho JM, Dalton C, Syed NI. Three dimensional microelectrodes enable high signal and spatial resolution for neural seizure recordings in brain slices and freely behaving animals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21952. [PMID: 34754055 PMCID: PMC8578611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural recordings made to date through various approaches—both in-vitro or in-vivo—lack high spatial resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for detailed understanding of brain function, synaptic plasticity, and dysfunction. These shortcomings in turn deter the ability to further design diagnostic, therapeutic strategies and the fabrication of neuro-modulatory devices with various feedback loop systems. We report here on the simulation and fabrication of fully configurable neural micro-electrodes that can be used for both in vitro and in vivo applications, with three-dimensional semi-insulated structures patterned onto custom, fine-pitch, high density arrays. These microelectrodes were interfaced with isolated brain slices as well as implanted in brains of freely behaving rats to demonstrate their ability to maintain a high SNR. Moreover, the electrodes enabled the detection of epileptiform events and high frequency oscillations in an epilepsy model thus offering a diagnostic potential for neurological disorders such as epilepsy. These microelectrodes provide unique opportunities to study brain activity under normal and various pathological conditions, both in-vivo and in in-vitro, thus furthering the ability to develop drug screening and neuromodulation systems that could accurately record and map the activity of large neural networks over an extended time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wijdenes
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - K Haider
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - C Gavrilovici
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - B Gunning
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M D Wolff
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - T Lijnse
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - R Armstrong
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - G C Teskey
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - J M Rho
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C Dalton
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Naweed I Syed
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330-Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Joseph K, Kirsch M, Johnston M, Münkel C, Stieglitz T, Haas CA, Hofmann UG. Transcriptional characterization of the glial response due to chronic neural implantation of flexible microprobes. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121230. [PMID: 34736153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Long term implantation of (micro-)probes into neural tissue causes unique and disruptive responses. In this study, we investigate the transcriptional trajectory of glial cells responding to chronic implantation of 380 μm flexible micro-probes for up to 18 weeks. Transcriptomic analysis shows a rapid activation of microglial cells and a strong reactive astrocytic polarization, both of which are lost over the chronic of the implant duration. Animals that were implanted for 18 weeks show a transcriptional profile similar to non-implanted controls, with increased expression of genes associated with wound healing and angiogenesis, which raises hope of a normalization of the neuropil to the pre-injury state when using flexible probes. Nevertheless, our data shows that a subset of genes upregulated after 18 weeks belong to the family of immediate early genes, which indicates that structural and functional remodeling is not complete at this time point. Our results confirm and extend previous work on the molecular changes resulting from the presence of neural probes and provide a rational basis for developing interventional strategies to control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Joseph
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Midori Johnston
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany; Experimental Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Münkel
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Experimental Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Portillo-Lara R, Tahirbegi B, Chapman CAR, Goding JA, Green RA. Mind the gap: State-of-the-art technologies and applications for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031507. [PMID: 34327294 PMCID: PMC8294859 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide bidirectional communication between the brain and output devices that translate user intent into function. Among the different brain imaging techniques used to operate BCIs, electroencephalography (EEG) constitutes the preferred method of choice, owing to its relative low cost, ease of use, high temporal resolution, and noninvasiveness. In recent years, significant progress in wearable technologies and computational intelligence has greatly enhanced the performance and capabilities of EEG-based BCIs (eBCIs) and propelled their migration out of the laboratory and into real-world environments. This rapid translation constitutes a paradigm shift in human-machine interaction that will deeply transform different industries in the near future, including healthcare and wellbeing, entertainment, security, education, and marketing. In this contribution, the state-of-the-art in wearable biosensing is reviewed, focusing on the development of novel electrode interfaces for long term and noninvasive EEG monitoring. Commercially available EEG platforms are surveyed, and a comparative analysis is presented based on the benefits and limitations they provide for eBCI development. Emerging applications in neuroscientific research and future trends related to the widespread implementation of eBCIs for medical and nonmedical uses are discussed. Finally, a commentary on the ethical, social, and legal concerns associated with this increasingly ubiquitous technology is provided, as well as general recommendations to address key issues related to mainstream consumer adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Portillo-Lara
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bogachan Tahirbegi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. R. Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Josef A. Goding
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rylie A. Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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