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Santana JS, Delbem ACB, Pessan JP, Sampaio C, de Morais LA, Pereira TL, Monteiro DR, Hosida TY. Dual-species biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans produces subsurface caries lesions on bovine enamel. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 166:106029. [PMID: 38924874 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a protocol for forming subsurface caries lesions on bovine enamel by dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in vitro. DESIGN Biofilms were grown on bovine enamel specimens in artificial saliva (AS) for seven days. After 24 h of formation, the AS was supplemented or not with fluoride (F) using sodium fluoride (0.005 or 0.008 ppm F), and the biofilms were exposed or not to a 20 % sucrose solution (reproducing a cariogenic challenge) once/day. On the seventh day, the biofilms were harvested and had their extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and inorganic components analyzed. The specimens were subjected to computed X-ray microtomography analysis to determine their mineral concentration. Data were compared using two-way analyses of variance, followed by Fisher's LSD or Student-Newman-Keuls tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS Biofilms exposed to the cariogenic challenge had significantly higher EPS concentrations than those not exposed, regardless of the presence of F. For biofilms grown with 0.008 ppm F, those exposed to the cariogenic challenge had lower F levels than those not exposed. For biofilms exposed to the cariogenic challenge, those grown with 0.008 ppm F had lower lesion depths and integrated mineral loss, and higher outer layers than those grown without F. CONCLUSIONS The dual biofilm model assessed was able to create subsurface caries lesions in bovine enamel in vitro, which was influenced by the presence of F in the culture medium and exposure to sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Silva Santana
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Sampaio
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Antônio de Morais
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taynara Leandro Pereira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayse Yumi Hosida
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jin P, Wang L, Chen D, Chen Y. Unveiling the complexity of early childhood caries: Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cooperative strategies in carbohydrate metabolism and virulence. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2339161. [PMID: 38606339 PMCID: PMC11008315 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2339161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the mechanisms underlying the virulence changes in early childhood caries (ECC) caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and environmental acidification. Methods A review of literature was conducted to understand the symbiotic relationship between C. albicans and S. mutans, and their role in the pathogenesis of ECC. The review also examined how their interactions influence carbohydrate metabolism and environmental acidification in the oral cavity. Results C. albicans and S. mutans play crucial roles in the onset and progression of ECC. C. albicans promotes the adhesion and accumulation of S. mutans, while S. mutans creates an environment favorable for the growth of C. albicans. Their interactions, especially through carbohydrate metabolism, strengthen their pathogenic potential. The review highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms for the development of effective management and treatment protocols for ECC. Conclusion The symbiotic relationship between C. albicans and S. mutans, and their interactions through carbohydrate metabolism and environmental acidification, are key factors in the pathogenesis of ECC. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective strategies to manage and treat ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Jin
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
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Dimopoulou E, Baysan A. Effect of topical applications containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler on dental hard tissues-A systematic review. J Dent 2024; 147:104904. [PMID: 38442802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of topical applications containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler on dental hard tissues. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, Lilacs and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (until 15.08.2022). Google and Open Grey were used to search for grey literature and handsearching was conducted. STUDY SELECTION Clinical and in vitro studies conducted on human adult teeth were considered eligible without date and language restrictions. The electronic database generated 2,488 results. In total, 227 studies were found to be relevant from which 71 duplicates were removed. Title and abstract screening were then conducted, and a total of 33 studies met the inclusion criteria were assessed for full text screening. Two authors concluded that 11 studies satisfied the eligibility criteria. In vitro studies were evaluated using an accepted quality assessment tool for dental studies. Cochrane risk of bias tool was used for quality assessment of clinical randomised studies, whilst ROBINS-I tool was used for non-randomised studies. RESULTS Nine in vitro and only two non-randomised clinical trials were reported to meet the eligibility criteria. Results were grouped and analysed separately according to the study design. Different modes of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler delivery were reported in the included studies. Three studies tested the effect of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler containing toothpastes, whilst three studies investigated the effect of polishing pastes with surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler, three studies used eluates as surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler delivery method and two studies reported the effect of the coatings. The effect of those vehicles was tested on enamel, dentine or oral biofilm. Each study was analysed individually, and heterogeneity was detected among in vitro and clinical studies. Half of the in vitro studies were medium risk, whilst three were low and two studies presented with high risk. In clinical trials, outcome, confounding, selection biases were reported. Meta-analysis was therefore unable to be carried out. CONCLUSION Regardless of the mode of delivery and type of studies, all included studies demonstrated the efficacy of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler containing topical applications to inhibit demineralisation of dental hard tissues at a dose dependant manner. Antimicrobial properties towards cariogenic species were also reported. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler containing topical applications may serve as potential caries preventive and cariostatic tools. The systematic review registered in PROSPERO, International prospective register of systematic reviews, No. CRD42022347130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Dimopoulou
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aylin Baysan
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Mathew MG, Jeevanandan G, Rathod NN. Evaluation of Changes in Oral Microflora in Children with Early Childhood Caries after Full Mouth Rehabilitation. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024; 17:21-25. [PMID: 38559854 PMCID: PMC10978515 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the change in microflora in children suffering from severe early childhood caries (ECC) after full mouth rehabilitation. Materials and methods A total of 60 children, aged 3-5 years suffering from severe ECC who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Pooled plaque samples were taken and subjected to quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to obtain baseline mean values of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), Candida albicans (C. albicans), and Candida dubliniensis (C. dubliniensis) before full mouth rehabilitation was done under general anesthesia. Posttreatment samples were collected at 6, 12, and 18 months. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the mean values of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, C. albicans, and C. dubliniensis before and after full mouth rehabilitation. Results A total of 60 patients recruited for the study were present at the follow-up at 6 and 12 months. At 18 months, 55 patients returned, and five were lost due to follow-up. A statistically significant reduction was seen in all microorganisms at 6, 12, and 18 months compared to baseline values. At 18 months a slight increase in S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and C. albicans was seen. C. dubliniensis was not detected in any cases after full mouth rehabilitation. Caries recurrence was seen in four patients at 18 months. Conclusion Significant reduction of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, C. albicans, and C. dubliniensis was seen at 6, 12, and 18 months. A complete reduction of only C. dubliniensis was seen. A significant but not permanent reduction of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and C. albicans. Caries recurrence was seen in 7.27% of patients at 18 months. How to cite this article Mathew MG, Jeevanandan G, Rathod NN. Evaluation of Changes in Oral Microflora in Children with Early Childhood Caries after Full Mouth Rehabilitation. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(1):21-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebin George Mathew
- Department of Pedodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Jeevanandan
- Department of Pedodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neha N Rathod
- Department of Pedodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Li Y, Huang S, Du J, Wu M, Huang X. Current and prospective therapeutic strategies: tackling Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cross-kingdom biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1106231. [PMID: 37249973 PMCID: PMC10213903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most frequent strain associated with cross-kingdom infections in the oral cavity. Clinical evidence shows the co-existence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and C. albicans in the carious lesions especially in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and demonstrates the close interaction between them. During the interaction, both S. mutans and C. albicans have evolved a complex network of regulatory mechanisms to boost cariogenic virulence and modulate tolerance upon stress changes in the external environment. The intricate relationship and unpredictable consequences pose great therapeutic challenges in clinics, which indicate the demand for de novo emergence of potential antimicrobial therapy with multi-targets or combinatorial therapies. In this article, we present an overview of the clinical significance, and cooperative network of the cross-kingdom interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans. Furthermore, we also summarize the current strategies for targeting cross-kingdom biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minjing Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Yang H, Ma Y, Xie X, Wang H, Li X, Fang D, Bai Y. Candida albicans enriched in orthodontic derived white spot lesions and shaped focal supragingival bacteriome. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1084850. [PMID: 36760510 PMCID: PMC9902512 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1084850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot lesions (WSLs) are common enamel infectious diseases in fixed orthodontic treatment, which might attribute to the dysbiosis of oral microbiome. However, the correlation of Candida albicans with oral bacteriome in WSLs still remains unrevealed. This study investigated the carriage of C. albicans and how it shaped the bacterial community in disease or healthy supragingival plaque, to explore the potential role of interkingdom interaction in orthodontic WSLs. In this study, 31 patients with WSLs (WSLs) and 23 healthy patients (Health) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were enrolled. The supragingival microbiota in both groups were determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Colonization and abundance of C. albicans in the plaque were determined via culture-dependent and -independent methods. Among WSLs patients, the correlation of C. albicans and bacteriome was analyzed under QIIME2-based bioinformatics and Spearman's correlation coefficient. The raw reads were deposited into the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database (Accession Number: SRP404186). Significant differences in microbial diversity as well as composition were observed between WSLs and Health groups. Leptotrichia remarkably enriched in the WSLs group, while Neisseria and Cardiobacterium significantly enriched in the Health group. In addition, 45% of WSLs patients were C. albicans carriers but none in patients without WSLs. Among all WSLs patients, beta diversity and microbial composition were distinguished between C. albicans carriers and non-carriers. In C. albicans carriers, Corynebacterium matruchotii and Streptococcus mutans significantly enriched whereas Saccharibacteria_TM7_G-1 significantly depleted. The abundance of C. albicans was positively associated with bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, while the negative correlation was detected between C. albicans and several bacteria such as Cardiobacterium hominis and Streptococcus sanguinis. Our study elucidated the distinguished supragingival plaque microbiome between orthodontic patients with and without WSLs. C. albicans frequently existed and enriched in orthodontic derived WSLs. The carriage of C. albicans shape plaque bacterial community in demineralized lesions and might play roles in WSLs pathogenesis.
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Diarylureas: New Promising Small Molecules against Streptococcus mutans for the Treatment of Dental Caries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010112. [PMID: 36671313 PMCID: PMC9855158 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated disease that represents a worldwide oral health issue. Streptococcus mutans has been ascertained as the main cariogenic pathogen responsible for human dental caries, with a high ability to form biofilms, regulated by the quorum sensing. Diarylureas represent a class of organic compounds that show numerous biological activities, including the antimicrobial one. Two small molecules belonging to this class, specifically to diphenylureas, BPU (1,3-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea) and DMTU (1,3-di-m-tolyl-urea), showed interesting results in studies regarding the antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic bacterium S. mutans. Since there are not many antimicrobials used for the prevention and treatment of caries, further studies on these two interesting compounds and other diarylureas against S. mutans may be useful to design new effective agents for the treatment of caries with generally low cytotoxicity.
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Amarante VDOZ, Delbem ACB, Sampaio C, de Morais LA, de Camargo ER, Monteiro DR, Pessan JP, Hosida TY. Activity of Sodium Trimetaphosphate Nanoparticles on Cariogenic-Related Biofilms In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:170. [PMID: 36616080 PMCID: PMC9824195 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In light of the promising effect of sodium trimetaphosphate nanoparticles (TMPn) on dental enamel, in addition to the scarce evidence of the effects of these nanoparticles on biofilms, this study evaluated the activity of TMPn with/without fluoride (F) on the pH, inorganic composition and extracellular matrix (ECM) components of dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The biofilms were cultivated in artificial saliva in microtiter plates and treated with solutions containing 1% or 3% conventional/microparticulate TMP (TMPm) or TMPn, with or without F. After the last treatment, the protein and carbohydrate content of the ECM was analyzed, and the pH and F, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and TMP concentrations of the biofilms were determined. In another set of experiments, after the last treatment, the biofilms were exposed to a 20% sucrose solution, and their matrix composition, pH, and inorganic component contents were evaluated. 3% TMPn/F significantly reduced ECM carbohydrate and increased biofilm pH (after sucrose exposure) than other treatments. Also, it significantly increased P and F levels before sucrose exposure in comparison to 3% TMPm/F. In conclusion, 3% TMPn/F affected the biofilm ECM and pH, besides influencing inorganic biofilm composition by increasing P and F levels in the biofilm fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane de Oliveira Zequini Amarante
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Sampaio
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Antônio de Morais
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-920, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Thayse Yumi Hosida
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM, Kusumaningrum A, Sunarto H, Soeroso Y, Sulijaya B, Apriyanti E, Theodorea CF, Pratomo IP, . Y, Efendi D, Razak FA. ACE2 expression in saliva of patients with COVID-19 and its association with Candida albicans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. F1000Res 2022; 11:557. [PMID: 36112976 PMCID: PMC9445561 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.111965.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A relationship between oral microbiota and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been extensively studied. However, the relationship between oral commensal flora and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (
ACE2) remains to be established. In this observational study, we collected saliva from patients with COVID-19 and evaluated the relationship between
ACE2 expression and
Candida albicans as well as with selected gram-negative bacteria (
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans,
Fusobacterium nucleatum, and
Veillonella parvula). We investigated how this may be directly or indirectly involved in oral dysbiosis in patients with COVID-19. Methods: We included 23 hospitalized patients admitted to Universitas Indonesia Hospital with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, with six healthy participants serving as controls. Saliva and tongue surface swabs were collected from patients with diabetes (DG) and without diabetes (NDG) and subject controls. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR) we assessed the mRNA expression of
ACE2, the abundance of
C. albicans, and the transcription levels of its biofilm-associated genes, agglutinin-like protein 3 (
ALS3), hyphal wall protein 1 (
HWP1), and yeast-form wall protein 1 (
YWP1). We also counted the relative proportion of the three selected gram-negative oral bacteria in saliva. All analyses were performed to determine the relationship between
ACE2 expression and
C. albicans and gram-negative bacteria. Results:ACE2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in tongue swab samples than in saliva. However, no significant difference was observed between the patient groups. Conversely, DG patients had a significantly higher abundance of
C. albicans in saliva compared to NDG patients and control group patients. The correlation and sensitivity/specificity relationship between
ACE2 expression and
C. albicans or the selected oral bacteria were also observed. Conclusions: The data show that
ACE2 expression can be detected in saliva of patients with COVID-19 and its association with
C. albicans and gram-negative oral bacteria might contribute toward developing an oral dysbiosis based predictor for prognosis of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia - Oral Science Research Center, Jakarta, DKI, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia - Oral Science Research Center, Jakarta, DKI, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ardiana Kusumaningrum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Clinical Microbiology Medicine Staff Group, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Hari Sunarto
- Dental Center, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Yuniarti Soeroso
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Efa Apriyanti
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Citra Fragrantia Theodorea
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia - Oral Science Research Center, Jakarta, DKI, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Irandi Putra Pratomo
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Yudhistira .
- Clinical Pathology Medicine Staff Group, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Defi Efendi
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Fathilah Abdul Razak
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Griffith A, Mateen A, Markowitz K, Singer SR, Cugini C, Shimizu E, Wiedman GR, Kumar V. Alternative Antibiotics in Dentistry: Antimicrobial Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1679. [PMID: 36015305 PMCID: PMC9412702 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medicine and dentistry is a growing concern. New approaches are needed to combat antibiotic resistant (AR) bacterial infections. There are a number of methods available and in development to address AR infections. Dentists conventionally use chemicals such as chlorohexidine and calcium hydroxide to kill oral bacteria, with many groups recently developing more biocompatible antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for use in the oral cavity. AMPs are promising candidates in the treatment of (oral) infections. Also known as host defense peptides, AMPs have been isolated from animals across all kingdoms of life and play an integral role in the innate immunity of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms by responding to pathogens. Despite progress over the last four decades, there are only a few AMPs approved for clinical use. This review summarizes an Introduction to Oral Microbiome and Oral Infections, Traditional Antibiotics and Alternatives & Antimicrobial Peptides. There is a focus on cationic AMP characteristics and mechanisms of actions, and an overview of animal-derived natural and synthetic AMPs, as well as observed microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Griffith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Akilah Mateen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Kenneth Markowitz
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Steven R. Singer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Carla Cugini
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Gregory R. Wiedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Biology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Cvanova M, Ruzicka F, Kukletova M, Lipovy B, Gachova D, Izakovicova Holla L, Danek Z, Hola V, Bartosova M, Jarkovsky J, Dusek L, Borilova Linhartova P. Candida species and selected behavioral factors co-associated with severe early childhood caries: Case-control study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:943480. [PMID: 35959372 PMCID: PMC9357982 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.943480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Early Childhood Caries (sECC) is a multifactorial disease associated with the occurrence of specific oral microorganisms and other environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors. This study aimed to construct a multivariable model including the occurrence of Candida spp. and selected behavioral factors (length of breastfeeding, serving sweet beverages and beginning of brushing child’s teeth) to determine their relationships to the occurrence of sECC. In this case-control study 164 children with sECC and 147 children without dental caries were included. MALDI-TOF MS and multiplex qPCR were used to identify Candida spp. and selected bacteria in dental plaque samples, respectively. A questionnaire on oral hygiene, diet, and children’s health was filled in by the parents. The constructed multivariable logistic regression model showed an independent influence of the microbial and behavioral factors in sECC etiopathogenesis. The occurrence of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis was associated with higher odds of sECC development (odds ratio, OR: 9.62 and 16.93, respectively), together with breastfeeding of 6 months or less (OR: 2.71), exposure to sweet beverages (OR: 3.77), and starting to brush child’s teeth after the 12th month of age (OR: 4.10), all statistically significant (p < 0.01). Considering the high occurrence of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis in dental plaque in children with sECC, we propose them as “keystone pathogens” and risk factors for sECC. The models showed that presence of specific species of Candida in dental plaque may be a better descriptor of sECC than the mentioned behavioral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Cvanova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Ruzicka
- Clinic of Microbiology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Kukletova
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Bretislav Lipovy
- Clinic of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Institution shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Daniela Gachova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lydie Izakovicova Holla
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Danek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czechia
- Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institution shared with the University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Hola
- Clinic of Microbiology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michaela Bartosova
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Jarkovsky
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ladislav Dusek
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Borilova Linhartova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czechia
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institution shared with the University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Petra Borilova Linhartova,
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12
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Wang J, Cheng X, Zhang J, Liu Z, Cheng F, Yan J, Zhang G. Estimating the time since deposition (TsD) in saliva stains using temporal changes in microbial markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2022; 60:102747. [PMID: 35870433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Determining the time since deposition (TsD) of traces could be helpful in the investigation of criminal offenses. However, there are no reliable markers and models available for the inference of short-term TsD. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of the succession pattern of human salivary microbial communities to serve as an efficiency TsD prediction tool in the resolution of the forensic cases. Saliva stains exposed to indoor conditions up to 20 days were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA profiling using high-throughput sequencing technique. Noticeable differences in microbial composition were observed between different time points, and the indoor exposure time of saliva stains were inversely correlated with alpha diversity estimates across the measured time period. The sequencing results were used to identify TsD-dependent bacterial indicators to regress a generalized random forest model, resulting in a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 1.41 days. Furthermore, a simplified TsD predictive model was also developed utilizing Enhydrobacter, Paenisporosarcina, and Janthinobacterium by quantitative PCR (qPCR) with a MAD of 1.32 days, and then forensic practice assessment were also performed by using mock samples with a MAD of 3.53 days. In conclusion, this study revealed significant changes in salivary microbial abundance as the prolongation of TsD. It demonstrated that the microbial biomarkers could be invoked as a "clock" for TsD estimation in human dried saliva stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cheng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Zidong Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, China.
| | - Gengqian Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, China.
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13
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The Arginine Biosynthesis Pathway of Candida albicans Regulates Its Cross-Kingdom Interaction with Actinomyces viscosus to Promote Root Caries. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0078222. [PMID: 35862976 PMCID: PMC9430244 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00782-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-kingdom interactions between Candida albicans and Actinomyces viscosus play critical roles in root caries. However, the key pathway by which C. albicans regulates its interactions with A. viscosus is unclear. Here, we first employed 39 volunteers with root caries and 37 caries-free volunteers, and found that the abundances of C. albicans and A. viscosus were significantly increased in the individuals with root caries and showed a strong positive correlation. Their dual-species combination synergistically promoted biofilm formation and root caries in rats. The arginine biosynthesis pathway of C. albicans was significantly upregulated in dual-species biofilms and dental plaques from another 10 root caries volunteers compared with the 10 caries-free volunteers. The exogenous addition of arginine increased the cariogenicity of the dual-species biofilm. The C. albicansARG4, a key gene from the arginine biosynthesis pathway, null mutant failed to promote dual-species biofilm formation and root caries in rats; however, the addition of arginine restored its synergistic actions with A. viscosus. Our results identified the critical roles of the C. albicans arginine biosynthesis pathway in its cross-kingdom interactions with A. viscosus for the first time and indicated that targeting this pathway was a practical way to treat root caries caused by multiple species. IMPORTANCE Root caries is a critical problem that threatens the oral health of the elderly population. Our results identified the essential roles of the C. albicans arginine biosynthesis pathway in its cross-kingdom interactions with A. viscosus in root caries for the first time and indicated that targeting this pathway was a practical way to treat root caries caused by multiple species.
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14
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Yang F, Dinis M, Haghighi F, He X, Shi W, Chaichanasakul Tran N. Oral colonization of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in children with or without fixed orthodontic appliances: A pilot study. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:451-458. [PMID: 35028070 PMCID: PMC8739723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Adolescents undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy have an increased risk of oral diseases due to additional plaque accumulation sites. However, the effect of fixed orthodontics appliances (FOAs) on the colonization of Candida albicans (Ca) and Streptococcus mutans (Sm), two synergistic oral pathogens, is largely unknown and was, therefore, the primary objective of this pilot investigation. Material and methods Sixteen children aged 10–15 years were enrolled, nine in the FOA and seven in the control groups. Saliva and occlusal plaque were collected, and the Ca and Sm levels were quantified with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Results A trend of higher Ca levels was observed in the saliva and occlusal plaque of the FOA group, while the control group contained higher levels of Sm. Furthermore, for Sm levels, a positive correlation between saliva and occlusal plaque was shown in both the FOA and control groups; in contrast, Ca levels were negatively correlated between these samples only in the FOA group. Between Ca and Sm, a positive correlation was observed in saliva and occlusal plaque in the control group; however, this relationship was disrupted in the FOA group. Conclusion Our preliminary study demonstrated that the presence of FOAs disturbs the colonization of Ca and Sm within the oral cavity. This perturbation might increase orthodontic patients’ risk for Ca- and Sm-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Single-Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Márcia Dinis
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Farnoosh Haghighi
- Section of Periodontics, Division of Constitutive & Regenerative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xuesong He
- The Forsyth Institute, Microbiology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- The Forsyth Institute, Microbiology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Nini Chaichanasakul Tran
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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15
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16
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Anggani HS, Rusli V, Bachtiar EW. Chitosan gel prevents the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola in mini-implant during orthodontic treatment. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:1024-1028. [PMID: 34938045 PMCID: PMC8665160 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We evaluated the effect of chitosan gel on total oral bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, during orthodontic treatment with mini-implants. Material and methods Thirty subjects with 52 orthodontic mini-implants were divided into three groups: one group was treated with chitosan gel, the other group with chlorhexidine gel, and the control group with placebo. The plaque of the orthodontic peri-mini-implant area was collected before and after gel treatment. The total oral bacteria and red-complex bacteria of P. pingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola were determined with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Results Thirty-four orthodontic mini-implants (65.38%) appeared as healthy and showed no clinical signs of inflammation. The total number of bacteria was reduced after chitosan gel application. The highest decrease in the proportion of P. gingivalis was observed in the chlorhexidine gel application group, which showed a value of 70.86%, whereas the chitosan gel application showed a reduction of only 26.59%, and the control gel application showed the lowest reduction effect of only 2.55%. The difference in the reduction between gel application groups was significant (P < 0.05) for T. denticola and T. forsythia. Conclusion The gel containing chitosan reduced the levels of total oral bacteria and red-complex bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru Setyo Anggani
- Department of Orthodontic Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Victoria Rusli
- Department of Orthodontic Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Endang W Bachtiar
- Departement of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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17
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Zarif ME, Yehia SA, Biță B, Sătulu V, Vizireanu S, Dinescu G, Holban AM, Marinescu F, Andronescu E, Grumezescu AM, Bîrcă AC, Farcașiu AT. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Activation of Hydroxyapatite to Improve Fluoride Incorporation and Modulate Bacterial Biofilm. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13103. [PMID: 34884908 PMCID: PMC8658314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the technological progress of the last decade, dental caries is still the most frequent oral health threat in children and adults alike. Such a condition has multiple triggers and is caused mainly by enamel degradation under the acidic attack of microbial cells, which compose the biofilm of the dental plaque. The biofilm of the dental plaque is a multispecific microbial consortium that periodically develops on mammalian teeth. It can be partially removed through mechanical forces by individual brushing or in specialized oral care facilities. Inhibition of microbial attachment and biofilm formation, as well as methods to strengthen dental enamel to microbial attack, represent the key factors in caries prevention. The purpose of this study was to elaborate a cold plasma-based method in order to modulate microbial attachment and biofilm formation and to improve the retention of fluoride (F-) in an enamel-like hydroxyapatite (HAP) model sample. Our results showed improved F retention in the HAP model, which correlated with an increased antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect. The obtained cold plasma with a dual effect exhibited through biofilm modulation and enamel strengthening through fluoridation is intended for dental application, such as preventing and treating dental caries and enamel deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Zarif
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sașa Alexandra Yehia
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Bogdan Biță
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Veronica Sătulu
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Sorin Vizireanu
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Dinescu
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Marinescu
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov no. 3, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov no. 3, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Titus Farcașiu
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 032799 Bucharest, Romania
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18
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The Oral Microbiota Changes in Orthodontic Patients and Effects on Oral Health: An Overview. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040780. [PMID: 33669186 PMCID: PMC7919675 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a considerable interest to study the biological and microbiological changes that accompany orthodontic treatment. Growing knowledge on oral microbiota allows, day after day, to identify and characterize the microbial arrangements specifically associated with oral and extra-oral conditions. The aim of the present work is to highlight any further correlations between orthodontic appliances and the qualitative and quantitative modifications of the oral microbiota, such as predisposing factors for the onset of caries, periodontal diseases, and other infections, which can impact the oral and systemic health of the orthodontic patients. When compared with subjects without orthodontic appliances, orthodontic patients reported significant qualitative and quantitative differences in supra- and subgingival plaque during the entire treatment period. Certain components of fixed appliances (mainly bonded molar brackets, ceramic brackets, and elastomeric ligatures) showed high risks of periodontal disease and tooth decay for patients. An unclear prevalence of Candida spp. and the paucity of studies on viruses and protozoas in the oral microbiota of orthodontic patients need to be further investigated. The evidence emerging from this study could guide clinicians in modulating the timing of controls and enhance patient motivation to prevent the formation of mature plaque, thus reducing the risks of oral-plaque-related diseases.
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Xiong K, Chen X, Zhu H, Ji M, Zou L. Anticaries activity of GERM CLEAN in Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilm. Oral Dis 2021; 28:829-839. [PMID: 33583105 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antimicrobial effects of a peptide containing novel oral spray GERM CLEAN on dual-species biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and to investigate whether GERM CLEAN inhibits the demineralization procedure of bovine enamel in vitro. METHODS The antimicrobial effects of GERM CLEAN on dual-species biofilm were analyzed by initial adherence rate calculation, water-insoluble exopolysaccharides quantification, total biomass quantification, and colony-forming units (CFUs) counting. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were applied to evaluate the impacts of GERM CLEAN on the biofilm structure. Further, the effects of GERM CLEAN on acidogenicity of dual-species were appraised via glycolytic pH drop analysis and hydroxyapatite dissolution measurement. The percentage of Surface Microhardness Reduction (%SMHR) evaluation, Atomic Force Micrograph (AFM) examination, and Transverse Microradiography (TMR) analysis after pH cycling were used to determine whether GERM CLEAN inhibited the demineralization of bovine enamel. RESULTS GERM CLEAN decreased the adherence rate, water-insoluble EPS production, biofilm formation, and acidogenicity of the dual-species. Moreover, GERM CLEAN significantly inhibited the demineralization status of bovine enamels. CONCLUSION This peptide containing novel oral spray GERM CLEAN has antimicrobial potential toward the dual-species. GERM CLEAN can also impede the demineralization procedure of enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hualing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengzhen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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20
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Rahmah N, Bachtiar BM, Gultom FP, Soejoedono RD, Bachtiar EW. S. mutans Serotype c, C. albicans, Oral Hygiene, and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth in Early Childhood Caries. Open Dent J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602014010731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Candida albicans antigens from dental plaque and their relationship with the Oral Hygiene Index Score (OHI-S) and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) in Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC).
Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study, including 5 ECC and 32 S-ECC subjects. ECC was classified as a DMFT score < 4, and S-ECC was classified as a DMFT score ≥ 4 at 71 months of age. S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens from dental plaque of ECC and S-ECC patients were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The optical density of S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens was determined at 450 nm. Correlations between S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens and OHI-S in ECC and S-ECC were analyzed.
Results:
There were no significant differences in S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens between ECC and S-ECC patients or between patients with moderate and good OHI-S scores. There was a negative correlation between S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens in ECC patients (r = -0,62; p < 0.05).
Conclusion:
The increase in C. albicans suppresses S. mutans serotype c growth in ECC but not in S-ECC. The findings of this study could be used to discover the molecular mechanisms involved in bacterial-fungal relationships and the contribution of new technologies to reduce ECC.
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21
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Manzer HS, Nobbs AH, Doran KS. The Multifaceted Nature of Streptococcal Antigen I/II Proteins in Colonization and Disease Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:602305. [PMID: 33329493 PMCID: PMC7732690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.602305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the natural microbiota of humans and animals. Certain streptococcal species are known as opportunistic pathogens with the potential to cause severe invasive disease. Antigen I/II (AgI/II) family proteins are sortase anchored cell surface adhesins that are nearly ubiquitous across streptococci and contribute to many streptococcal diseases, including dental caries, respiratory tract infections, and meningitis. They appear to be multifunctional adhesins with affinities to various host substrata, acting to mediate attachment to host surfaces and stimulate immune responses from the colonized host. Here we will review the literature including recent work that has demonstrated the multifaceted nature of AgI/II family proteins, focusing on their overlapping and distinct functions and their important contribution to streptococcal colonization and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider S. Manzer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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22
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Huffines JT, Scoffield JA. Disruption of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergy by a commensal streptococcus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19661. [PMID: 33184348 PMCID: PMC7661713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial interactions in dental plaque play a significant role in dysbiosis and homeostasis in the oral cavity. In early childhood caries, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are often co-isolated from carious lesions and associated with increased disease severity. Studies have demonstrated that metabolic and glucan-dependent synergism between C. albicans and S. mutans contribute to enhanced pathogenesis. However, it is unclear how oral commensals influence pathogen synergy. Streptococcus parasanguinis, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) producing oral commensal, has antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. In this study, we utilized a three species biofilm model to understand the impact of S. parasanguinis on S. mutans and C. albicans synergy. We report that S. parasanguinis disrupts S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm synergy in a contact and H2O2-independent manner. Further, metabolomics analysis revealed a S. parasanguinis-driven alteration in sugar metabolism that restricts biofilm development by S. mutans. Moreover, S. parasanguinis inhibits S. mutans glucosyltransferase (GtfB) activity, which is important for glucan matrix development and GtfB-mediated binding to C. albicans mannan. Taken together, our study describes a new antimicrobial role for S. parasanguinis and highlights how this abundant oral commensal may be utilized to attenuate pathogen synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Huffines
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 845 19th St. South, Room 744A, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Jessica A Scoffield
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 845 19th St. South, Room 744A, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA.
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23
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Septiana S, Bachtiar BM, Yuliana ND, Wijaya CH. Cajuputs candy impairs Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans mixed biofilm formation in vitro. F1000Res 2020; 8:1923. [PMID: 32528653 PMCID: PMC7269370 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20700.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cajuputs candy (CC), an Indonesian functional food, utilizes
the bioactivity of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil (MCEO) to
maintain oral cavity health. Synergistic interaction between Candida
albicans and Streptococcus mutans is a crucial
step in the pathogenesis of early childhood caries. Our recent study revealed
several alternative MCEOs as the main flavors in CC. The capacity of CC to
interfere with the fungus-bacterium relationship remains unknown. This study
aimed to evaluate CC efficacy to impair biofilm formation by these dual
cariogenic microbes. Methods: The inhibition capacity of CC against mixed-biofilm
comprising C. albicans and S. mutans was
assessed by quantitative (crystal violet assay, tetrazolium salt [MTT] assay,
colony forming unit/mL counting, biofilm-related gene expression) and
qualitative analysis (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Result: Both biofilm-biomass and viable cells were significantly
reduced in the presence of CC. Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed
this inhibition capacity, demonstrating morphology alteration of C.
albicans, along with reduced microcolonies of S.
mutans in the biofilm mass. This finding was related to the
transcription level of selected biofilm-associated genes, expressed either by
C. albicans or S. mutans. Based on qPCR
results, CC could interfere with the transition of C. albicans
yeast form to the hyphal form, while it suppressed insoluble glucan
production by S. mutans. G2 derived from Mojokerto MCEO showed
the greatest inhibition activity on the relationship between these cross-kingdom
oral microorganisms (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In general, all CC formulas showed biofilm inhibition
capacity. Candy derived from Mojokerto MCEO showed the greatest capacity to
maintain the yeast form of C. albicans and to inhibit
extracellular polysaccharide production by S. mutans.
Therefore, the development of dual-species biofilms can be impaired effectively
by the CC tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siska Septiana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Boy Muchlis Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Nancy Dewi Yuliana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
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24
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Bachtiar BM, Fath T, Widowati R, Bachtiar EW. Quantification and Pathogenicity of Candida albicans in Denture-Wearing and Nondenture-Wearing Elderly. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:423-428. [PMID: 32542630 PMCID: PMC7440952 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective
The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the microbial loads and pathogenicity traits of oral
Candida albicans
in denture-wearing (DW;
n
= 15) and nondenture-wearing (NDW;
n
= 15) elderly persons.
Materials and Methods
The fungal counts of the saliva, tongue dorsa, and prosthesis-fitting surfaces of the participants were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction to compare the quantity and expression of selected
C. albicans
biofilm-associated genes (
ALS3
,
HWP1
, and
YWP1
).
Statistical Analysis
The obtained data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Bartlett’s test. When appropriate, the Student’s
t
-test was also used; a value of
p
< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
In both groups, the count of
C. albicans
was found to be significantly higher in saliva than in other oral samples. The expression of the hypha-specific genes (
ALS3
and
HWP1
) in the tongue dorsa was higher in the DW group (
p
< 0.05), whereas the transcription level of the yeast-specific gene (
YWP1)
was significantly higher in the NDW group.
Conclusion
Both tongue dorsa and dentures appear to be sharing factors that are important for
C. albicans
biofilm growth in abiotic and biotic oral surfaces of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Turmidzi Fath
- Department of Biology, Graduate School, Universitas Nasional, South Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Retno Widowati
- Department of Biology, Graduate School, Universitas Nasional, South Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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25
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Septiana S, Bachtiar BM, Yuliana ND, Wijaya CH. Cajuputs candy impairs Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans mixed biofilm formation in vitro. F1000Res 2019; 8:1923. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20700.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cajuputs candy (CC), an Indonesian functional food, utilizes the bioactivity of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil (MCEO) to maintain oral cavity health. Synergistic interaction between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of early childhood caries. Our recent study revealed several alternative MCEOs as the main flavors in CC. The capacity of CC to interfere with the fungus-bacterium relationship remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate CC efficacy to impair biofilm formation by these dual cariogenic microbes. Methods: The inhibition capacity of CC against mixed-biofilm comprising C. albicans and S. mutans was assessed by quantitative (crystal violet assay, tetrazolium salt [MTT] assay, colony forming unit/mL counting, biofilm-related gene expression) and qualitative analysis (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Result: Both biofilm-biomass and viable cells were significantly reduced in the presence of CC. Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed this inhibition capacity, demonstrating morphology alteration of C. albicans, along with reduced microcolonies of S. mutans in the biofilm mass. This finding was related to the transcription level of selected biofilm-associated genes, expressed either by C. albicans or S. mutans. Based on qPCR results, CC could interfere with the transition of C. albicans yeast form to the hyphal form, while it suppressed insoluble glucan production by S. mutans. G2 derived from Mojokerto MCEO showed the greatest inhibition activity on the relationship between these cross-kingdom oral microorganisms (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In general, all CC formulas showed biofilm inhibition capacity. Candy derived from Mojokerto MCEO showed the greatest capacity to maintain the commensal form of C. albicans and to inhibit extracellular polysaccharide production by S. mutans. Therefore, the development of dual-species biofilms can be impaired effectively by the CC tested.
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26
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Mutanase Enzyme from Paracoccus mutanolyticus RSP02: Characterization and Application as a Biocontrol Agent. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 59:436-444. [PMID: 31762506 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutanases are enzymes that have the ability to cleave α-1,3 linkages in glucan polymer. In the present investigation, mutanase enzyme purified from the culture filtrate of Paracoccus mutanolyticus was evaluated for Streptococcal biofilm degradation and antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi along with enzyme kinetics, activation energies, pH and thermal stability. Biochemical and molecular characterization depicted that the enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 5.5 and at 50 °C. It displayed Michaelis-Menten behaviour with a Km of 1.263 ± 0.03 (mg/ml), Vmax of 2.712 ± 0.15 U/mg protein. Thermal stability studies denoted that it required 55.46 and 135.43 kJ mol-1 of energy for activation and deactivation in the temperature range of 30-50 °C and 50-70 °C respectively. Mutanase activity was enhanced ~ 50 and 75% by Fe2+ and EDTA, respectively, while presence of Hg2+ and Mn2+ inhibit > 90% of its activity. This enzyme has a molecular mass of 138 kDa and showed monomeric nature by Zymography. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of mutanase treated Streptococcal cells revealed cleavage of linkages among the cells and complete separation of cells, indicating its potential in dentistry as an anticaries agent in the prophylaxis and therapy of dental caries. In addition, antifungal activity of mutanase against Colletotrichum capsici MTCC 10147 and Cladosporium cladosporioide MTCC 7371 revealed that the enzyme has potential towards biological control of phytopathogens which could be used as an alternative bio-control agent against chemical pesticides in the future.
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27
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Krüger W, Vielreicher S, Kapitan M, Jacobsen ID, Niemiec MJ. Fungal-Bacterial Interactions in Health and Disease. Pathogens 2019; 8:E70. [PMID: 31117285 PMCID: PMC6630686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and bacteria encounter each other in various niches of the human body. There, they interact directly with one another or indirectly via the host response. In both cases, interactions can affect host health and disease. In the present review, we summarized current knowledge on fungal-bacterial interactions during their commensal and pathogenic lifestyle. We focus on distinct mucosal niches: the oral cavity, lung, gut, and vagina. In addition, we describe interactions during bloodstream and wound infections and the possible consequences for the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Krüger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Sarah Vielreicher
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Mario Kapitan
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Maria Joanna Niemiec
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
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28
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Bachtiar BM, Srisawat C, Bachtiar EW. RNA aptamers selected against yeast cells inhibit Candida albicans biofilm formation in vitro. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00812. [PMID: 30779315 PMCID: PMC6692556 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers that bind live bacterial cells have been widely investigated, but their potential to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm formation needs to be further explored. The aims of this study were to evaluate the binding of C. albicans to RNA aptamers and to examine the potential of aptamers to inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro. In this study, RNA aptamers selected against yeast cells of C. albicans ATCC 10231 were developed using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technique. The binding affinity of the resulting aptamers was then determined by an aptamer‐linked immobilized sorbent assay (ALISA), and a colorimetric (MTT) assay was used to measure the metabolic activity of Candida biofilms. After 11 rounds of SELEX, two candidate aptamers, Ca‐apt‐1 and Ca‐apt‐12, were identified. The Ca‐apt‐1 aptamer also recognized C. albicans isolated from clinical specimens but did not recognize other oral microorganisms (i.e., Streptococcus mutans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The ALISA results showed that the binding affinity of these aptamers was comparable to that of an anti‐C. albicans monoclonal antibody. In addition, Ca‐apt‐1 could inhibit biofilm and hyphal formation of C. albicans in vitro, as demonstrated using biofilm assays. This study shows that RNA aptamers could potentially be used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications for C. albicans‐related disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Oral Research Science Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Chatchawan Srisawat
- Department of Biochemistry and NANOTEC-Mahidol University Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Oral Research Science Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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29
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM. Relationship between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in early childhood caries, evaluated by quantitative PCR. F1000Res 2018; 7:1645. [PMID: 30450201 PMCID: PMC6221075 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16275.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the synergistic relationship between
Candida albicans and
Streptococcus mutans in children with early childhood caries (ECC) experience. Methods: Dental plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were taken from 30 subjects aged 3-5 years old, half with (n=15, dmft > 4) and half without (n=15) ECC. The abundance of
C. albicans and
S. mutans and relative to total bacteria load were quantify by real-time PCR (qPCR). This method was also employed to investigate the mRNA expression of glycosyltransferase (
gtfB) gene in dental plaque. Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation were used to perform statistical analysis. Results: Within the ECC group, the quantity of both microorganisms were higher in the saliva than in dental plaque. The ratio of
C. albicans to total bacteria was higher in saliva than in plaque samples (p < 0.05). We observed the opposite for
S. mutans (p < 0.05). The different value of
C. albicans and
S. mutans in saliva was positively correlated, and negatively correlated in dental plaque. Transcription level of
S. mutans gtfB showed a positive correlation with
C. albicans concentration in dental plaque. Conclusion:C. albicans has a positive correlation with cariogenic traits of
S. mutans in ECC-related biofilm of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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