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Güzel A, Samancı Tekin Ç, Uçan Yamaç S. Exploring the impacts of perceived locus of control on post-traumatic stress disorder among disaster survivors: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2024; 31:776-787. [PMID: 38340023 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: It was previously reported that perceived external locus of control may exacerbate depressive symptoms, is associated with anxiety, boosts stress and general mental distress and weakens resilience against traumatic situations or difficulties. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Those with a higher external locus of control are more prone to develop PTSD symptoms since the perceived external locus of control is among the predictors of PTSD. An internal locus of control is considered important in preventing PTSD, although an external locus of control appears to be a variable that causes/increases the prevalence of PTSD. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: It is known that nurses are deployed in clinical and fieldwork during disaster and assume key roles both interventional practices and psychosocial education. Thus, it is of particular importance for mental health nurses to be aware of the locus of control in themselves, their colleagues, and the community before, during and after disasters to be able to combat the risk/presence of PTSD. ABSTRACT AIM: The present systematic review explored the impacts of perceived locus of control on PTSD among individuals experiencing disasters. METHOD This is a systematic review study carried out through a search of the relevant research published in English over the period December 2021 to April 2022. Accordingly, we sought the studies to review on the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "Child, Children, Adolescent, Adolescence, Adult, Aged, Elderly, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Internal-External Control, Locus of Control, Disasters, Natural Disasters." RESULTS A total of 1.011 studies were found in the five databases using the keywords above. Following the exclusions, the remaining six studies were recruited for this systematic review. The six studies in question addressed earthquakes (2), hurricanes (1), wildfires (1), SARS (1) and fireworks explosions (1). In the study with wildfire survivors, there was a weak significant association between external locus of control and PTSD among those directly exposed to the disaster (r = .15, p < .01). The study with survivors of the SARS epidemic demonstrated that those with a high perceived chance (external) locus of control suffered PTSD (p = .001). An internal locus of control is considered important in preventing PTSD, although an external locus of control appears to be a variable that causes/increases the prevalence of PTSD. CONCLUSION It was concluded that perceived locus of control is related to PTSD in individuals experiencing a disaster. The additional evidence was that post-disaster PTSD among those with a high perceived external locus of control is stronger than those with a high perceived internal locus of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Güzel
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Samancı Tekin
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Uçan Yamaç
- Department of Midwifery, Bucak Health High School, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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Sadafi S, Choubsaz P, Kazemeini SMM, Imani MM, Sadeghi M. Glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) deletion polymorphism and susceptibility to head and neck carcinoma: a systematic review with five analyses. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:885. [PMID: 39039477 PMCID: PMC11264357 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) enzyme plays a key role in the neutralization of electrophilic compounds such as carcinogens. Herein, we aimed to evaluate GSTT1 deletion polymorphism and susceptibility to head and neck carcinoma (HNC) according to 107 articles in a systematic review with five analyses. The databases of PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library from the beginning of each database until June 21, 2023, with no restrictions to identify pertinent articles. The RevMan 5.3 software was used to calculate the effect sizes, which were displayed as the odds ratio (OR) along with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Both the publication bias and sensitivity analyses were performed using the CMA 3.0 software. A trial sequential analysis (TSA) was conducted. Of the 1966 records retrieved from four databases, 107 articles were included in the analysis. The combined analysis revealed that the pooled OR was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.14 to 1.44; p-value < 0.0001). The pooled OR was highest in mixed ethnicity. Nasopharyngeal cancer had the highest OR (1.84), followed by oral cancer (OR = 1.20), and laryngeal cancer (OR = 1.17). Studies with less than 200 samples had a higher OR compared to those with 200 or more samples. The studies with a quality score of 7 or more had a higher OR compared to those with a score of less than 7. When both age and sex are considered, while the OR of 1.42 is significant, the high heterogeneity suggests caution in interpreting these results. There is no evidence of publication bias. TSA reported that the study does not have sufficient statistical power. This comprehensive meta-analysis revealed a significant association between the GSTT1 null genotype and an increased risk of HNC, with variations based on factors such as ethnicity, cancer type, sample size, control source, and quality score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Sadafi
- Molecular Pathology Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parsia Choubsaz
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Moslem Imani
- Department of Orthodontics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Qian H, Yang H. Risk Factors, Complications, and Treatment Modalities for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Noise Health 2024; 26:205-213. [PMID: 38904824 DOI: 10.4103/nah.nah_62_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) during pregnancy is a rare condition and has not been much studied. The study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk factors, complications, and treatment modalities for SSNHL in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were used for the literature search. The Cochrane technique for assessing risk of bias was used for the article quality appraisal, and RevMan 5.4 was used for conducting the meta-analysis. Standard mean difference (SMD) and odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were utilized. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using the I-square (I2) test statistic and the Egger's test, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The seven primary studies employed prospective and retrospective study designs. The meta-analysis showed that there were fewer risk variables for SSNHL in the experimental group compared with those in the control group (SMD = -0.45 to 3.24, 95% CI = -3.063.63 to 2.16-2.85), indicating that the analysis revealed an insignificant difference. However, the treated patients presented hearing improvement, suggesting a significant analysis (SMD = -0.6710.20, 95% CI = -1.2713.51 to -0.066.88). Furthermore, after therapy, substantial differences were observed in SMD between the two groups (SMD = -0.7415.18, 95% CI = -1.2423.85 to -0.256.40) in favor of the experimental group patients, based on the analysis results of four included studies. However, the I2-value of 0% showed that the heterogeneity was low. CONCLUSION SSNHL during pregnancy is a notably rare condition with an unknown cause. However, hormonal fluctuations, particularly increased levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, have been frequently implicated as potential triggers for SSNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou Center Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Huaqin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
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Fithriyyah YN, Alda AK, Haryani H. Trends and ethical issues in nursing during disasters: A systematic review. Nurs Ethics 2023; 30:753-775. [PMID: 36974633 DOI: 10.1177/09697330231155602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During a disaster, nurses face complex ethical challenges because of risky situations. It is necessary to identify trends and ethical issues of nurses in disasters to improve the quality of care and impact for nurses. METHOD This systematic review enrolled in the international registration with PROSPERO: CRD42022350765. We searched the following databases: PubMed, EBSCO MEDLINE, SCOPUS, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Sage Pub. The inclusion criteria were developed according to PICO and D; are Population (F): involving nurses; intervention/Exposure (I): disaster, Comparison (C): none; outcome (O): ethical practice. And Design (D): qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Years of publication were 2012-2022, with full text in English. The quality of study assessment used was The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018. Analysis used PICO synthesis. RESULTS There were 15 studies reviewed from 2093 results, including cross-sectional (4/15, 26.6%), qualitative (9/15, 60%), and mixed methods (2/15, 13.3%) studies. The types of disasters were: COVID-19 (7/15, 46.6%), infectious (4/15, 26.6%), and all disaster events (4/15, 26.6%). The main themes were: (1) ethical issues in disasters have the potential to address ethical dilemmas, (2) factors applying nursing ethics to support ethical decision-making in disasters, (3) strategies for applying ethics and dealing with ethical issues in disasters, and (4) the impact of applying ethics in disasters. CONCLUSION Applying ethics nursing in a disaster is influenced by various factors. This framework for ethical nursing in disasters aims to help nurses, educational institutions, and policymakers develop schemes or scenarios to enhance responsible ethical decisions in disasters.
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Martin-Vega FJ, Vinolo-Gil MJ, Gonzalez-Medina G, Rodríguez-Huguet M, Carmona-Barrientos I, García-Muñoz C. Use of Iontophoresis with Corticosteroid in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4287. [PMID: 36901312 PMCID: PMC10001463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carpal tunnel syndrome is a neuropathy that affects the median nerve. The aim of this review is to synthesize the evidence and perform a meta-analysis on the effects of iontophoresis in people with carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS The search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINHAL Complete, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and SciELO. The methodological quality was evaluated using PEDro. A standardized or mean difference meta-analysis (Hedge's g) using a random-effects model was calculated. RESULTS Seven randomized clinical trials using iontophoresis for electrophysiological, pain, and functional outcomes were included. The mean of PEDro was 7/10. No statistical differences were obtained for the median sensory nerve conduction velocity (SMD = -0.89; p = 0.27) or latency (SMD = -0.04; p = 0.81), motor nerve conduction velocity (SMD = -0.04; p = 0.88) or latency (SMD = -0.01; p = 0.78), pain intensity (MD = 0.34; p = 0.59), handgrip strength (MD = -0.97; p = 0.09), or pinch strength (SMD = -2.05; p = 0.06). Iontophoresis only seemed to be superior in sensory amplitude (SMD = 0.53; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Iontophoresis did not obtain an enhanced improvement compared to other interventions, but no clear recommendations could be made due to the limited number of included studies and the heterogeneity found in the assessment and intervention protocols. Further research is needed to draw sound conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Jesus Vinolo-Gil
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Rehabilitation Clinical Management Unit, Interlevels-Intercenters Hospital Puerta del Mar, Hospital Puerto Real, Cadiz Bay-La Janda Health District, 11006 Cadiz, Spain
- Research Unit, Department Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Inés Carmona-Barrientos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Research Unit, Department Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- CTS-986 Physical Therapy and Health (FISA), University Institute of Research in Social Sustainable Development (INDESS), 11009 Cadiz, Spain
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Phonophoresis through Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123254. [PMID: 36552010 PMCID: PMC9775989 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease. The administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by phonophoresis is a therapeutic alternative to relieve pain in inflammatory pathologies. The main aim was to analyze the efficacy of the application of NSAIDs by phonophoresis in knee OA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials were performed between January and March 2021 in the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Cinahl, SciELO, and PEDro. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the level of evidence of the selected studies. The RevMan 5.4 statistical software was used to obtain the meta-analysis. Eight studies were included, of which five were included in the meta-analysis, involving 195 participants. The NSAIDs used through phonophoresis were ibuprofen, piroxicam, diclofenac sodium, diclofenac diethylammonium, ketoprofen, and methyl salicylate. The overall result for pain showed not-conclusive results, but a trend toward significance was found in favor of the phonophoresis group compared to the control group (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.92; 95% confidence interval: -1.87-0.02). Favorable results were obtained for physical function (SMD = -1.34; 95% CI: -2.00-0.68). Based on the selected studies, the application of NSAIDs by phonophoresis is effective in relieving the symptoms of knee OA. Future long-term studies are recommended.
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The effect of family-centered empowerment model on the quality of life of adults with chronic diseases: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 316:140-147. [PMID: 35964767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family-centered empowerment model (FCEM) is a concept that strengthens the family to help a chronic patient to obtain a better quality of life (QoL). The effects of FCEM on QoL of chronic patients are still inconclusive. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of FCEM on QoL of adult patients with chronic diseases. METHODS Following an online search PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, OVID, EMBASE, EBSCO, PsycINFO and Persian databases (Irandoc, IranMedex, SID and MagIran), all studies that tested the impact of FCEM on QoL of patients with chronic diseases were included. Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assessment the quality of included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and before/after studies. Analyses were conducted by STATA16. RESULTS Six hundred and ninety-seven studies were identified for screening. After screening process, 11 eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis. There were significant intervention effects in all QoL dimensions, physical and mental subscales and QoL total score (All P < 0.05). The minimum lower bound for SMD was 0.61 (95%CI: 0.96 to 1.66), indicating an increasing effect of the intervention on all QOL dimensions. The results showed substantial heterogeneity between the studies for all QoL dimensions, physical and mental subscales and QoL total scores (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION FCEM is an appropriate model with a simple and effective application for families with a patient suffering from a chronic illness. Nursing education planners and healthcare providers could benefit from this model for improving the nursing education curriculum and accrediting programs.
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Martin-Vega FJ, Vinolo-Gil MJ, Perez-Cabezas V, Rodríguez-Huguet M, Garcia-Munoz C, Gonzalez Medina G. Use of Sonophoresis with Corticosteroids in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071160. [PMID: 35887657 PMCID: PMC9325114 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a neuropathic disease. It is one of the most frequent musculoskeletal pathologies affecting the upper limbs. One of most frequently used non-surgical treatments is corticosteorids. There are several alternatives for corticosteroids administration. One of them is phonophoresis, this being an effective and painless method of treatment. A systematic review and meta-analysis have been conducted over the use of phonophoresis with corticosteroids for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome compared to other non-surgical treatment methods. Keywords from Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH) were used in the following databases: Wos, Scopus, CINHAL, SciELO and PeDro. A total of 222 potentially relevant articles were retrieved. Eleven articles analysing the efficacy of phonophoresis with corticosteroids in reducing pain symptoms in individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome were included, 10 of which were used to conduct the meta-analysis. A conclusion could not be reached as to the application of phonophoresis with corticosteroids being better than other treatment methods, except for the perception of pain and an improved motor and sensory nerve conduction in cases of mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Martin-Vega
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (F.J.M.-V.); (V.P.-C.); (M.R.-H.); (C.G.-M.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Maria Jesus Vinolo-Gil
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (F.J.M.-V.); (V.P.-C.); (M.R.-H.); (C.G.-M.); (G.G.M.)
- Rehabilitation Clinical Management Unit, Interlevels-Intercenters Hospital Puerta del Mar, Hospital Puerto Real, Cadiz Bay-La Janda Health District, 11006 Cadiz, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronica Perez-Cabezas
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (F.J.M.-V.); (V.P.-C.); (M.R.-H.); (C.G.-M.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Huguet
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (F.J.M.-V.); (V.P.-C.); (M.R.-H.); (C.G.-M.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Cristina Garcia-Munoz
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (F.J.M.-V.); (V.P.-C.); (M.R.-H.); (C.G.-M.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Gloria Gonzalez Medina
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (F.J.M.-V.); (V.P.-C.); (M.R.-H.); (C.G.-M.); (G.G.M.)
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Monnaatsie M, Biddle SJ, Khan S, Kolbe-Alexander T. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in shift and non-shift workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101597. [PMID: 34976655 PMCID: PMC8683943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Research examining the prevalence, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) in shift workers show mixed results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare PA and SB in shift workers with non-shift workers following the PRISMA guidelines. Ebscohost megafile ultimate (CINHAL, E-journals, Academic search ultimate, health source consumer edition, SPORT Discus), PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases were searched up to April 2021. Cross-sectional and baseline data from longitudinal studies reporting PA and SB in full time workers were eligible. Data on participants characteristics and time spent in PA and SB and/or prevalence of workers meeting PA guidelines were extracted and pooled with random effects model. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) 10-item checklist was adapted and used. A total of 49 studies met inclusion criteria and 21 studies included for meta-analysis. The prevalence of meeting physical activity guidelines (OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.03) and standardized mean difference (SMD) of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (SMD -0.1, 95% CI: -0.4, 0.20) were similar in shift and non-shift workers. Time spent in sedentary behaviour was lower in shift workers than non-shift workers (SMD -0.2, 95% CI: 0.50, -0.001). While the differences in PA are not so evident between shift and non-shift workers, the prevalence of sufficient PA was low in both groups. These preliminary findings provide support for inclusion of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in health promotion interventions targeted at shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malebogo Monnaatsie
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
- Physically Active Lifestyles (PALs) Research Group, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Stuart J.H. Biddle
- Physically Active Lifestyles (PALs) Research Group, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shahjahan Khan
- School of Sciences and Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tracy Kolbe-Alexander
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
- Physically Active Lifestyles (PALs) Research Group, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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