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Shakya P, Shrestha A, Bajracharya M, Shrestha A, Kulseng BE, Karmacharya BM, Shrestha S, Das S, Shrestha IB, Barun K, Shrestha N, Skovlund E, Sen A. Effectiveness of a group-based Diabetes Prevention Education Program (DiPEP) in a population with pre-diabetes: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Nepal. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2023; 6:253-263. [PMID: 38264365 PMCID: PMC10800278 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although several lifestyle intervention studies have been conducted in low/middle-income countries, there were no such studies in Nepal. Therefore, a group-based culturally tailored Diabetes Prevention Education Program (DiPEP) was conducted recently. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of DiPEP in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), weight, waist circumference, physical activity and diet among population with pre-diabetes. Method A two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in 12 clusters of two urban areas in Nepal. The DiPEP was a 6 month intervention (four 1-hour weekly educational sessions and 5 months of follow-up by community health workers/volunteers (CHW/Vs)). A postintervention assessment was done after 6 months. Linear mixed model was used to estimate the mean difference in primary outcome (HbA1c) and secondary outcomes (weight, waist circumference, physical activity and diet) between intervention and control arms, adjusted for baseline measure. Results In intention-to-treat analysis with a total of 291 participants, the estimated mean difference in HbA1c was found to be 0.015 percentage point (95% CI -0.074 to 0.104) between the intervention arm and the control arm, while it was -0.077 (95% CI -0.152 to -0.002) among those who attended at least 3 out of 4 educational sessions. The estimated mean difference in weight (in participants who attended ≥1 educational session) was -1.6 kg (95% CI -3.1 to -0.1). A significantly lower grain consumption was found in intervention arm (-39 g/day, 95% CI -65 to -14) compared with the control arm at postintervention assessment. Conclusion Although compliance was affected by COVID-19, individuals who participated in ≥3 educational sessions had significant reduction in HbA1c and those who attended ≥1 educational session had significant weight reduction. Grain intake was significantly reduced among the intervention arm than the control arm. Hence, group-based lifestyle intervention programmes involving CHW/vs is recommended for diabetes prevention. Trial registration number NCT04074148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpanjali Shakya
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Archana Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- Institute for Implementation Science and Health, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Monish Bajracharya
- Department of Business and IT, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bo, Norway
| | - Abha Shrestha
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Bård Erik Kulseng
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Biraj Man Karmacharya
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Smriti Shrestha
- Research and Development Division/Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Bagmati Province, Nepal
- ECA College of Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Seema Das
- Research and Development Division/Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Bagmati Province, Nepal
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ishwori Byanju Shrestha
- Research and Development Division/Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Krishnaa Barun
- Research and Development Division/Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Bagmati Province, Nepal
- Department of Public Health, Nobel College, Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Nistha Shrestha
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Bagmati Province, Nepal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Abhijit Sen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Oral Health Services and Research (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway
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Karki N, Kandel K, Shah K, Prasad P, Khanal J. Combination Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2022; 60:1016-1020. [PMID: 36705114 PMCID: PMC9795118 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessing anti-diabetic drug use patterns in hospitals is an important activity which helps to promote the rational use of drugs and may suggest measures to change prescribing habits for the better. This study aimed to find the use of combination therapy in diabetes mellitus patients attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care centre. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 201 diabetes mellitus patients in the internal medicine department from 2 March 2022 to 30 June 2022 for a duration of four months after approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Protocol No: IRC-LMC-01/R-022). Diabetic patients prescribed at least one anti-diabetic drug in prescription forms were included. Socio-demographic profiles, clinical characteristics and anti-diabetic drug use pattern-related data were collected. Convenience sampling was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results Among 201 patients, 134 (66.66%) (60.14-73.18, 95% Confidence Interval) patients were given combination therapy. The most common combination therapy was metformin 500 mg and sitagliptin 50 mg. A total of 324 anti-diabetic drugs were used. The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was 1.6±0.7. The number of anti-diabetic drugs prescribed by generic name and from the national essential drugs list was 74 (22.83%) and 188 (58.02%) respectively. Biguanides were used in 176 (87.56%) patients. Conclusions These findings were similar to some other studies conducted in similar settings. In most patients, combination drug therapy was more prevalent. Among combination therapy, two drug combinations were more prevalent. Keywords diabetes mellitus; drug combinations; outpatients; teaching hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Karki
- Department of Pharmacology, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal,Correspondence: Dr Naresh Karki, Department of Pharmacology, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal. , Phone: +977-9844028216
| | - Kamal Kandel
- Department of Pharmacology, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Kyushu Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Pravin Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jeevan Khanal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal
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Adhikari C, Dhakal R, Adhikari LM, Parajuli B, Subedi KR, Aryal Y, Thapa AK, Shah K. Need for HTA supported risk factor screening for hypertension and diabetes in Nepal: A systematic scoping review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:898225. [PMID: 35979024 PMCID: PMC9376353 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.898225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Health Technology Assessment (HTA) is a comprehensive and important tool for assessment and decision-making in public health and healthcare practice. It is recommended by the WHO and has been applied in practice in many countries, mostly the developed ones. HTA might be an important tool to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), especially beneficial to low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). Even though the Package for Essential Non-communicable Diseases (PEN) has already been initiated, there is a clear policy gap in the HTA of any health device, service, or procedure, including the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in Nepal. Hence, we carried out the review to document the HTA supported evidence of hypertension and diabetes screening, as CVRFs in Nepal. Materials and methods We searched in PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, along with some gray literature published in the last 6 years (2016–2021) in a systematic way with a controlled vocabulary using a well-designed and pilot tested search strategy, screened them, and a total of 53 articles and reports that matched the screening criteria were included for the review. We then, extracted the data in a pre-designed MS-Excel format, first in one, and then, from it, in two, with more specific data. Results Of 53 included studies, we reported the prevalence and/or proportion of hypertension and diabetes with various denominators. Furthermore, HTA-related findings such as cost, validity, alternative tool or technology, awareness, and intervention effectiveness have been documented and discussed further, however, not summarized due to their sparingness. Conclusion Overall, the prevalence of DM (4.4–18.8%) and HTN (17.2–70.0%) was reported in most studies, with a few, covering other aspects of HTA of DM/HTN. A national policy for establishing an HTA agency and some immediately implementable actions are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjivi Adhikari
- Department of Public Health, SHAS, Pokhara University, Pokhara, Nepal
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Chiranjivi Adhikari
| | - Rojana Dhakal
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara, Nepal
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lal Mani Adhikari
- Health Research and Social Development Forum International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijaya Parajuli
- Ministry of Health and Population, Gandaki Province, Myagdi Health Office, Myagdi, Nepal
| | - Khem Raj Subedi
- Department of Economics, Far Western University, Tikapur Multiple Campus, Kailali, Nepal
| | | | - Arjun Kumar Thapa
- Department of Economics, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Komal Shah
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
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