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Yang H, Zhu D, Kai L, Wang L, Zhang H, Zhang J, Chen X. Engineering Streptomyces albulus to enhance ε-poly-L-lysine production by introducing a polyphosphate kinase-mediated ATP regeneration system. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:51. [PMID: 36918890 PMCID: PMC10012588 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is a natural and safe food preservative that is mainly produced by filamentous and aerobic bacteria Streptomyces albulus. During ε-PL biosynthesis, a large amount of ATP is used for the polymerization of L-lysine. A shortage of intracellular ATP is one of the major factors limiting the increase in ε-PL production. In previous studies, researchers have mainly tried to increase the oxygen supply to enhance intracellular ATP levels to improve ε-PL production, which can be achieved through the use of two-stage dissolved oxygen control, oxygen carriers, heterologous expression of hemoglobin, and supplementation with auxiliary energy substrates. However, the enhancement of the intracellular ATP supply by constructing an ATP regeneration system has not yet been considered. RESULTS In this study, a polyphosphate kinase (PPK)-mediated ATP regeneration system was developed and introduced into S. albulus to successfully improve ε-PL production. First, polyP:AMP phosphotransferase (PAP) from Acinetobacter johnsonii was selected for catalyzing the conversion of AMP into ADP through an in vivo test. Moreover, three PPKs from different microbes were compared by in vitro and in vivo studies with respect to catalytic activity and polyphosphate (polyP) preference, and PPK2Bcg from Corynebacterium glutamicum was used for catalyzing the conversion of ADP into ATP. As a result, a recombinant strain PL05 carrying coexpressed pap and ppk2Bcg for catalyzing the conversion of AMP into ATP was constructed. ε-PL production of 2.34 g/L was achieved in shake-flask fermentation, which was an increase of 21.24% compared with S. albulus WG608; intracellular ATP was also increased by 71.56%. In addition, we attempted to develop a dynamic ATP regulation route, but the result was not as expected. Finally, the conditions of polyP6 addition were optimized in batch and fed-batch fermentations, and the maximum ε-PL production of strain PL05 in a 5-L fermenter was 59.25 g/L by fed-batch fermentation, which is the highest ε-PL production reported in genetically engineered strains. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we proposed and developed a PPK-mediated ATP regeneration system in S. albulus for the first time and significantly enhanced ε-PL production. The study provides an efficient approach to improve the production of not only ε-PL but also other ATP-driven metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daojun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lang Kai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Genome Shuffling Mutant of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes for Substantial Improvement of Toyocamycin Production. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toyocamycin, a nucleoside antibiotic, is a fungicide with the potential to control plant pathogens. In this study, three rounds of genome shuffling screening were applied to enhance the toyocamycin production in Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628. After three rounds of genome-shuffling screening, the toyocamycin production increased by 10.8-fold that of wild-type, and 2.64-fold of its parental strain. By optimization of its nutrition condition in medium, the highest production of toyocamycin reached 1173.6 mg/L in TY-producing medium. In addition, the mechanism for the improvement of shuffled strains was investigated. Recombinants with increased toyocamycin production exhibited higher transcriptional level of the toy cluster and product resistance. Furthermore, the rise of ATP hydrolysis rate indicated that intracellular ATP exhibit a significant role in tuning the toy cluster by an ATP-binding pathway-specific regulator. In all, we obtained S. diastatochromogenes mutants with enhanced toyocamycin production, and provided a valuable clue for the activation of secondary metabolites.
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Li X, Chen J, Andersen JM, Chu J, Jensen PR. Cofactor Engineering Redirects Secondary Metabolism and Enhances Erythromycin Production in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:655-670. [PMID: 32078772 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saccharopolyspora erythraea is used for industrial erythromycin production. To explore the physiological role of intracellular energy state in metabolic regulation by S. erythraea, we initially overexpressed the F1 part of the endogenous F1F0-ATPase in the high yielding erythromycin producing strain E3. The F1-ATPase expression resulted in lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios, which was accompanied by a strong increase in the production of a reddish pigment and a decreased erythromycin production. Subsequent transcriptional analysis revealed that the lower intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios exerted a pleotropic regulation on the metabolism of S. erythraea. The lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios induced physiological changes to restore the energy balance, mainly via pathways that tend to produce ATP or regenerate NADH. The F1-ATPase overexpression strain exhibited a state of redox stress, which was correlated to an alteration of electron transport at the branch of the terminal oxidases, and S. erythraea channeled the enhanced glycolytic flux toward a reddish pigment in order to reduce NADH formation. The production of erythromycin was decreased, which is in accordance with the net ATP requirement and the excess NADH formed through this pathway. Partial growth inhibition by apramycin increased the intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and demonstrated a positive correlation between [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and erythromycin synthesis. Finally, overexpression of the entire F1F0-ATPase complex resulted in 28% enhanced erythromycin production and markedly reduced pigment synthesis in E3. The work illustrates a feasible strategy to optimize the distribution of fluxes in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jun Chen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joakim M. Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peter R. Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Antibiotics in microbial coculture. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:361-365. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Okada BK, Seyedsayamdost MR. Antibiotic dialogues: induction of silent biosynthetic gene clusters by exogenous small molecules. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 41:19-33. [PMID: 27576366 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have traditionally served as a dominant source of therapeutic agents. They are produced by dedicated biosynthetic gene clusters that assemble complex, bioactive molecules from simple precursors. Recent genome sequencing efforts coupled with advances in bioinformatics indicate that the majority of biosynthetic gene clusters are not expressed under normal laboratory conditions. Termed 'silent' or 'cryptic', these gene clusters represent a treasure trove for discovery of novel small molecules, their regulatory circuits and their biosynthetic pathways. In this review, we assess the capacity of exogenous small molecules in activating silent secondary metabolite gene clusters. Several approaches that have been developed are presented, including coculture techniques, ribosome engineering, chromatin remodeling and high-throughput elicitor screens. The rationale, applications and mechanisms attendant to each are discussed. Some general conclusions can be drawn from our analysis: exogenous small molecules comprise a productive avenue for the discovery of cryptic metabolites. Specifically, growth-inhibitory molecules, in some cases clinically used antibiotics, serve as effective inducers of silent biosynthetic gene clusters, suggesting that old antibiotics may be used to find new ones. The involvement of natural antibiotics in modulating secondary metabolism at subinhibitory concentrations suggests that they represent part of the microbial vocabulary through which inter- and intraspecies interactions are mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Li M, Chen Y, Wu S, Tang Y, Deng Y, Yuan J, Dong J, Li H, Tang L. TmcN is involved in ATP regulation of tautomycetin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseochromogenes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:221-226. [PMID: 27444385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanism of tautomycetin (TMC) biosynthesis remains largely unknown, although it has been of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Our previous study showed that intracellular adenosine triphosphate (inATP) level is negatively correlated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis in various Streptomyces spp. In this study, by exogenous treatment of ATP, we also found a negative correlation between TMC biosynthesis and inATP level in Streptomyces griseochromogenes (S. griseochromogenes). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. TmcN, a pathway-specific transcriptional regulator of TMC biosynthetic genes, was previously revealed as a large ATP-binding LuxR (LAL) family protein. The predicted amino acid sequence of TmcN shows highly conserved Walker A and B binding motifs, which suggest an ATPase function of TmcN. We therefore hypothesized that the ATPase domain of TmcN may play a role in sensing endogenous pool of ATP, and is thus involved in the ATP regulation of TMC biosynthesis. To test the hypothesis, we first explored the key residue that affects the ATPase activity of TmcN by amino acid sequence alignment and structural simulation. After that, we disrupted tmcN gene in S. griseochromogenes, and the tmcN or site-direct-mutated tmcN were re-introduced to get the complementary and ATPase domain disrupted strains. The transcription level of tmcN, TMC yield, and inATP, as well as the effect of ATP on TMC production of different mutants were evaluated. Deletion of tmcN or site-direct mutation of ATPase domain of TmcN in S. griseochromogenes significantly reduced the TMC production, and it was not affected by exogenous ATP treatment. In addition, a relatively high level of inATP was detected in tmcN deletion and site-direct mutation strains. Our results here suggested that TmcN, especially its ATPase domain, is involved in consuming of endogenous ATP pool and thus plays pivotal role in connecting the primary and secondary metabolite in S. griseochromogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Sijin Wu
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Jieli Yuan
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Jianyi Dong
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Huajun Li
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Li Tang
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
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Fujimoto M, Chijiwa M, Nishiyama T, Takano H, Ueda K. Developmental defect of cytochrome oxidase mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1446-1455. [PMID: 27384768 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To study the link between energy metabolism and secondary metabolism/morphological development in Streptomyces, knockout mutants were generated with regard to the subunits of the cytochrome oxidase supercomplex (CcO) in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). All mutants exhibited an identical phenotype: viable but defective in antibiotic production and cell differentiation when grown in both complex and minimal media. The growth yield of the CcO mutant was about half of that of the WT strain on glucose medium while both strains grew similarly on maltose medium. Intracellular ATP measurement demonstrated that the CcO mutant exhibited high intracellular ATP level. A similar elevation of intracellular ATP level was observed with regard to the WT strain cultured in the presence of BCDA, a copper-chelating agent. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis demonstrated that the transcription of ATP synthase operon is upregulated in the CcO mutant. Addition of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an inhibitor of ATP synthesis, promoted antibiotic production and aerial mycelia formation in the CcO mutant and BCDA-treated WT cells. We hypothesize that the deficiency of CcO causes accumulation of intracellular ATP, and that the high ATP level inhibits the onset of development in S. coelicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fujimoto
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880 Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masato Chijiwa
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880 Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishiyama
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880 Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takano
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880 Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Ueda
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880 Fujisawa, Japan
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Streptomyces metabolites in divergent microbial interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:143-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Streptomyces and related bacteria produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites. Of these, many compounds have industrial applications, but the question of why this group of microorganism produces such various kinds of biologically active substances has not yet been clearly answered. Here, we overview the results from our studies on the novel function and role of Streptomyces metabolites. The diverged action of negative and positive influences onto the physiology of various microorganisms infers the occurrence of complex microbial interactions due to the effect of small molecules produced by Streptomyces. The interactions may serve as a basis for the constitution of biological community.
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Lincomycin at Subinhibitory Concentrations Potentiates Secondary Metabolite Production by Streptomyces spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3869-79. [PMID: 25819962 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04214-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have either bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity. However, they also induce considerable gene expression in bacteria when used at subinhibitory concentrations (below the MIC). We found that lincomycin, which inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria, was effective for inducing the expression of genes involved in secondary metabolism in Streptomyces strains when added to medium at subinhibitory concentrations. In Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), lincomycin at 1/10 of its MIC markedly increased the expression of the pathway-specific regulatory gene actII-ORF4 in the blue-pigmented antibiotic actinorhodin (ACT) biosynthetic gene cluster, which resulted in ACT overproduction. Intriguingly, S. lividans 1326 grown in the presence of lincomycin at a subinhibitory concentration (1/12 or 1/3 of its MIC) produced abundant antibacterial compounds that were not detected in cells grown in lincomycin-free medium. Bioassay and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that some antibacterial compounds were novel congeners of calcium-dependent antibiotics. Our results indicate that lincomycin at subinhibitory concentrations potentiates the production of secondary metabolites in Streptomyces strains and suggest that activating these strains by utilizing the dose-response effects of lincomycin could be used to effectively induce the production of cryptic secondary metabolites. In addition to these findings, we also report that lincomycin used at concentrations for markedly increased ACT production resulted in alteration of the cytoplasmic protein (FoF1 ATP synthase α and β subunits, etc.) profile and increased intracellular ATP levels. A fundamental mechanism for these unique phenomena is also discussed.
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Krauser S, Hoffmann T, Heinzle E. Directed Multistep Biocatalysis for the Synthesis of the Polyketide Oxytetracycline in Permeabilized Cells of Escherichia coli. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501825u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Krauser
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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A comparative metabolomics analysis of Saccharopolyspora spinosa WT, WH124, and LU104 revealed metabolic mechanisms correlated with increases in spinosad yield. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1661-8. [PMID: 23924726 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics analysis of three Saccharopolyspora spinosa strains (wild type strain WT, ultraviolet mutant strain WH124, and metabolic engineering strain LU104) with different spinosad producing levels was performed by liquid chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The metabolite profiles were subjected to hierarchal clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results of HCA on a heat map revealed that the large numbers of primary metabolism detected were more abundant in WH124 and less abundant in LU104 during the early fermentation stage as compared to the WT strain. PCA separated the three strains clearly and suggested nine metabolites that contributed predominantly to the separation. These biomarkers were associated with central carbon metabolism (succinic acid, α-ketoglutarate, acetyl-CoA, and ATP), amino acid metabolism (glutamate, glutamine, and valine), and secondary metabolism (pseudoaglycone), etc. These findings provide insight into the metabolomic characteristics of the two high-yield strains and for further regulation of spinosad production.
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Liu G, Chater KF, Chandra G, Niu G, Tan H. Molecular regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in streptomyces. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:112-43. [PMID: 23471619 PMCID: PMC3591988 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00054-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes are the most abundant source of antibiotics. Typically, each species produces several antibiotics, with the profile being species specific. Streptomyces coelicolor, the model species, produces at least five different antibiotics. We review the regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in S. coelicolor and other, nonmodel streptomycetes in the light of recent studies. The biosynthesis of each antibiotic is specified by a large gene cluster, usually including regulatory genes (cluster-situated regulators [CSRs]). These are the main point of connection with a plethora of generally conserved regulatory systems that monitor the organism's physiology, developmental state, population density, and environment to determine the onset and level of production of each antibiotic. Some CSRs may also be sensitive to the levels of different kinds of ligands, including products of the pathway itself, products of other antibiotic pathways in the same organism, and specialized regulatory small molecules such as gamma-butyrolactones. These interactions can result in self-reinforcing feed-forward circuitry and complex cross talk between pathways. The physiological signals and regulatory mechanisms may be of practical importance for the activation of the many cryptic secondary metabolic gene cluster pathways revealed by recent sequencing of numerous Streptomyces genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keith F. Chater
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Yin P, Li YY, Zhou J, Wang YH, Zhang SL, Ye BC, Ge WF, Xia YL. Direct proteomic mapping of Streptomyces avermitilis wild and industrial strain and insights into avermectin production. J Proteomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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