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Bougioukas KI, Bouras EC, Avgerinos KI, Dardavessis T, Haidich A. How to keep up to date with medical information using web‐based resources: a systematised review and narrative synthesis. Health Info Libr J 2020; 37:254-292. [DOI: 10.1111/hir.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos I. Bougioukas
- Department of Hygiene Social‐Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics Medical School Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Emmanouil C. Bouras
- Department of Hygiene Social‐Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics Medical School Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | | | - Theodore Dardavessis
- Department of Hygiene Social‐Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics Medical School Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Anna‐Bettina Haidich
- Department of Hygiene Social‐Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics Medical School Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
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Herman E, Akeroyd J, Bequet G, Nicholas D, Watkinson A. The changed – and changing – landscape of serials publishing: Review of the literature on emerging models. LEARNED PUBLISHING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/leap.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eti Herman
- CIBER Research Ltd Newbury, Berkshire RG147RU UK
| | - John Akeroyd
- CIBER Research Ltd Newbury, Berkshire RG147RU UK
| | - Gaelle Bequet
- ISSN International Centre/CIEPS/Centro internacional del ISSN 45 Rue de Turbigo, 75003 Paris France
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Granados Moreno P, Ali-Khan SE, Capps B, Caulfield T, Chalaud D, Edwards A, Gold ER, Rahimzadeh V, Thorogood A, Auld D, Bertier G, Breden F, Caron R, César PM, Cook-Deegan R, Doerr M, Duncan R, Issa AM, Reichman J, Simard J, So D, Vanamala S, Joly Y. Open science precision medicine in Canada: Points to consider. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Open science can significantly influence the development and translational process of precision medicine in Canada. Precision medicine presents a unique opportunity to improve disease prevention and healthcare, as well as to reduce health-related expenditures. However, the development of precision medicine also brings about economic challenges, such as costly development, high failure rates, and reduced market size in comparison with the traditional blockbuster drug development model. Open science, characterized by principles of open data sharing, fast dissemination of knowledge, cumulative research, and cooperation, presents a unique opportunity to address these economic challenges while also promoting the public good. The Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University organized a stakeholders’ workshop in Montreal in March 2018. The workshop entitled “Could Open be the Yellow Brick Road to Precision Medicine?” provided a forum for stakeholders to share experiences and identify common objectives, challenges, and needs to be addressed to promote open science initiatives in precision medicine. The rich presentations and exchanges that took place during the meeting resulted in this consensus paper containing key considerations for open science precision medicine in Canada. Stakeholders would benefit from addressing these considerations as to promote a more coherent and dynamic open science ecosystem for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Granados Moreno
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Ali-Khan
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Benjamin Capps
- Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Damien Chalaud
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Aled Edwards
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - E. Richard Gold
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Vasiliki Rahimzadeh
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Adrian Thorogood
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Daniel Auld
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Bertier
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Roxanne Caron
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Priscilla M.D.G. César
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Robert Cook-Deegan
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Barrett & O’Connor Washington Center, Arizona State University, Washington, DC 20006, USA
| | | | - Ross Duncan
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Amalia M. Issa
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada
- Personalized Medicine & Targeted Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA 19803, USA
- Health Policy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Derek So
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Sandeep Vanamala
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Yann Joly
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
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Mounce R. Open access and subscription based journals have similar problems in terms of quantity and relaying science to the public. BMJ 2019; 365:l2248. [PMID: 31113782 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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Gold ER, Ali-Khan SE, Allen L, Ballell L, Barral-Netto M, Carr D, Chalaud D, Chaplin S, Clancy MS, Clarke P, Cook-Deegan R, Dinsmore AP, Doerr M, Federer L, Hill SA, Jacobs N, Jean A, Jefferson OA, Jones C, Kahl LJ, Kariuki TM, Kassel SN, Kiley R, Kittrie ER, Kramer B, Lee WH, MacDonald E, Mangravite LM, Marincola E, Mietchen D, Molloy JC, Namchuk M, Nosek BA, Paquet S, Pirmez C, Seyller A, Skingle M, Spadotto SN, Staniszewska S, Thelwall M. An open toolkit for tracking open science partnership implementation and impact. Gates Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12958.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious concerns about the way research is organized collectively are increasingly being raised. They include the escalating costs of research and lower research productivity, low public trust in researchers to report the truth, lack of diversity, poor community engagement, ethical concerns over research practices, and irreproducibility. Open science (OS) collaborations comprise of a set of practices including open access publication, open data sharing and the absence of restrictive intellectual property rights with which institutions, firms, governments and communities are experimenting in order to overcome these concerns. We gathered two groups of international representatives from a large variety of stakeholders to construct a toolkit to guide and facilitate data collection about OS and non-OS collaborations. Ultimately, the toolkit will be used to assess and study the impact of OS collaborations on research and innovation. The toolkit contains the following four elements: 1) an annual report form of quantitative data to be completed by OS partnership administrators; 2) a series of semi-structured interview guides of stakeholders; 3) a survey form of participants in OS collaborations; and 4) a set of other quantitative measures best collected by other organizations, such as research foundations and governmental or intergovernmental agencies. We opened our toolkit to community comment and input. We present the resulting toolkit for use by government and philanthropic grantors, institutions, researchers and community organizations with the aim of measuring the implementation and impact of OS partnership across these organizations. We invite these and other stakeholders to not only measure, but to share the resulting data so that social scientists and policy makers can analyse the data across projects.
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6
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Gold ER, Ali-Khan SE, Allen L, Ballell L, Barral-Netto M, Carr D, Chalaud D, Chaplin S, Clancy MS, Clarke P, Cook-Deegan R, Dinsmore AP, Doerr M, Federer L, Hill SA, Jacobs N, Jean A, Jefferson OA, Jones C, Kahl LJ, Kariuki TM, Kassel SN, Kiley R, Kittrie ER, Kramer B, Lee WH, MacDonald E, Mangravite LM, Marincola E, Mietchen D, Molloy JC, Namchuk M, Nosek BA, Paquet S, Pirmez C, Seyller A, Skingle M, Spadotto SN, Staniszewska S, Thelwall M. An open toolkit for tracking open science partnership implementation and impact. Gates Open Res 2019; 3:1442. [PMID: 31850398 PMCID: PMC6904887 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12958.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious concerns about the way research is organized collectively are increasingly being raised. They include the escalating costs of research and lower research productivity, low public trust in researchers to report the truth, lack of diversity, poor community engagement, ethical concerns over research practices, and irreproducibility. Open science (OS) collaborations comprise of a set of practices including open access publication, open data sharing and the absence of restrictive intellectual property rights with which institutions, firms, governments and communities are experimenting in order to overcome these concerns. We gathered two groups of international representatives from a large variety of stakeholders to construct a toolkit to guide and facilitate data collection about OS and non-OS collaborations. Ultimately, the toolkit will be used to assess and study the impact of OS collaborations on research and innovation. The toolkit contains the following four elements: 1) an annual report form of quantitative data to be completed by OS partnership administrators; 2) a series of semi-structured interview guides of stakeholders; 3) a survey form of participants in OS collaborations; and 4) a set of other quantitative measures best collected by other organizations, such as research foundations and governmental or intergovernmental agencies. We opened our toolkit to community comment and input. We present the resulting toolkit for use by government and philanthropic grantors, institutions, researchers and community organizations with the aim of measuring the implementation and impact of OS partnership across these organizations. We invite these and other stakeholders to not only measure, but to share the resulting data so that social scientists and policy makers can analyse the data across projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Richard Gold
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Ali-Khan
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
- Tanenbaum Open Science Institute (TOSI), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Lluis Ballell
- Diseases of the Developing World, Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Damien Chalaud
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Matthew S. Clancy
- US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, 20024, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Federer
- US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Steven A. Hill
- Research England, UK Research and Innovation, Bristol, BS34 8SR, UK
| | | | - Antoine Jean
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Osmat Azzam Jefferson
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- The Lens, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sophie N. Kassel
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | | | | | - Bianca Kramer
- Utrecht University Library, Utrecht, CX, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Hwa Lee
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Emily MacDonald
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | | | | | - Daniel Mietchen
- Data Science Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | | | - Brian A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4400, USA
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, VA, 22903-5083, USA
| | | | - Claude Pirmez
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Annabel Seyller
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - S. Nicole Spadotto
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mike Thelwall
- University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
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Abstract
Science advances through rich, scholarly discussion. More than ever before, digital tools allow us to take that dialogue online. To chart a new future for open publishing, we must consider alternatives to the core features of the legacy print publishing system, such as an access paywall and editorial selection before publication. Although journals have their strengths, the traditional approach of selecting articles before publication ("curate first, publish second") forces a focus on "getting into the right journals," which can delay dissemination of scientific work, create opportunity costs for pushing science forward, and promote undesirable behaviors among scientists and the institutions that evaluate them. We believe that a "publish first, curate second" approach with the following features would be a strong alternative: authors decide when and what to publish; peer review reports are published, either anonymously or with attribution; and curation occurs after publication, incorporating community feedback and expert judgment to select articles for target audiences and to evaluate whether scientific work has stood the test of time. These proposed changes could optimize publishing practices for the digital age, emphasizing transparency, peer-mediated improvement, and post-publication appraisal of scientific articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo M. Stern
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erin K. O’Shea
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
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8
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Green T. Is open access affordable? Why current models do not work and why we need internet-era transformation of scholarly communications. LEARNED PUBLISHING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/leap.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toby Green
- OECD Publishing; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2 rue André Pascal; Paris 75775 Cedex 16 France
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9
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Turner T, Steele E, Mavergames C, Elliott J. Facilitating Web-Based Collaboration in Evidence Synthesis (TaskExchange): Development and Analysis. JMIR Res Protoc 2018; 7:e188. [PMID: 30545818 PMCID: PMC6315246 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conduct and publication of scientific research are increasingly open and collaborative. There is growing interest in Web-based platforms that can effectively enable global, multidisciplinary scientific teams and foster networks of scientists in areas of shared research interest. Designed to facilitate Web-based collaboration in research evidence synthesis, TaskExchange highlights the potential of these kinds of platforms. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the development, growth, and future of TaskExchange, a Web-based platform facilitating collaboration in research evidence synthesis. METHODS The original purpose of TaskExchange was to create a platform that connected people who needed help with their Cochrane systematic reviews (rigorous syntheses of health research) with people who had the time and expertise to help. The scope of TaskExchange has now been expanded to include other evidence synthesis tasks, including guideline development. The development of TaskExchange was initially undertaken in 5 agile development phases with substantial user engagement. In each phase, software was iteratively deployed as it was developed and tested, enabling close cycles of development and refinement. RESULTS TaskExchange enables users to browse and search tasks and members by keyword or nested filters, post and respond to tasks, sign up to notification emails, and acknowledge the work of TaskExchange members. The pilot platform has been open access since August 2016, has over 2300 members, and has hosted more than 630 tasks, covering a wide range of research synthesis-related tasks. Response rates are consistently over 75%, and user feedback has been positive. CONCLUSIONS TaskExchange demonstrates the potential for new technologies to support Web-based collaboration in health research. Development of a relatively simple platform for peer-to-peer exchange has provided opportunities for systematic reviewers to get their reviews completed more quickly and provides an effective pathway for people to join the global health evidence community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tari Turner
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily Steele
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Julian Elliott
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Gasparyan AY, Yessirkepov M, Voronov AA, Koroleva AM, Kitas GD. Updated Editorial Guidance for Quality and Reliability of Research Output. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e247. [PMID: 30140192 PMCID: PMC6105773 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, updated editorial policy statements of several associations have provided a platform for improving the quality of scientific research and publishing. The updates have particularly pointed to the need for following research reporting standards, authorship and contributorship regulations, implementing digital tools for the identification and crediting academic contributors, and moving towards optimal ethical open-access models. This article overviews some of the recent editorial policy statements of global editorial associations and reflects on the role of the regional counterparts in advancing scholarly publishing. One of the globally promoted documents is the Recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Its latest versions contain statements on proper research reporting, reviewing, editing, and publishing. Points on ethical target journals and 'predatory' sources are also available. This year, in a move to update its editorial policy, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) released the Core Practices, comprehensively reflecting on the major issues in publication ethics. Updated joint statements of medical writers associations are also available to implement transparent policy on contributorship in sponsor-supported research projects and related reports. Several suggestions are put forward to improve global editorial statements on online profiling, crediting, and referencing. It is also highlighted that knowledge and implementation of updated editorial guidance is essential for editors' good standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Yuri Gasparyan
- Departments of Rheumatology and Research and Development, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust (Teaching Trust of the University of Birmingham, UK), Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands, UK
| | - Marlen Yessirkepov
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander A. Voronov
- Department of Marketing and Trade Deals, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation
| | - Anna M. Koroleva
- Department of Economics and Organization of Production, Industrial University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russian Federation
| | - George D. Kitas
- Departments of Rheumatology and Research and Development, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust (Teaching Trust of the University of Birmingham, UK), Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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11
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Kirkham J, Moher D. Who and why do researchers opt to publish in post-publication peer review platforms? - findings from a review and survey of F1000 Research. F1000Res 2018; 7:920. [PMID: 30079245 PMCID: PMC6053701 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15436.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preprint servers and alternative publication platforms enable authors to accelerate the dissemination of their research. In recent years there has been an exponential increase in the use of such servers and platforms in the biomedical sciences, although little is known about who, why and what experiences researchers have with publishing on such platforms. In this article we explore one of these alternative publication platforms, F1000 Research, which offers immediate publication followed by post-publication peer review. Methods: From an unselected cohort of articles published between 13 th July 2012 and 30 th November 2017 in F1000 Research, we provided a summary of who and what was published on this platform and calculated the percentage of published articles that had been indexed on a bibliographic database ( PubMed) following successful post-publication peer review. We also surveyed corresponding authors to further understand the rationale and experiences of those that have published using this platform. Results: A total of 1865 articles had been published in the study cohort period, of which 80% (n=1488) had successfully undergone peer review and were indexed on PubMed within a minimum period of six months since first publication. Nearly three-quarters of articles passed the peer review process with their initial submission. Survey responses were received from 296 corresponding authors. Open access, open peer review and the speed of publication were the three main reasons why authors opted to publish with F1000 Research. Conclusions: Many who published with F1000 Research had a positive experience and indicated that they would publish again with this same platform in the future. Nevertheless, there remained some concerns about the peer review process and the quality of the articles that were published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Kirkham
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
| | - David Moher
- Centre for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Almost everyone is enthusiastic that 'open science' is the wave of the future. Yet when one looks seriously at the flaws in modern science that the movement proposes to remedy, the prospect for improvement in at least four areas are unimpressive. This suggests that the agenda is effectively to re-engineer science along the lines of platform capitalism, under the misleading banner of opening up science to the masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mirowski
- John J. Reilly Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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13
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Abstract
The progress of science is influenced substantially by social behaviour of and social interactions within the scientific community. Similar to innovations in primate groups, the social acceptance of an innovation depends not only upon the relevance of the innovation but also on the social dominance and connectedness of the innovator. There are a number of parallels between many well-known phenomena in behavioural evolution and various behavioural traits observed in the scientific community. It would be useful, therefore, to use principles of behavioural evolution as hypotheses to study the social behaviour of the scientific community. I argue in this paper that a systematic study of social behavioural epistemology is likely to boost the progress of science by addressing several prevalent biases and other problems in scientific communication and by facilitating appropriate acceptance/rejection of novel concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind Watve
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India.
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14
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Krauer F, Riesen M, Reveiz L, Oladapo OT, Martínez-Vega R, Porgo TV, Haefliger A, Broutet NJ, Low N. Zika Virus Infection as a Cause of Congenital Brain Abnormalities and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Systematic Review. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002203. [PMID: 28045901 PMCID: PMC5207634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) stated in March 2016 that there was scientific consensus that the mosquito-borne Zika virus was a cause of the neurological disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and of microcephaly and other congenital brain abnormalities based on rapid evidence assessments. Decisions about causality require systematic assessment to guide public health actions. The objectives of this study were to update and reassess the evidence for causality through a rapid and systematic review about links between Zika virus infection and (a) congenital brain abnormalities, including microcephaly, in the foetuses and offspring of pregnant women and (b) GBS in any population, and to describe the process and outcomes of an expert assessment of the evidence about causality. METHODS AND FINDINGS The study had three linked components. First, in February 2016, we developed a causality framework that defined questions about the relationship between Zika virus infection and each of the two clinical outcomes in ten dimensions: temporality, biological plausibility, strength of association, alternative explanations, cessation, dose-response relationship, animal experiments, analogy, specificity, and consistency. Second, we did a systematic review (protocol number CRD42016036693). We searched multiple online sources up to May 30, 2016 to find studies that directly addressed either outcome and any causality dimension, used methods to expedite study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment, and summarised evidence descriptively. Third, WHO convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts who assessed the review findings and reached consensus statements to update the WHO position on causality. We found 1,091 unique items up to May 30, 2016. For congenital brain abnormalities, including microcephaly, we included 72 items; for eight of ten causality dimensions (all except dose-response relationship and specificity), we found that more than half the relevant studies supported a causal association with Zika virus infection. For GBS, we included 36 items, of which more than half the relevant studies supported a causal association in seven of ten dimensions (all except dose-response relationship, specificity, and animal experimental evidence). Articles identified nonsystematically from May 30 to July 29, 2016 strengthened the review findings. The expert panel concluded that (a) the most likely explanation of available evidence from outbreaks of Zika virus infection and clusters of microcephaly is that Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of congenital brain abnormalities including microcephaly, and (b) the most likely explanation of available evidence from outbreaks of Zika virus infection and GBS is that Zika virus infection is a trigger of GBS. The expert panel recognised that Zika virus alone may not be sufficient to cause either congenital brain abnormalities or GBS but agreed that the evidence was sufficient to recommend increased public health measures. Weaknesses are the limited assessment of the role of dengue virus and other possible cofactors, the small number of comparative epidemiological studies, and the difficulty in keeping the review up to date with the pace of publication of new research. CONCLUSIONS Rapid and systematic reviews with frequent updating and open dissemination are now needed both for appraisal of the evidence about Zika virus infection and for the next public health threats that will emerge. This systematic review found sufficient evidence to say that Zika virus is a cause of congenital abnormalities and is a trigger of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Krauer
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maurane Riesen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Reveiz
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Olufemi T. Oladapo
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Martínez-Vega
- Escuela de Microbiologia, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Santander, Colombia
| | - Teegwendé V. Porgo
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Anina Haefliger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie J. Broutet
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Abstract
Major changes are afoot in the world of academic publishing, exemplified by innovations in publishing platforms, new approaches to metrics, improvements in our approach to peer review, and a focus on developing and encouraging open access to scientific literature and data. The FAIR acronym recommends that authors and publishers should aim to make their output Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. In this opinion article, I explore the parallel view that we should take a collective stance on making the dissemination of scientific data fair in the conventional sense, by being mindful of equity and justice for patients, clinicians, academics, publishers, funders and academic institutions. The views I represent are founded on oral and written dialogue with clinicians, academics and the publishing industry. Further progress is needed to improve collaboration and dialogue between these groups, to reduce misinterpretation of metrics, to minimise inequity that arises as a consequence of geographic setting, to improve economic sustainability, and to broaden the spectrum, scope, and diversity of scientific publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Harris Manchester College, Oxford, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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16
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Iwema CL, LaDue J, Zack A, Chattopadhyay A. search.bioPreprint: a discovery tool for cutting edge, preprint biomedical research articles. F1000Res 2016; 5:1396. [PMID: 27508060 PMCID: PMC4957174 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8798.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The time it takes for a completed manuscript to be published traditionally can be extremely lengthy. Article publication delay, which occurs in part due to constraints associated with peer review, can prevent the timely dissemination of critical and actionable data associated with new information on rare diseases or developing health concerns such as Zika virus. Preprint servers are open access online repositories housing preprint research articles that enable authors (1) to make their research immediately and freely available and (2) to receive commentary and peer review prior to journal submission. There is a growing movement of preprint advocates aiming to change the current journal publication and peer review system, proposing that preprints catalyze biomedical discovery, support career advancement, and improve scientific communication. While the number of articles submitted to and hosted by preprint servers are gradually increasing, there has been no simple way to identify biomedical research published in a preprint format, as they are not typically indexed and are only discoverable by directly searching the specific preprint server websites. To address this issue, we created a search engine that quickly compiles preprints from disparate host repositories and provides a one-stop search solution. Additionally, we developed a web application that bolsters the discovery of preprints by enabling each and every word or phrase appearing on any web site to be integrated with articles from preprint servers. This tool, search.bioPreprint, is publicly available at http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/resources/preprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Iwema
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - John LaDue
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Angela Zack
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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17
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Iwema CL, LaDue J, Zack A, Chattopadhyay A. search.bioPreprint: a discovery tool for cutting edge, preprint biomedical research articles. F1000Res 2016; 5:1396. [PMID: 27508060 PMCID: PMC4957174 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8798.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The time it takes for a completed manuscript to be published traditionally can be extremely lengthy. Article publication delay, which occurs in part due to constraints associated with peer review, can prevent the timely dissemination of critical and actionable data associated with new information on rare diseases or developing health concerns such as Zika virus. Preprint servers are open access online repositories housing preprint research articles that enable authors (1) to make their research immediately and freely available and (2) to receive commentary and peer review prior to journal submission. There is a growing movement of preprint advocates aiming to change the current journal publication and peer review system, proposing that preprints catalyze biomedical discovery, support career advancement, and improve scientific communication. While the number of articles submitted to and hosted by preprint servers are gradually increasing, there has been no simple way to identify biomedical research published in a preprint format, as they are not typically indexed and are only discoverable by directly searching the specific preprint server websites. To address this issue, we created a search engine that quickly compiles preprints from disparate host repositories and provides a one-stop search solution. Additionally, we developed a web application that bolsters the discovery of preprints by enabling each and every word or phrase appearing to with articles from preprint servers. This tool, search.bioPreprint, is publicly available at http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/resources/preprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Iwema
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - John LaDue
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Angela Zack
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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18
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Chalmers I, Glasziou P. Should there be greater use of preprint servers for publishing reports of biomedical science? F1000Res 2016; 5:272. [PMID: 26998238 PMCID: PMC4786893 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8229.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitek Tracz and Rebecca Lawrence declare the current journal publishing system to be broken beyond repair. They propose that it should be replaced by immediate publication followed by transparent peer review as the starting place for more open and efficient reporting of science. While supporting this general objective, we suggest that research is needed both to understand why biomedical scientists have been slow to take up preprint options, as well as to assess the relative merits of this and other alternatives to journal publishing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Glasziou
- REWARD Alliance, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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