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Liu X, Rao J, Wang K, Wang M, Yao T, Qiu F. Highly Potent Inhibition of Tyrosinase by Mulberrosides and the Inhibitory Mechanism in Vitro. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100740. [PMID: 34752017 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many stilbene glycosides can alleviate skin hyperpigmentation due to their inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. Mulberrosides in Morus alba L. are stilbene glycosides. In the present study, the inhibition of tyrosinase by five mulberrosides (S1-5), isolated from Morus alba L. was investigated and compared, and the inhibitory mechanism was explored. These five mulberrosides exhibited obvious inhibitory effects on tyrosinase only in a concentration-dependent manner, without time-dependence, indicating that they are reversible inhibitors of tyrosinase. S2, S1 and S5 inhibited tyrosinase activity with IC50 values of 28.93, 75.94 and 151.72 μM, respectively, and were more active than kojic acid (IC50 =169.13 μM). Kinetic studies revealed that S1, S2 and S4 were competitive inhibitors, while S3 and S5 were mixed inhibitors. Analysis of the fluorescent spectra showed that mulberrosides S1, S2 and S4 quenched the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of tyrosinase. A molecular docking study indicated that the interaction of tyrosinase with mulberrosides was reflected by compound scores as follows: S2>S5>S1>S3/S4>kojic acid, and hydroxy groups in the side chain of mulberrosides may play a crucial role in the binding of the enzyme. Our results suggest that mulberrosides in Morus alba L. could be further developed as whitening agents for enhanced performance against hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Meijun Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Tie Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
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Lim CY, Kim H, Chung MS. Mori Cortex Radicis extract inhibits human norovirus surrogate in simulated digestive conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1243-1248. [PMID: 34483697 PMCID: PMC8403467 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis globally, resulting in enormous health and societal costs. In this study, the antiviral activities of Mori Cortex Radicis (MCR) extract and its bioactive flavonoids, morusin and kuwanon G, were tested against murine norovirus (MNV), a human norovirus surrogate, using plaque assay. The antiviral activity was confirmed in simulated digestive conditions, including simulated saliva fluid (SSF), simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Pre-treatment of MNV with MCR extract at 1000 µg/mL showed antiviral activity with a 1.1-log reduction. Morusin and kuwanon G also demonstrated a 1.0-log and 0.6-log reductions of MNV titers, respectively, at 100 µM. MCR extract at a concentration of 2 mg/mL in SSF, SGF, and SIF markedly reduced MNV titers by 1.8, 1.9, and 1.5 logs, respectively. Therefore, these data suggest that MCR extract can be used to control norovirus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Yeon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369 Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369 Korea
| | - Mi Sook Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369 Korea
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Likhitwitayawuid K. Oxyresveratrol: Sources, Productions, Biological Activities, Pharmacokinetics, and Delivery Systems. Molecules 2021; 26:4212. [PMID: 34299485 PMCID: PMC8307110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxyresveratrol has recently attracted much research attention due to its simple chemical structure and diverse therapeutic potentials. Previous reviews describe the chemistry and biological activities of this phytoalexin, but additional coverage and greater accessibility are still needed. The current review provides a more comprehensive summary, covering research from 1955 to the present year. Oxyresveratrol occurs in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. However, it has never been reported in plants in the subclass Sympetalae, and this point might be of both chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic importance. Oxyresveratrol can be easily obtained from plant materials by conventional methods, and several systems for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of oxyresveratrol contents in plant materials and plant products are available. Oxyresveratrol possesses diverse biological and pharmacological activities such as the inhibition of tyrosinase and melanogenesis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and protective effects against neurological disorders and digestive ailments. However, the unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties of oxyresveratrol, including low water solubility and poor oral availability and stability, have posed challenges to its development as a useful therapeutic agent. Recently, several delivery systems have emerged, with promising outcomes that may improve chances for the clinical study of oxyresveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Jakaria M, Haque ME, Cho DY, Azam S, Kim IS, Choi DK. Molecular Insights into NR4A2(Nurr1): an Emerging Target for Neuroprotective Therapy Against Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5799-5814. [PMID: 30684217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NR4A2 is a nuclear receptor and a transcription factor, with distinctive physiological features. In the cell nuclei of the central nervous system, it is widely expressed and identified as a crucial regulator of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal differentiation, survival, and maintenance. Importantly, it has regulated different genes crucial for dopaminergic signals, and its expression has been diminished in both aged and PD post-mortem brains and reduced in PD patients. In microglia and astrocytes, the expression of NR4A2 has been found where it can be capable of inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory mediators; hence, it protected inflammation-mediated DA neuronal death. In addition, NR4A2 plays neuroprotective role via regulating different signals. However, NR4A2 has been mainly focused on Parkinson's research, but, in recent times, it has been studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and stroke. Altered expression of NR4A2 is connected to AD progression, and activation of its may improve cognitive function. It is downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients; nonetheless, its role in MS has not been fully clear. miR-145-5p known as a putative regulator of NR4A2 and in a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model, anti-miR-145-5p administration promoted neurological outcomes in rat. To date, various activators and modulators of NR4A2 have been discovered and investigated as probable therapeutic drugs in neuroinflammatory and neuronal cell death models. The NR4A2 gene and cell-based therapy are described as promising drug candidates for neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, microRNA might have a crucial role in neurodegeneration via affecting NR4A2 expression. Herein, we present the role of NR4A2 in neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death focusing on neurodegenerative conditions and display NR4A2 as a promising therapeutic target for the therapy of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences and Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea. .,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences and Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.
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Seo CS, Shin HK. Simultaneous Quantification of Two Flavonoids in Morus alba by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Photodiode Array Detector. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The root bark of Morus alba L. (Family: Moraceae) is an important medicinal herb in many countries and has long been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of cough, fever, blood pressure reduction, and respiratory diseases. In the present study, the simultaneous determination of two flavonoids, kuwanon G and morusin, for quality control of M alba was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with photodiode array (PDA) detector. The column used for separation of kuwanon G and morusin was a Gemini C18 analytical column maintained at 45°C. The mobile phase for efficient separation of two analytes was flowed 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid-acetonitrile with gradient elution. The detection wavelength for quantification was set at 266 nm. The optimized method showed good linearity with coefficients of determination of 0.9998 within the tested concentration ranges. The limits of detection for the two flavonoids, kuwanon G and morusin, were 0.69 μg/mL and 0.35 μg/mL and the limits of quantification of kuwanon G and morusin, were 2.10 μ/mL and 1.07 μg/mL. The recoveries were 98.40–111.55% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) value was within 3.50%. The RSD values of intra- a g d interday precisions were 0.08–0.70% and 0.06-0.48%, respectively. The amounts of kuwanon G and morusin were 1.94-2.26 mg/g and 1.05–1.12 mg/g. The established HPLC-PDA method will help to improve the quality control of M. alba and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Seob Seo
- Herbal Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- Herbal Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
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Paray BA, Rather IA, Al-Sadoon MK, Fanar Hamad AS. Pharmaceutical significance of Leuconostoc mesenteroides KS-TN11 isolated from Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:509-514. [PMID: 29844722 PMCID: PMC5961753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic animals are known for their myriad of beneficial bacteria with diverse biologically active compounds. The current study was aimed to isolate and characterize potentially beneficial lactic acid bacteria from Nile Tilapia and evaluate their pharmaceutical applications. The fish samples were dissected and stomach, intestine, and gills were collected and serially diluted for the isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on BCP agar media. Identification of isolate was carried by biochemical and molecular characterization using API kit and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, respectively. Further, KS-TN11 was assessed for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential using the chromogenic method. A lactic acid bacterium KS-TN11 was isolated from the stomach of Nile Tilapia and identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Effect of KS-TN11 on lipid accumulation in adipocytes was done by using Oil Red O staining. The isolate showed strong antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacteria in vitro. In addition, L. mesenteroides KS-TN11 KS-TN11 (50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml) tends to inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and thus may have possible anti-obesity effects. Moreover, L. mesenteroides KS-TN11 exhibited substantial α–glucosidase inhibitory activities by 41.33% at 50 mg/ml and 64% at 100 mg/ml, respectively. The bacterium showed potent antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacteria; in addition to alpha-glucosidase activity, and inhibition of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cell line. These results reinforce KS-TN11 as a novel bacterium with an impending pharmaceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Paray
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan A Rather
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, South Korea
| | - Mohammad K Al-Sadoon
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Al-Shammari Fanar Hamad
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, South Korea
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Bajpai VK, Han JH, Nam GJ, Majumder R, Park C, Lim J, Paek WK, Rather IA, Park YH. Characterization and pharmacological potential of Lactobacillus sakei 1I1 isolated from fresh water fish Zacco koreanus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 24:8. [PMID: 26980217 PMCID: PMC4793658 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-016-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are still a large variety of microorganisms among aquatic animals which have not been explored for their pharmacological potential. Hence, present study was aimed to isolate and characterize a potent lactic acid bacterium from fresh water fish sample Zacco koreanus, and to confirm its pharmacological potential. METHODS Isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from fresh water fish samples was done using serial dilution method. Biochemical identification and molecular characterization of selected LAB isolate 1I1, based on its potent antimicrobial efficacy, was accomplished using API kit and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Further, 1I1 was assessed for α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory potential as well as antiviral efficacy against highly pathogenic human influenza virus H1N1 using MDCK cell line in terms of its pharmacological potential. RESULTS Here, we first time report isolation as well as biochemical and molecular characterization of a lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus sakei 1I1 isolated from the intestine of a fresh water fish Z. koreanus. As a result, L. sakei 1I1 exhibited potent antimicrobial effect in vitro, and diameter of zones of inhibition of 1I1 against the tested pathogens was found in the range of 13.32 ± 0.51 to 23.16 ± 0.32 mm. Also L. sakei 1I1 at 100 mg/ml exhibited significant (p < 0.05) α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities by 60.69 and 72.59%, in terms of its anti-diabetic and anti-melanogenic potential, respectively. Moreover, L. sakei 1I1 displayed profound anti-cytopathic effect on MDCK cell line when treated with its ethanol extract (100 mg/ml), confirming its potent anti-viral efficacy against H1N1 influenza virus. CONCLUSIONS These findings reinforce the suggestions that L. sakei 1I1 isolated from the intestine of fresh water fish Z. koreanus might be a candidate of choice for using in pharmacological preparations as an effective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiome Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Han
- National Science Museum, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Daejeon, 32143, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Jun Nam
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiome Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajib Majumder
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiome Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanseo Park
- National Science Museum, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Daejeon, 32143, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongheui Lim
- National Science Museum, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Daejeon, 32143, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woon Kee Paek
- National Science Museum, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Daejeon, 32143, Republic of Korea
| | - Irfan A Rather
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiome Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ha Park
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiome Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
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Wang S, Liu XM, Zhang J, Zhang YQ. An efficient preparation of mulberroside a from the branch bark of mulberry and its effect on the inhibition of tyrosinase activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109396. [PMID: 25299075 PMCID: PMC4192315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioactive ingredient in an ethanol extract from the branch bark of cultivated mulberry Husang-32 (Morus multicaulis Perr.) was isolated using a macroporous resin column. The primary component, which was purified by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), was identified as mulberroside A (MA) by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. In total, 4.12 g MA was efficiently extracted from one kilogram of mulberry bark. The enzymatic analysis showed that MA inhibited the generation of dopachrome by affecting the activities of monophenolase and diphenolase of tyrosinase in vitro. This analysis indicated that MA and oxyresveratrol (OR), which is the the aglycone of mulberroside A, exhibited strong inhibition of the monophenolase activity with IC50 values of 1.29 µmol/L and 0.12 µmol/L, respectively. However, the former showed weaker inhibitory activity than the latter for diphenolase. For the monophenolase activity, the inhibitory activity of MA and OR was reversible and showed mixed type 1 inhibition. Additionally, the inhibition constant KI (the inhibition constant of the effectors on tyrosinase) values were 0.385 µmol/L and 0.926 µmol/L, respectively, and the KIS (the inhibition constants of the enzyme-substrate complex) values were 0.177 µmol/L and 0.662 µmol/L, respectively. However, MA showed competitive inhibition of diphenolase activity, and KI was 4.36 µmol/L. In contrast, OR showed noncompetitive inhibition and KI = KIS = 2.95 µmol/L. Taken together, these results provide important information concerning the inhibitory mechanism of MA on melanin synthesis, which is widely used in whitening cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Silk Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Dushuhu Higher Edu. Town, Suzhou, P R China
| | - Xian-Ming Liu
- Silk Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Dushuhu Higher Edu. Town, Suzhou, P R China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Dushuhu Higher Edu. Town, Suzhou, P R China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (YQZ)
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Silk Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Dushuhu Higher Edu. Town, Suzhou, P R China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (YQZ)
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