1
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Fox S, Gaudreau-LaPierre A, Reshke R, Podinic I, Gibbings DJ, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Copeland JW. Identification of an FMNL2 Interactome by Quantitative Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5686. [PMID: 38891874 PMCID: PMC11171801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Formin Homology Proteins (Formins) are a highly conserved family of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins that participate in a diverse range of cellular processes. FMNL2 is a member of the Diaphanous-Related Formin sub-group, and previous reports suggest FMNL2's role in filopodia assembly, force generation at lamellipodia, subcellular trafficking, cell-cell junction assembly, and focal adhesion formation. How FMNL2 is recruited to these sites of action is not well understood. To shed light on how FMNL2 activity is partitioned between subcellular locations, we used biotin proximity labeling and proteomic analysis to identify an FMNL2 interactome. The interactome identified known and new FMNL2 interacting proteins with functions related to previously described FMNL2 activities. In addition, our interactome predicts a novel connection between FMNL2 and extracellular vesicle assembly. We show directly that FMNL2 protein is present in exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John W. Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (S.F.)
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2
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Kumari S, Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Emerging trends in post-translational modification: Shedding light on Glioblastoma multiforme. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188999. [PMID: 37858622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent multi-omics studies, including proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics, and metabolomics have revealed the critical role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the progression and pathogenesis of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Further, PTMs alter the oncogenic signaling events and offer a novel avenue in GBM therapeutics research through PTM enzymes as potential biomarkers for drug targeting. In addition, PTMs are critical regulators of chromatin architecture, gene expression, and tumor microenvironment (TME), that play a crucial function in tumorigenesis. Moreover, the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms enhances GBM therapeutics research through the identification of novel PTM enzymes and residues. Herein, we briefly explain the mechanism of protein modifications in GBM etiology, and in altering the biologics of GBM cells through chromatin remodeling, modulation of the TME, and signaling pathways. In addition, we highlighted the importance of PTM enzymes as therapeutic biomarkers and the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in protein PTM prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kumari
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, India; School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, India; Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, SRM University, Sonepat, Haryana, India.
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, India.
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3
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Lorenzen L, Frank D, Schwan C, Grosse R. Spatiotemporal Regulation of FMNL2 by N-Terminal Myristoylation and C-Terminal Phosphorylation Drives Rapid Filopodia Formation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030548. [PMID: 36979484 PMCID: PMC10046779 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin nucleating and polymerizing formin-like 2 (FMNL2) is upregulated in several cancers and has been shown to play important roles in cell migration, invasion, cell–cell adhesion and filopodia formation. Here, using structured illumination microscopy we show that FMNL2 promotes rapid and highly dynamic filopodia formation in epithelial cells while remaining on the tip of the growing filopodia. This filopodia tip localization depends fully on its N-terminal myristoylation. We further show that FMNL2-dependent filopodia formation requires its serine 1072 phosphorylation within the diaphanous-autoregulatory domain (DAD) by protein kinase C (PKC) α. Consistent with this, filopodia formation depends on PKC activity and PKCα localizes to the base of growing filopodia. Thus, a PKCα–FMNL2 signaling module spatiotemporally controls dynamic filopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lorenzen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Frank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies—CIBSS, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.G.)
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4
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Frank D, Moussi CJ, Ulferts S, Lorenzen L, Schwan C, Grosse R. Vesicle-Associated Actin Assembly by Formins Promotes TGFβ-Induced ANGPTL4 Trafficking, Secretion and Cell Invasion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204896. [PMID: 36691769 PMCID: PMC10037683 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking has emerged as an important process driving tumor progression through various mechanisms. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-mediated secretion of Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is important for cancer development. Here, Formin-like 2 (FMNL2) is identified to be necessary for ANGPTL4 trafficking and secretion in response to TGFβ. Protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation of FMNL2 downstream of TGFβ stimulation is required for cancer cell invasion as well as ANGPTL4 vesicle trafficking and secretion. Moreover, using super resolution microscopy, ANGPTL4 trafficking is actin-dependent with FMNL2 directly polymerizing actin at ANGPTL4-containing vesicles, which are associated with Rab8a and myosin Vb. This work uncovers a formin-controlled mechanism that transiently polymerizes actin directly at intracellular vesicles to facilitate their mobility. This mechanism may be important for the regulation of cancer cell metastasis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Frank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Christel Jessica Moussi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Training GroupMembrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and RemodelingUniversity of Marburg35037MarburgGermany
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Lina Lorenzen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies – CIBSS79104FreiburgGermany
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5
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Fox S, Tran A, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Copeland JW. Cooperative assembly of filopodia by the formin FMNL2 and I-BAR domain protein IRTKS. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102512. [PMID: 36259517 PMCID: PMC9579038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are long finger-like actin-based structures that project out from the plasma membrane as cells navigate and explore their extracellular environment. The initiation of filopodia formation requires release of tension at the plasma membrane followed by the coordinated assembly of long unbranched actin filaments. Filopodia growth is maintained by a tip complex that promotes actin polymerization and protects the growing barbed ends of the actin fibers from capping proteins. Filopodia growth also depends on additional F-actin bundling proteins to stiffen the actin filaments as well as extension of the membrane sheath projecting from the cell periphery. These activities can be provided by a number of actin-binding and membrane-binding proteins including formins such as formin-like 2 (FMNL2) and FMNL3, and Inverse-Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (I-BAR) proteins such as IRTKS and IRSp53, but the specific requirement for these proteins in filopodia assembly is not clear. We report here that IRTKS and IRSp53 are FMNL2-binding proteins. Coexpression of FMNL2 with either I-BAR protein promotes cooperative filopodia assembly. We find IRTKS, but not IRSp53, is required for FMNL2-induced filopodia assembly, and FMNL2 and IRTKS are mutually dependent cofactors in this process. Our results suggest that the primary function for FMNL2 during filopodia assembly is binding to the plasma membrane and that regulation of actin dynamics by its formin homology 2 domain is secondary. From these results, we conclude that FMNL2 initiates filopodia assembly via an unexpected novel mechanism, by bending the plasma membrane to recruit IRTKS and thereby nucleate filopodia assembly.
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Li W, Li F, Zhang X, Lin HK, Xu C. Insights into the post-translational modification and its emerging role in shaping the tumor microenvironment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:422. [PMID: 34924561 PMCID: PMC8685280 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more in-depth studies have revealed that the occurrence and development of tumors depend on gene mutation and tumor heterogeneity. The most important manifestation of tumor heterogeneity is the dynamic change of tumor microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity. This depends not only on the tumor cells themselves in the microenvironment where the infiltrating immune cells and matrix together forming an antitumor and/or pro-tumor network. TME has resulted in novel therapeutic interventions as a place beyond tumor beds. The malignant cancer cells, tumor infiltrate immune cells, angiogenic vascular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblastic cells, and the released factors including intracellular metabolites, hormonal signals and inflammatory mediators all contribute actively to cancer progression. Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is often regarded as a degradative mechanism in protein destruction or turnover to maintain physiological homeostasis. Advances in quantitative transcriptomics, proteomics, and nuclease-based gene editing are now paving the global ways for exploring PTMs. In this review, we focus on recent developments in the PTM area and speculate on their importance as a critical functional readout for the regulation of TME. A wealth of information has been emerging to prove useful in the search for conventional therapies and the development of global therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042 Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Li
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042 Chengdu, P. R. China ,grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine (Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment), Guangxi Medical University, 530021 Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Xia Zhang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- grid.241167.70000 0001 2185 3318Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27101 USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042, Chengdu, P. R. China. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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7
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Trefzer R, Elpeleg O, Gabrusskaya T, Stepensky P, Mor-Shaked H, Grosse R, Brandt DT. Characterization of a L136P mutation in Formin-like 2 (FMNL2) from a patient with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252428. [PMID: 34043722 PMCID: PMC8158924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaphanous related formins are highly conserved proteins regulated by Rho-GTPases that act as actin nucleation and assembly factors. Here we report the functional characterization of a non-inherited heterozygous FMNL2 p.L136P mutation carried by a patient who presented with severe very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We found that the FMNL2 L136P protein displayed subcellular mislocalization and deregulated protein autoinhibition indicating gain-of-function mechanism. Expression of FMNL2 L136P impaired cell spreading as well as filopodia formation. THP-1 macrophages expressing FMNL2 L136P revealed dysregulated podosome formation and a defect in matrix degradation. Our data indicate that the L136P mutation affects cellular actin dynamics in fibroblasts and immune cells such as macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Trefzer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tatyana Gabrusskaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Utsumi T, Miyazaki A, Tokumoto C, Doi K, Harada H, Kinoshita E, Koike T. Protein-N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation of serine 13 of tyrosine kinase Lyn by casein kinase 1γ at the Golgi during intracellular protein traffic. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16273. [PMID: 33004926 PMCID: PMC7531007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-myristoylation of Src-family kinases (SFKs) is a critical co-translational modification to anchor the enzymes in the plasma membrane. Phosphorylation of SFKs is also an essential modification for regulating their enzymatic activities. In this study, we used Phos-tag SDS-PAGE to investigate N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation of SFKs and their non-N-myristoylated G2A mutants. The serine-13 residue of Lyn (Lyn-S13) was shown to be N-myristoylation-dependently phosphorylated. Although there have been more than 40 reports of mass spectrometric studies on phosphorylation at Lyn-S13, the kinase responsible remained unclear. We succeeded in identifying casein kinase 1γ (CK1γ) as the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of Lyn-S13. In HEK293 cells co-expressing Lyn and CK1γ, the phosphorylation level of Lyn-S13 increased significantly. CK1γ is unique among the CK1 family (α, γ, δ, and ε) in carrying an S-palmitoylation site for membrane binding. Co-expression with the non-S-palmitoylated CK1γ mutant, which localized in the cytosol, gave no increase in the phosphorylation level at Lyn-S13. In HEK293 cells expressing the non-S-palmitoylated Lyn-C3A mutant, on the other hand, the Lyn-C3A mutant was phosphorylated at Lyn-S13, and the mutant remained at the Golgi. These results showed that S-palmitoylated CK1γ can phosphorylate S13 of N-myristoylated Lyn at the Golgi during intracellular protein traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Aya Miyazaki
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tokumoto
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Doi
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruna Harada
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. .,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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A strategy to identify protein-N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation reactions of cellular proteins by using Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225510. [PMID: 31751425 PMCID: PMC6872159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish a strategy for identifying protein-N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation of cellular proteins, Phos-tag SDS-PAGE was performed on wild-type (WT) and nonmyristoylated mutant (G2A-mutant) FMNL2 and FMNL3, phosphorylated N-myristoylated model proteins expressed in HEK293 cells. The difference in the banding pattern in Phos-tag SDS-PAGE between the WT and G2A-mutant FMNL2 indicated the presence of N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation sites in FMNL2. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE of FMNL2 mutants in which the putative phosphorylation sites listed in PhosphoSitePlus (an online database of phosphorylation sites) were changed to Ala revealed that Ser-171 and Ser-1072 are N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation sites in FMNL2. Similar experiments with FMNL3 demonstrated that N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation occurs at a single Ser residue at position 174, which is a Ser residue conserved between FMNL2 and FMNL3, corresponding to Ser-171 in FMNL2. The facts that phosphorylation of Ser-1072 in FMNL2 has been shown to play a critical role in integrin β1 internalization mediated by FMNL2 and that Ser-171 in FMNL2 and Ser-174 in FMNL3 are novel putative phosphorylation sites conserved between FMNL2 and FMNL3 indicate that the strategy used in this study is a useful tool for identifying and characterizing physiologically important phosphorylation reactions occurring on N-myristoylated proteins.
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Abstract
Formin homology proteins (formins) are a highly conserved family of cytoskeletal remodeling proteins that are involved in a diverse array of cellular functions. Formins are best known for their ability to regulate actin dynamics, but the same functional domains also govern stability and organization of microtubules. It is thought that this dual activity allows them to coordinate the activity of these two major cytoskeletal networks and thereby influence cellular architecture. Golgi ribbon assembly is dependent upon cooperative interactions between actin filaments and cytoplasmic microtubules originating both at the Golgi itself and from the centrosome. Similarly, centrosome assembly, centriole duplication, and centrosome positioning are also reliant on a dialogue between both cytoskeletal networks. As presented in this chapter, a growing body of evidence suggests that multiple formin proteins play essential roles in these central cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Copeland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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11
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Utsumi T, Matsuzaki K, Kiwado A, Tanikawa A, Kikkawa Y, Hosokawa T, Otsuka A, Iuchi Y, Kobuchi H, Moriya K. Identification and characterization of protein N-myristoylation occurring on four human mitochondrial proteins, SAMM50, TOMM40, MIC19, and MIC25. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206355. [PMID: 30427857 PMCID: PMC6235283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that SAMM50, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, is N-myristoylated, and this lipid modification is required for the proper targeting of SAMM50 to mitochondria. In this study, we characterized protein N-myristoylation occurring on four human mitochondrial proteins, SAMM50, TOMM40, MIC19, and MIC25, three of which are components of the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, which plays a critical role in the structure and function of mitochondria. In vitro and in vivo metabolic labeling experiments revealed that all four of these proteins were N-myristoylated. Analysis of intracellular localization of wild-type and non-myristoylated G2A mutants of these proteins by immunofluorescence microscopic analysis and subcellular fractionation analysis indicated that protein N-myristoylation plays a critical role in mitochondrial targeting and membrane binding of two MIB components, SAMM50 and MIC19, but not those of TOMM40 and MIC25. Immunoprecipitation experiments using specific antibodies revealed that MIC19, but not MIC25, was a major N-myristoylated binding partner of SAMM50. Immunoprecipitation experiments using a stable transformant of MIC19 confirmed that protein N-myristoylation of MIC19 is required for the interaction between MIC19 and SAMM50, as reported previously. Thus, protein N-myristoylation occurring on two mitochondrial MIB components, SAMM50 and MIC19, plays a critical role in the mitochondrial targeting and protein-protein interaction between these two MIB components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Utsumi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Aya Kiwado
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ayane Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kikkawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Aoi Otsuka
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Iuchi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kobuchi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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12
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Zeng YF, Xiao YS, Liu Y, Luo XJ, Wen LD, Liu Q, Chen M. Formin-like 3 regulates RhoC/FAK pathway and actin assembly to promote cell invasion in colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3884-3897. [PMID: 30228782 PMCID: PMC6141330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i34.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To clarify the underlying mechanism of formin-like 3 (FMNL3) in the promotion of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell invasion.
METHODS The in vitro biological function analyses of FMNL3 were performed by gain- and loss-of function approaches. Changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton were detected by the technologies of phalloidin-TRITC labeling and confocal microscopy. The signaling pathway mediated by FMNL3 was explored by western blot, gelatin zymograph assay, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), immunofluorescence co-localization, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay.
RESULTS The in vitro experimental results showed that FMNL3 significantly promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Moreover, FMNL3 regulated the remodeling of actin-based protrusions such as filopodia and lamellipodia in a RhoC-dependent manner. The western blot and gelatin zymograph assay results indicated that FMNL3 was involved in the RhoC/ focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway and acted as an effector of RhoC to activate the downstream signaling of p-FAK as well as p-MAPK and p-AKT. This resulted in the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the subsequent promotion of CRC cell invasion. The results of TAE226, U0126 or Ly294002 treatment confirmed an essential role of FMNL3 in activation of the RhoC/FAK pathway and the subsequent promotion of CRC invasion. Co-IP, co-localization and GST pull-down assays showed the direct interaction of FMNL3 with RhoC in vivo and in vitro.
CONCLUSION FMNL3 regulates the RhoC/FAK signaling pathway and RhoC-dependent remodeling of actin-based protrusions to promote CRC invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Xiao
- Teaching and Researching Section of Morphology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li-Dan Wen
- Clinical Medical Sciences Institute, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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13
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Grobe H, Wüstenhagen A, Baarlink C, Grosse R, Grikscheit K. A Rac1-FMNL2 signaling module affects cell-cell contact formation independent of Cdc42 and membrane protrusions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194716. [PMID: 29579104 PMCID: PMC5868805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo formation of epithelial cell-cell contacts relies on actin-based protrusions as well as tightly controlled turnover of junctional actin once cells encounter each other and adhesion complexes assemble. The specific contributions of individual actin regulators on either protrusion formation or junctional actin turnover remain largely unexplored. Based on our previous findings of Formin-like 2 (FMNL2)-mediated control of junctional actin dynamics, we investigated its potential role in membrane protrusions and impact on newly forming epithelial contacts. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of FMNL2 in human MCF10A cells combined with optogenetic control of Rac1 activity confirmed its critical function in the establishment of intercellular contacts. While lamellipodial protrusion rates remained unaffected, FMNL2 knockout cells were characterized by impaired filopodia formation similar to depletion of the Rho GTPase Cdc42. Silencing of Cdc42, however, failed to affect FMNL2-mediated contact formation. Hence, we propose a cell-cell contact-specific and Rac1-mediated function of FMNL2 entirely independent of Cdc42. Consistent with this, direct visualizations of native epithelial junction formation revealed a striking and specifically Rac1- and not Cdc42-dependent recruitment of FMNL2 to newly forming junctions as well as established cell-cell contacts within epithelial sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Grobe
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wüstenhagen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Baarlink
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Grikscheit
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Udenwobele DI, Su RC, Good SV, Ball TB, Varma Shrivastav S, Shrivastav A. Myristoylation: An Important Protein Modification in the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:751. [PMID: 28713376 PMCID: PMC5492501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-myristoylation is a cotranslational lipidic modification specific to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal glycine residue of many eukaryotic and viral proteins. The ubiquitous eukaryotic enzyme, N-myristoyltransferase, catalyzes the myristoylation process. Precisely, attachment of a myristoyl group increases specific protein–protein interactions leading to subcellular localization of myristoylated proteins with its signaling partners. The birth of the field of myristoylation, a little over three decades ago, has led to the understanding of the significance of protein myristoylation in regulating cellular signaling pathways in several biological processes especially in carcinogenesis and more recently immune function. This review discusses myristoylation as a prerequisite step in initiating many immune cell signaling cascades. In particular, we discuss the hitherto unappreciated implication of myristoylation during myelopoiesis, innate immune response, lymphopoiesis for T cells, and the formation of the immunological synapse. Furthermore, we discuss the role of myristoylation in inducing the virological synapse during human immunodeficiency virus infection as well as its clinical implication. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge in the field and to highlight gaps in our understanding of the role of myristoylation in immune function so as to further investigate into the dynamics of myristoylation-dependent immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ikenna Udenwobele
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Institute, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sara V Good
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Terry Blake Ball
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Institute, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shailly Varma Shrivastav
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,VastCon Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Anuraag Shrivastav
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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15
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Péladeau C, Heibein A, Maltez MT, Copeland SJ, Copeland JW. A specific FMNL2 isoform is up-regulated in invasive cells. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:32. [PMID: 27578625 PMCID: PMC5006604 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formins are a highly conserved family of cytoskeletal remodeling proteins. A growing body of evidence suggests that formins play key roles in the progression and spread of a variety of cancers. There are 15 human formin proteins and of these the Diaphanous-Related Formins (DRFs) are the best characterized. Included in the DRFs are the Formin-Like proteins, FMNL1, 2 & 3, each of which have been strongly implicated in driving tumorigenesis and metastasis of specific tumors. In particular, increased FMNL2 expression correlates with increased invasiveness of colorectal cancer (CRC) in vivo and for a variety of CRC cell-lines in vitro. FMNL2 expression is also required for invasive cell motility in other cancer cell-lines. There are multiple alternatively spliced isoforms of FMNL2 and it is predicted that the encoded proteins will differ in their regulation, subcellular localization and in their ability to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. RESULTS Using RT-PCR we identified four FMNL2 isoforms expressed in CRC and melanoma cell-lines. We find that a previously uncharacterized FMNL2 isoform is predominantly expressed in a variety of melanoma and CRC cell lines; this isoform is also more effective in driving 3D motility. Building on previous reports, we also show that FMNL2 is required for invasion in A375 and WM266.4 melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that FMNL2 is likely to be generally required in melanoma cells for invasion, that a specific isoform of FMNL2 is up-regulated in invasive CRC and melanoma cells and this isoform is the most effective at facilitating invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Péladeau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Allan Heibein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Melissa T Maltez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sarah J Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John W Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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16
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Moriya K, Kimoto M, Matsuzaki K, Kiwado A, Takamitsu E, Utsumi T. Identification of dually acylated proteins from complementary DNA resources by cell-free and cellular metabolic labeling. Anal Biochem 2016; 511:1-9. [PMID: 27480498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To establish a strategy to identify dually fatty acylated proteins from cDNA resources, seven N-myristoylated proteins with cysteine (Cys) residues within the 10 N-terminal residues were selected as potential candidates among 27 N-myristoylated proteins identified from a model human cDNA resource. Seven proteins C-terminally tagged with FLAG tag or EGFP were generated and their susceptibility to protein N-myristoylation and S-palmitoylation were evaluated by metabolic labeling with [(3)H]myristic acid or [(3)H]palmitic acid either in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system or in transfected mammalian cells. As a result, EEPD1, one of five proteins (RFTN1, EEPD1, GNAI1, PDE2A, RNF11) found to be dually acylated, was shown to be a novel dually fatty acylated protein. Metabolic labeling experiments using G2A and C7S mutants of EEPD1-EGFP revealed that the palmitoylation site of EEPD1 is Cys at position 7. Analysis of the intracellular localization of EEPD1 C-terminally tagged with FLAG tag or EGFP and its G2A and C7S mutants revealed that the dual acylation directs EEPD1 to localize to the plasma membrane. Thus, dually fatty acylated proteins can be identified from cDNA resources by cell-free and cellular metabolic labeling of N-myristoylated proteins with Cys residue(s) close to the N-myristoylated N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koko Moriya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kimoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuzaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Aya Kiwado
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Emi Takamitsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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17
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G-protein coupling and nuclear translocation of the human abscisic acid receptor LANCL2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26658. [PMID: 27222287 PMCID: PMC4879523 DOI: 10.1038/srep26658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA), a long known phytohormone, has been recently demonstrated to be present also in humans, where it targets cells of the innate immune response, mesenchymal and hemopoietic stem cells and cells involved in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis. LANCL2, a peripheral membrane protein, is the mammalian ABA receptor. We show that N-terminal glycine myristoylation causes LANCL2 localization to the plasmamembrane and to cytoplasmic membrane vesicles, where it interacts with the α subunit of a Gi protein and starts the ABA signaling pathway via activation of adenylate cyclase. Demyristoylation of LANCL2 by chemical or genetic means triggers its nuclear translocation. Nuclear enrichment of native LANCL2 is also induced by ABA treatment. Therefore human LANCL2 is a non-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor susceptible to hormone-induced nuclear translocation.
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18
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Gardberg M, Heuser VD, Koskivuo I, Koivisto M, Carpén O. FMNL2/FMNL3 formins are linked with oncogenic pathways and predict melanoma outcome. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 2:41-52. [PMID: 27499915 PMCID: PMC4858127 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While most early (stage I‐II) melanomas are cured by surgery, recurrence is not uncommon. Prognostication by current clinicopathological parameters does not provide sufficient means for identifying patients who are at risk of developing metastases and in need of adjuvant therapy. Actin‐regulating formins may account for invasive properties of cancer cells, including melanoma. Here, we studied formin‐like protein 2 and 3 (FMNL2 and FMNL3) in melanoma by analysing their role in the invasive properties of melanoma cells and by evaluating whether FMNL2 expression is associated with melanoma outcome. Immunohistochemical characterization of FMNL2 in a cohort of 175 primary cutaneous stage I‐II melanomas indicated that high FMNL2 reactivity correlates with poor outcome as evaluated by recurrence free survival (p < 0.0001) or disease specific survival (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, Breslow's thickness (p < 0.05) and FMNL2 expression (p < 0.001) remained as independent prognostic factors. Cellular studies revealed that FMNL2 is a component of filopodia in many melanoma cell lines. Inhibition of either FMNL2 or the closely related FMNL3 affected the maintenance of melanoma cell morphology and reduced migration. Finally, inhibition of the BRAF, PI3K and MAPK oncogenic pathways markedly reduced expression of both FMNL2 and FMNL3 in melanoma cells. The results suggest a major role for FMNL2/FMNL3 formins in melanoma biology and raise the possibility that the novel targeted melanoma drugs may interfere with the cellular properties regulated by these formins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gardberg
- Department of Pathology University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Vanina D Heuser
- Department of Pathology University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Ilkka Koskivuo
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Mari Koivisto
- Department of Biostatistics University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland; Auria Biobank, Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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19
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Formins at the Junction. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 41:148-159. [PMID: 26732401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and adhesion junctions are physically and functionally coupled at the cell-cell interface between epithelial cells. The actin regulatory complex Arp2/3 has an established role in the turnover of junctional actin; however, the role of formins, the largest group of actin regulators, is less clear. Formins dynamically shape the actin cytoskeleton and have various functions within cells. In this review we describe recent progress on how formins regulate actin dynamics at cell-cell contacts and highlight formin functions during polarized protein traffic necessary for epithelialization.
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20
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Takamitsu E, Otsuka M, Haebara T, Yano M, Matsuzaki K, Kobuchi H, Moriya K, Utsumi T. Identification of Human N-Myristoylated Proteins from Human Complementary DNA Resources by Cell-Free and Cellular Metabolic Labeling Analyses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136360. [PMID: 26308446 PMCID: PMC4550359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify physiologically important human N-myristoylated proteins, 90 cDNA clones predicted to encode human N-myristoylated proteins were selected from a human cDNA resource (4,369 Kazusa ORFeome project human cDNA clones) by two bioinformatic N-myristoylation prediction systems, NMT-The MYR Predictor and Myristoylator. After database searches to exclude known human N-myristoylated proteins, 37 cDNA clones were selected as potential human N-myristoylated proteins. The susceptibility of these cDNA clones to protein N-myristoylation was first evaluated using fusion proteins in which the N-terminal ten amino acid residues were fused to an epitope-tagged model protein. Then, protein N-myristoylation of the gene products of full-length cDNAs was evaluated by metabolic labeling experiments both in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system and in transfected human cells. As a result, the products of 13 cDNA clones (FBXL7, PPM1B, SAMM50, PLEKHN, AIFM3, C22orf42, STK32A, FAM131C, DRICH1, MCC1, HID1, P2RX5, STK32B) were found to be human N-myristoylated proteins. Analysis of the role of protein N-myristoylation on the intracellular localization of SAMM50, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, revealed that protein N-myristoylation was required for proper targeting of SAMM50 to mitochondria. Thus, the strategy used in this study is useful for the identification of physiologically important human N-myristoylated proteins from human cDNA resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takamitsu
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Motoaki Otsuka
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Haebara
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Manami Yano
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuzaki
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kobuchi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700–8558, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Wang Y, Arjonen A, Pouwels J, Ta H, Pausch P, Bange G, Engel U, Pan X, Fackler OT, Ivaska J, Grosse R. Formin-like 2 Promotes β1-Integrin Trafficking and Invasive Motility Downstream of PKCα. Dev Cell 2015; 34:475-83. [PMID: 26256210 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulated turnover of integrin receptors is essential for cell adhesion and migration. Pathways selectively regulating β1-integrin recycling are implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis, yet proteins required for the internalization of this pro-invasive integrin remain to be identified. Here, we uncover formin-like 2 (FMNL2) as a critical regulator of β1-integrin internalization downstream of protein kinase C (PKC). PKCα associates with and phosphorylates FMNL2 at S1072 within its Diaphanous autoregulatory region, leading to the release of formin autoinhibition. Phosphorylation of FMNL2 triggers its rapid relocation and promotes its interaction with the cytoplasmic tails of the α-integrin subunits for β1-integrin endocytosis. FMNL2 drives β1-integrin internalization and invasive motility in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, while a FMNL2 mutant defective in actin assembly interferes with β1-integrin endocytosis and cancer cell invasion. Our data establish a role for FMNL2 in the regulation of β1-integrin and provide a mechanistic understanding of the function of FMNL2 in cancer invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Antti Arjonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jeroen Pouwels
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Haisen Ta
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Pausch
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Engel
- Nikon Imaging Center and COS, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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22
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Zeng YF, Xiao YS, Lu MZ, Luo XJ, Hu GZ, Deng KY, Wu XM, Xin HB. Increased expression of formin-like 3 contributes to metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:260-7. [PMID: 25758200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formin-like 3 (FMNL3), a member of diaphanous-related formins subfamily, plays an important role in cytoskeleton reorganization, cell adhesion and cancer cell invasion in vitro. This study aimed to explore the expression of FMNL3 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell-lines and tissues, and further evaluate its prognostic value and correlation with the clinicopathological parameters, and also investigate the effects of FMNL3 gene silencing on the growth and metastasis of CRC in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that FMNL3 protein was distributed in a punctuate aggregation pattern and located mainly in the cytoplasm of glandular cavity side, close to the nucleus of CRC cells. The positive rate of FMNL3 expression was 87.5% (84/96) in CRC, which was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal mucosa (30%, 9/30). Moreover, FMNL3 protein expressed far more in primary CRC with metastasis and corresponding lymph nodes metastatic CRC than in primary CRC without metastasis. Increased expression of FMNL3 was closely correlated with tumor size, differentiation, serosal invasion, and both lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. However, it was not correlated with patients' age and gender. According to Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, patients with FMNL3 high expression level had lower overall survival rate than that with FMNL3 low expression level. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that high FMNL3 expression was a significant and independent prognostic predictor of patients with CRC. In addition, FMNL3 mRNA and protein levels were substantially up-regulated in CRC-metastasis-derived cell lines, as compared to those in primary-CRC-derived ones. FMNL3 gene silencing suppressed the growth and metastasis of CRC in vivo. In conclusion, FMNL3 plays an important role in the progression and metastasis of CRC and may be a novel potential prognostic predictor and therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Xiao
- Teaching and Researching Section of Morphology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Lu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Guo-Zhu Hu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Ke-Yu Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Mu Wu
- Jiangxi Institute of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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23
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Kumar R, Corbett MA, Smith NJC, Jolly LA, Tan C, Keating DJ, Duffield MD, Utsumi T, Moriya K, Smith KR, Hoischen A, Abbott K, Harbord MG, Compton AG, Woenig JA, Arts P, Kwint M, Wieskamp N, Gijsen S, Veltman JA, Bahlo M, Gleeson JG, Haan E, Gecz J. Homozygous mutation of STXBP5L explains an autosomal recessive infantile-onset neurodegenerative disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:2000-10. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Gauvin TJ, Young LE, Higgs HN. The formin FMNL3 assembles plasma membrane protrusions that participate in cell-cell adhesion. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:467-77. [PMID: 25428984 PMCID: PMC4310738 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
FMNL3 localizes broadly over the plasma membrane as discrete puncta, with particular enrichment in filopodia and ruffles and at cell–cell contacts. In addition, a population of FMNL3-containing vesicles of endocytic origin can fuse with the plasma membrane. FMNL3 suppression causes reductions in filopodia and cell–cell adhesion. FMNL3 is a vertebrate-specific formin protein previously shown to play a role in angiogenesis and cell migration. Here we define the cellular localization of endogenous FMNL3, the dynamics of GFP-tagged FMNL3 during cell migration, and the effects of FMNL3 suppression in mammalian culture cells. The majority of FMNL3 localizes in a punctate pattern, with >95% of these puncta being indistinguishable from the plasma membrane by fluorescence microscopy. A small number of dynamic cytoplasmic FMNL3 patches also exist, which enrich near cell–cell contact sites and fuse with the plasma membrane at these sites. These cytoplasmic puncta appear to be part of larger membranes of endocytic origin. On the plasma membrane, FMNL3 enriches particularly in filopodia and membrane ruffles and at nascent cell–cell adhesions. FMNL3-containing filopodia occur both at the cell–substratum interface and at cell–cell contacts, with the latter being 10-fold more stable. FMNL3 suppression by siRNA has two major effects: decrease in filopodia and compromised cell–cell adhesion in cells migrating as a sheet. Overall our results suggest that FMNL3 functions in assembly of actin-based protrusions that are specialized for cell–cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Gauvin
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Lorna E Young
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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25
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Takamitsu E, Fukunaga K, Iio Y, Moriya K, Utsumi T. Cell-free identification of novel N-myristoylated proteins from complementary DNA resources using bioorthogonal myristic acid analogues. Anal Biochem 2014; 464:83-93. [PMID: 25043870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To establish a non-radioactive, cell-free detection system for protein N-myristoylation, metabolic labeling in a cell-free protein synthesis system using bioorthogonal myristic acid analogues was performed. After Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with a biotin tag, the tagged proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and blotted on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, and then protein N-myristoylation was detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated streptavidin. The results showed that metabolic labeling in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system using an azide analogue of myristic acid followed by CuAAC with alkynyl biotin was the most effective strategy for cell-free detection of protein N-myristoylation. To determine whether the newly developed detection method can be applied for the detection of novel N-myristoylated proteins from complementary DNA (cDNA) resources, four candidate cDNA clones were selected from a human cDNA resource and their susceptibility to protein N-myristoylation was evaluated using the newly developed strategy. As a result, the products of three cDNA clones were found to be novel N-myristoylated protein, and myristoylation-dependent specific intracellular localization was observed for two novel N-myristoylated proteins. Thus, the metabolic labeling in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system using bioorthogonal azide analogue of myristic acid was an effective strategy to identify novel N-myristoylated proteins from cDNA resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takamitsu
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fukunaga
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iio
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Truong D, Copeland JW, Brumell JH. Bacterial subversion of host cytoskeletal machinery: hijacking formins and the Arp2/3 complex. Bioessays 2014; 36:687-96. [PMID: 24849003 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The host actin nucleation machinery is subverted by many bacterial pathogens to facilitate their entry, motility, replication, and survival. The majority of research conducted in the past primarily focused on exploitation of a host actin nucleator, the Arp2/3 complex, by bacterial pathogens. Recently, new studies have begun to explore the role of formins, another family of host actin nucleators, in bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the study of the exploitation of the Arp2/3 complex and formins by bacterial pathogens. Secreted bacterial effector proteins seem to manipulate the regulation of these actin nucleators or functionally mimic them to drive bacterial entry, motility and survival within host cells. An enhanced understanding of how formins are exploited will provide us with greater insight into how a fundamental eurkaryotic cellular process is utilized by bacteria and will also advance our knowledge of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Truong
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Sievert AJ, Lang SS, Boucher KL, Madsen PJ, Slaunwhite E, Choudhari N, Kellet M, Storm PB, Resnick AC. Paradoxical activation and RAF inhibitor resistance of BRAF protein kinase fusions characterizing pediatric astrocytomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5957-62. [PMID: 23533272 PMCID: PMC3625308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219232110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas are the most common type of brain tumors in children. Activated BRAF protein kinase mutations are characteristic of pediatric astrocytomas with KIAA1549-BRAF fusion genes typifying low-grade astrocytomas and (V600E)BRAF alterations characterizing distinct or higher-grade tumors. Recently, BRAF-targeted therapies, such as vemurafenib, have shown great promise in treating V600E-dependent melanomas. Like (V600E)BRAF, BRAF fusion kinases activate MAPK signaling and are sufficient for malignant transformation; however, here we characterized the distinct mechanisms of action of KIAA1549-BRAF and its differential responsiveness to PLX4720, a first-generation BRAF inhibitor and research analog of vemurafenib. We found that in cells expressing KIAA1549-BRAF, the fusion kinase functions as a homodimer that is resistant to PLX4720 and accordingly is associated with CRAF-independent paradoxical activation of MAPK signaling. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that KIAA1549-BRAF fusion-mediated signaling is diminished with disruption of the BRAF kinase dimer interface. In addition, the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion displays increased binding affinity to kinase suppressor of RAS (KSR), an RAF relative recently demonstrated to facilitate MEK phosphorylation by BRAF. Despite its resistance to PLX4720, the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion is responsive to a second-generation selective BRAF inhibitor that, unlike vemurafenib, does not induce activation of wild-type BRAF. Our data support the development of targeted treatment paradigms for BRAF-altered pediatric astrocytomas and also demonstrate that therapies must be tailored to the specific mutational context and distinct mechanisms of action of the mutant kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Sievert
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Thang NM, Kumasawa K, Tsutsui T, Nakamura H, Masaki H, Ono T, Kimura T. Overexpression of endogenous TIMP-2 increases the proliferation of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells through the MAPK-signaling pathway. Reprod Sci 2013; 20:1184-92. [PMID: 23427184 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113477485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant form of trophoblastic tumor that is characterized by malignant placental tumors and rapid cell growth. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) is present in choriocarcinoma. However, the role of TIMP-2 in cell proliferation in choriocarcinoma has not been investigated. Exogenous TIMP-2 is known to promote cell proliferation. During growth, cells are subjected to varied concentrations of TIMP-2, which depend on the amount of TIMP-2 produced by the cells themselves. Thus, the effect of gradually increasing endogenous TIMP-2 on the proliferation of choriocarcinoma cells needs to be examined. Proliferation of BeWo human choriocarcinoma cells was stimulated by transient transfection of a plasmid expressing TIMP-2. Overexpression of endogenous TIMP-2 also activated ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 of the MAPK-signaling pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of these proteins resulted in suppression of the cell proliferation-stimulating effect of TIMP-2. These results suggest that TIMP-2 plays an important role in tumor growth in the case of BeWo cells. Moreover, proliferation of BeWo cells due to TIMP-2 expression can be used as a model for fast-growing choriocarcinomas, and TIMP-2 could be used as a novel tumor marker of choriocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Thang
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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