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Bangar SP, Chaudhary V, Singh TP, Özogul F. Retrospecting the concept and industrial significance of LAB bacteriocins. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2
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Valledor SJD, Dioso CM, Bucheli JEV, Park YJ, Suh DH, Jung ES, Kim B, Holzapfel WH, Todorov SD. Characterization and safety evaluation of two beneficial, enterocin-producing Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from kimchi, a Korean fermented cabbage. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103886. [PMID: 34809929 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium ST20Kc and ST41Kc were isolated from kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented cabbage. Bacteriocins produced by both strains exhibited strong activity against Listeria monocytogenes and various Enterococcus spp., including 30 vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains, but not against other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the evaluated test panel. The antimicrobials produced by the strains were found to be proteinaceous and stable even after exposure to varying pH, temperature, and chemicals used in the industry and laboratory processes. Antimicrobial activity of both strains was evaluated as bactericidal against exponentially growing cultures of L. monocytogenes ATCC® 15313™ and Enterococcus faecalis 200A. Based on tricine-SDS-PAGE, the molecular weights of the bacteriocins produced by the strains were between 4 and 6 kDa. Additionally, both strains were susceptible to antibiotics, including vancomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, ampicillin, streptomycin, tylosin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Adhesion genes, map, mub, and EF-Tu, were also detected in the genomes of both strains. With gastrointestinal stress induction, both strains showed high individual survival rates, and capability to reduce viable counts of L. monocytogenes ATCC® 15313™ and Enterococcus faecalis 200A in mixed cultures. Based on the metabolomics analysis, both strains were found to produce additional antimicrobial compounds, particularly, lactic acid, phenyllactic acid, and phenethylamine, which can be potentially involved in the antimicrobial interaction with pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Joy D Valledor
- ProBacLab, Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Yu Jin Park
- HEM Pharma Inc., Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Suh
- HEM Pharma Inc., Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sung Jung
- HEM Pharma Inc., Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Bobae Kim
- HEM Pharma Inc., Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Wilhelm Heinrich Holzapfel
- Human Effective Microbes, Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- ProBacLab, Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Natural bacterial isolates as an inexhaustible source of new bacteriocins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:477-492. [PMID: 33394148 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms isolated from various traditionally fermented food products prepared in households without commercial starter cultures are designated as natural isolates. In addition, this term is also used for microorganisms collected from various natural habitats or products (silage, soil, manure, plant and animal material, etc.) that do not contain any commercial starters or bacterial formulations. They are characterized by unique traits that are the result of the selective pressure of environmental conditions, as well as interactions with other organisms. The synthesis of antimicrobial molecules, including bacteriocins, is an evolutionary advantage and an adaptive feature that sets them apart from other microorganisms from a common environment. This review aims to underline the knowledge of bacteriocins produced by natural isolates, with a particular emphasis on the most common location of their genes and operons, plasmids, and the importance of the relationship between the plasmidome and the adaptive potential of the isolate. Applications of bacteriocins, ranging from natural food preservatives to supplements and drugs in pharmacology and medicine, will also be addressed. The latest challenges faced by researchers in isolating new natural isolates with desired characteristics will be discussed, as well as the production of new antimicrobials, nearly one century since the first discovery of colicins in 1925. KEY POINTS: • Natural bacterial isolates harbor unique properties shaped by diverse interactions. • Horizontal gene transfer enables constant engineering of new antimicrobials. • Fermented food products are important source of bacteriocin-producing natural isolates.
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Mining and Statistical Modeling of Natural and Variant Class IIa Bacteriocins Elucidate Activity and Selectivity Profiles across Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01646-20. [PMID: 32917749 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01646-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Class IIa bacteriocin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a compelling alternative to current antimicrobials because of potential specific activity toward antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Engineering of these molecules would be enhanced by a better understanding of AMP sequence-activity relationships to improve efficacy in vivo and limit effects of off-target activity. Toward this goal, we experimentally evaluated 210 natural and variant class IIa bacteriocins for antimicrobial activity against six strains of enterococci. Inhibitory activity was ridge regressed to AMP sequence to predict performance, achieving an area under the curve of 0.70 and demonstrating the potential of statistical models for identifying and designing AMPs. Active AMPs were individually produced and evaluated against eight enterococcus strains and four Listeria strains to elucidate trends in susceptibility. It was determined that the mannose phosphotransferase system (manPTS) sequence is informative of susceptibility to class IIa bacteriocins, yet other factors, such as membrane composition, also contribute strongly to susceptibility. A broadly potent bacteriocin variant (lactocin DT1) from a Lactobacillus ruminis genome was identified as the only variant with inhibitory activity toward all tested strains, while a novel enterocin variant (DT2) from an Enterococcus faecium genome demonstrated specificity toward Listeria strains. Eight AMPs were evaluated for proteolytic stability to trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin, and three C-terminal disulfide-containing variants, including divercin V41, were identified as compelling for future in vivo studies, given their high potency and proteolytic stability.IMPORTANCE Class IIa bacteriocin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an alternative to traditional small-molecule antibiotics, are capable of selective activity toward various Gram-positive bacteria, limiting negative side effects associated with broad-spectrum activity. This selective activity is achieved through targeting of the mannose phosphotransferase system (manPTS) of a subset of Gram-positive bacteria, although factors affecting this mechanism are not entirely understood. Peptides identified from genomic data, as well as variants of previously characterized AMPs, can offer insight into how peptide sequence affects activity and selectivity. The experimental methods presented here identify promising potent and selective bacteriocins for further evaluation, highlight the potential of simple computational modeling for prediction of AMP performance, and demonstrate that factors beyond manPTS sequence affect bacterial susceptibility to class IIa bacteriocins.
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Ishibashi N, Matsumoto N, Perez RH, Iwatani S, Sugino H, Zendo T, Wilaipun P, Leelawatcharamas V, Nakayama J, Sonomoto K. Molecular characterization of the possible regulation of multiple bacteriocin production through a three-component regulatory system in Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 131:S1389-1723(20)30368-6. [PMID: 34756351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3 produces multiple-bacteriocins, enterocins NKR-5-3A, B, C, D, and Z (Ent53A, Ent53B, Ent53C, Ent53D, and Ent53Z). However, the biosynthetic mechanisms on how their productions are regulated are yet to be fully understood. In silico analysis revealed putative promoters and terminators in the enterocin NKR-5-3ACDZ gene cluster, and the putative direct repeats (5'-ATTTTAGGATA-3') were conserved upstream of each promoter. Transcriptional analysis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the biosynthetic genes for the enterocins NKR-5-3 suggested that an inducing peptide (Ent53D) regulates the transcription of the structure genes and corresponding biosynthetic genes of enterocins NKR-5-3, except for Ent53B (a circular bacteriocin), thus consequently regulating their production. Moreover, transcriptional analysis of some knock-out mutants showed that the production of Ent53A, C, D and Z is controlled by a three-component regulatory system (TCS) consisting of Ent53D, EnkR (response regulator), and EnkK (histidine kinase). The production of the circular bacteriocin Ent53B appeared to be independent from this TCS. Nevertheless, disrupting the TCS by deletion of a single component (enkD, enkR and enkK) resulted in a slight increase of enkB transcription and consequently the production of Ent53B, presumably, as an indirect consequence of the increase of available energy to the strain NKR-5-3. Here, we demonstrate the regulatory control of the multiple bacteriocin production of strain NKR-5-3 likely through the TCS consisting of Ent53D, EnkR, and EnkK. The information of the sharing of the regulatory machinery between bacteriocins in strain NKR-5-3 can be useful in its future application such as designing strategies to effectively dispense its multiple bacteriocin arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naho Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rodney Honrada Perez
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Shun Iwatani
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Haruki Sugino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Zendo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Pongtep Wilaipun
- Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Vichien Leelawatcharamas
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Sonomoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Valledor SJD, Bucheli JEV, Holzapfel WH, Todorov SD. Exploring Beneficial Properties of the Bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium ST10Bz Strain Isolated from Boza, a Bulgarian Cereal-Based Beverage. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101474. [PMID: 32992853 PMCID: PMC7600690 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriocin-producing strain Enterococcus faecium ST10Bz, isolated from boza, a Bulgarian cereal-based beverage, exhibited strong activity against Listeria strains, vancomycin-resistant and other Enterococcus strains, but not against most of the other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains included in the test panel. Bacteriocin ST10Bz was proven as a stable antimicrobial, even after exposure to various environmental conditions, including varying pH values, temperatures, and commonly used chemicals in industry and laboratory practice. Bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes ATCC®15313™ was recorded at 25,600 AU/mL when the producer strain was cultured in MRS broth at 25 °C and 30 °C, and 19,200 AU/mL, when cultured at 37 °C. Additionally, bacteriocin ST10Bz exhibited bactericidal mode of action when added to actively growing cultures of L. monocytogenes ATCC®15313™ and Enterococcus faecalis 200A. E. faecium ST10Bz was susceptible to the antibiotics kanamycin, gentamycin, ampicillin, streptomycin, tylosin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin; with no evidence for vanA, B, C, D, E, or G genes. PCR analysis of DNA from strain ST10Bz generated positive results for presence of some bacterial adhesion genes, including map, mub and ef-tu, as well as the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) production-related gene, gad. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in single and co-culture with L. monocytogenes ATCC®15313™ and E. faecalis 200A, E. faecium ST10Bz showed a high survival rate and the ability to reduce the viable numbers of the two test strains.
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Sushida H, Sakei M, Perez RH, Ishibashi N, Zendo T, Wilaipun P, Leelawatcharamas V, Nakayama J, Sonomoto K. Processing and secretion of non-cognate bacteriocins by EnkT, an ABC transporter from a multiple-bacteriocin producer, Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:596-603. [PMID: 32855046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
EnkT is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter produced by Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3, which is responsible for the secretion of multiple bacteriocins; enterocins NKR-5-3A, C, D, and Z (Ent53A, C, D, and Z). EnkT has been shown to possess a tolerant recognition mechanism that enables it to secrete the mature Ent53C from a chimeric precursor peptide containing the leader peptide moieties that are derived from different heterologous bacteriocins. In this study, to further characterize EnkT, we aimed to investigate the capacity of EnkT to recognize, process, and secrete non-cognate bacteriocins, which belong to different subclasses of class II. For this, the non-cognate bacteriocin precursor peptides, including enterocin A, pediocin PA-1, lactococcin Q, lactococcin A, and lacticin Q were co-expressed with EnkT, and thereafter, the production of the mature forms of these non-cognate bacteriocins was assessed. Our results revealed that EnkT could potentially recognize, process, and secrete the non-cognate bacteriocins with an exception of the leaderless bacteriocin, lacticin Q. Moreover, the processing and secretion efficiencies of these heterologous non-cognate bacteriocins by EnkT were further enhanced when the leader peptide moiety was replaced with the Ent53C leader peptide (derived from a native NKR-5-3 bacteriocin). The findings of this study describe the wide substrate tolerance of this ABC transporter, EnkT, that can be exploited in the future in establishing effective bacteriocin production systems adaptive to complex fermentation conditions common in many food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Sushida
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sakei
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rodney H Perez
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Naoki Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Zendo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Pongtep Wilaipun
- Department of Fishery Products, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Vichien Leelawatcharamas
- Department of Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Sonomoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Liu G, Wang Y, Li X, Hao X, Xu D, Zhou Y, Mehmood A, Wang C. Genetic and Biochemical Evidence That Enterococcus faecalis Gr17 Produces a Novel and Sec-Dependent Bacteriocin, Enterocin Gr17. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1806. [PMID: 31456764 PMCID: PMC6700250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antibacterial peptides or proteins from microorganisms. We report a novel bacteriocin producing strain, Enterococcus faecalis Gr17, that was isolated from the Chinese traditional low-salt fermented whole fish product Suan yu. E. faecalis Gr17 displayed potent antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. The complete genome of E. faecalis Gr17 contained one circular chromosome and plasmid. The gene cluster of a novel bacteriocin designated enterocin Gr17 was identified. The enterocin Gr17 structural gene encodes a precursor of the bacteriocin. Two other transporter genes and an immunity gene within two divergent operons were identified as being associated with enterocin Gr17 secretion and protection. The novel enterocin Gr17 was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation exchange, gel filtration, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular weight of enterocin Gr17 was 4,531.01 Da as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and its mature amino acid sequence of enterocin Gr17 was RSYGNGVYCNNSKCWVNWGEAKENIIGIVISGWATGLAGMGR. Sequence alignment revealed that enterocin Gr17 is a class IIa bacteriocin with similarities to enterocin P. The merits of bactericidal activity, sensitivity to enzymes, and pronounced stability to chemicals, temperature (60°C, 30 min and 121°C, 15 min), and pH (2-10) indicated practicality and safety of enterocin Gr17 in the food industry. The complete genome information of E. faecalis Gr17 will improve the understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of enterocin Gr17, which has potential value as a food biopreservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Duoxia Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingning Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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9
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Sushida H, Ishibashi N, Zendo T, Wilaipun P, Leelawatcharamas V, Nakayama J, Sonomoto K. Evaluation of leader peptides that affect the secretory ability of a multiple bacteriocin transporter, EnkT. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Field D, Ross RP, Hill C. Developing bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria into next generation biopreservatives. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Mills S, Griffin C, O'Connor PM, Serrano LM, Meijer WC, Hill C, Ross RP. A Multibacteriocin Cheese Starter System, Comprising Nisin and Lacticin 3147 in Lactococcus lactis, in Combination with Plantaricin from Lactobacillus plantarum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00799-17. [PMID: 28476774 PMCID: PMC5494623 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00799-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional starter cultures demonstrating superior technological and food safety properties are advantageous to the food fermentation industry. We evaluated the efficacies of single- and double-bacteriocin-producing starters of Lactococcus lactis capable of producing the class I bacteriocins nisin A and/or lacticin 3147 in terms of starter performance. Single producers were generated by mobilizing the conjugative bacteriophage resistance plasmid pMRC01, carrying lacticin genetic determinants, or the conjugative transposon Tn5276, carrying nisin genetic determinants, to the commercial starter L. lactis CSK2775. The effect of bacteriocin coproduction was examined by superimposing pMRC01 into the newly constructed nisin transconjugant. Transconjugants were improved with regard to antimicrobial activity and bacteriophage insensitivity compared to the recipient strain, and the double producer was immune to both bacteriocins. Bacteriocin production in the starter was stable, although the recipient strain proved to be a more efficient acidifier than transconjugant derivatives. Overall, combinations of class I bacteriocins (the double producer or a combination of single producers) proved to be as effective as individual bacteriocins for controlling Listeria innocua growth in laboratory-scale cheeses. However, using the double producer in combination with the class II bacteriocin producer Lactobacillus plantarum or using the lacticin producer with the class II producer proved to be most effective for reducing bacterial load. As emergence of bacteriocin tolerance was reduced 10-fold in the presence of nisin and lacticin, we suggest that the double producer in conjunction with the class II producer could serve as a protective culture providing a food-grade, multihurdle approach to control pathogenic growth in a variety of industrial applications.IMPORTANCE We generated a suite of single- and double-bacteriocin-producing starter cultures capable of generating the class I bacteriocin lacticin 3147 or nisin or both bacteriocins simultaneously via conjugation. The transconjugants exhibited improved bacteriophage resistance and antimicrobial activity. The single producers proved to be as effective as the double-bacteriocin producer at reducing Listeria numbers in laboratory-scale cheese. However, combining the double producer or the lacticin-producing starter with a class II bacteriocin producer, Lactobacillus plantarum LMG P-26358, proved to be most effective at reducing Listeria numbers and was significantly better than a combination of the three bacteriocin-producing strains, as the double producer is not inhibited by either of the class I bacteriocins. Since the simultaneous use of lacticin and nisin should reduce the emergence of bacteriocin-tolerant derivatives, this study suggests that a protective starter system produced by bacteriocin stacking is a worthwhile multihurdle approach for food safety applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mills
- CSK Food Enrichment, Ede, The Netherlands
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Griffin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- CSK Food Enrichment, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - P M O'Connor
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | | | - W C Meijer
- CSK Food Enrichment, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - C Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R P Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Himeno K, Rosengren KJ, Inoue T, Perez RH, Colgrave ML, Lee HS, Chan LY, Henriques ST, Fujita K, Ishibashi N, Zendo T, Wilaipun P, Nakayama J, Leelawatcharamas V, Jikuya H, Craik DJ, Sonomoto K. Identification, Characterization, and Three-Dimensional Structure of the Novel Circular Bacteriocin, Enterocin NKR-5-3B, from Enterococcus faecium. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4863-76. [PMID: 26174911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterocin NKR-5-3B, one of the multiple bacteriocins produced by Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3, is a 64-amino acid novel circular bacteriocin that displays broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Here we report the identification, characterization, and three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure determination of enterocin NKR-5-3B. Enterocin NKR-5-3B is characterized by four helical segments that enclose a compact hydrophobic core, which together with its circular backbone impart high stability and structural integrity. We also report the corresponding structural gene, enkB, that encodes an 87-amino acid precursor peptide that undergoes a yet to be described enzymatic processing that involves adjacent cleavage and ligation of Leu(24) and Trp(87) to yield the mature (circular) enterocin NKR-5-3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Himeno
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Inoue
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Rodney H Perez
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Koji Fujita
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishibashi
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Zendo
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Pongtep Wilaipun
- ⊥Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Vichien Leelawatcharamas
- @Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Jikuya
- #Department of Functional Metabolic Design, Bio-Architecture Center, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Sonomoto
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.,#Department of Functional Metabolic Design, Bio-Architecture Center, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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O’Connor PM, Ross RP, Hill C, Cotter PD. Antimicrobial antagonists against food pathogens: a bacteriocin perspective. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Perez RH, Zendo T, Sonomoto K. Novel bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria (LAB): various structures and applications. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 25186038 PMCID: PMC4155820 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-s1-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are heat-stable ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by various bacteria, including food-grade lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These antimicrobial peptides have huge potential as both food preservatives, and as next-generation antibiotics targeting the multiple-drug resistant pathogens. The increasing number of reports of new bacteriocins with unique properties indicates that there is still a lot to learn about this family of peptide antibiotics. In this review, we highlight our system of fast tracking the discovery of novel bacteriocins, belonging to different classes, and isolated from various sources. This system employs molecular mass analysis of supernatant from the candidate strain, coupled with a statistical analysis of their antimicrobial spectra that can even discriminate novel variants of known bacteriocins. This review also discusses current updates regarding the structural characterization, mode of antimicrobial action, and biosynthetic mechanisms of various novel bacteriocins. Future perspectives and potential applications of these novel bacteriocins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney H Perez
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Zendo
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kenji Sonomoto
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Food Design, Department of Functional Metabolic Design, Bio-Architecture Center, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Gene cluster responsible for secretion of and immunity to multiple bacteriocins, the NKR-5-3 enterocins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6647-55. [PMID: 25149515 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02312-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3, isolated from Thai fermented fish, is characterized by the unique ability to produce five bacteriocins, namely, enterocins NKR-5-3A, -B, -C, -D, and -Z (Ent53A, Ent53B, Ent53C, Ent53D, and Ent53Z). Genetic analysis with a genome library revealed that the bacteriocin structural genes (enkA [ent53A], enkC [ent53C], enkD [ent53D], and enkZ [ent53Z]) that encode these peptides (except for Ent53B) are located in close proximity to each other. This NKR-5-3ACDZ (Ent53ACDZ) enterocin gene cluster (approximately 13 kb long) includes certain bacteriocin biosynthetic genes such as an ABC transporter gene (enkT), two immunity genes (enkIaz and enkIc), a response regulator (enkR), and a histidine protein kinase (enkK). Heterologous-expression studies of enkT and ΔenkT mutant strains showed that enkT is responsible for the secretion of Ent53A, Ent53C, Ent53D, and Ent53Z, suggesting that EnkT is a wide-range ABC transporter that contributes to the effective production of these bacteriocins. In addition, EnkIaz and EnkIc were found to confer self-immunity to the respective bacteriocins. Furthermore, bacteriocin induction assays performed with the ΔenkRK mutant strain showed that EnkR and EnkK are regulatory proteins responsible for bacteriocin production and that, together with Ent53D, they constitute a three-component regulatory system. Thus, the Ent53ACDZ gene cluster is essential for the biosynthesis and regulation of NKR-5-3 enterocins, and this is, to our knowledge, the first report that demonstrates the secretion of multiple bacteriocins by an ABC transporter.
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Chen YS, Yu CR, Ji SH, Liou MS, Leong KH, Pan SF, Wu HC, Lin YH, Yu B, Yanagida F. Enterocin T, a novel class IIa bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus sp. 812. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:655-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Chang SY, Chen YS, Pan SF, Lee YS, Chang CH, Chang CH, Yu B, Wu HC. Enterocin TW21, a novel bacteriocin from dochi-isolated Enterococcus faecium D081821. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:673-8. [PMID: 23725102 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Purification and characterization of a novel bacteriocin produced by strain Enterococcus faecium D081821. METHODS AND RESULTS Enterococcus faecium D081821, isolated from the traditional Taiwanese fermented food dochi (fermented black beans), was previously found to produce a bacteriocin against Listeria monocytogenes and some Gram-positive bacteria. This bacteriocin, termed enterocin TW21, was purified from culture supernatant by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sep-Pak C18 cartridge, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Mass spectrometry analysis showed the mass of the peptide to be approximately 5300·6 Da. The N-terminal amino acid sequencing yielded a partial sequence NH2 -ATYYGNGVYxNTQK by Edman degradation, and it contains the consensus class IIa bacteriocin motif YGNGV in the N-terminal region. The open reading frame (ORF) encoding the bacteriocin was identified from the draft genome sequence of Enterococcus faecium D081821, and sequence analysis of this peptide indicated that enterocin TW21 is a novel bacteriocin. CONCLUSIONS Enterococcus faecium D081821 produced a bacteriocin named enterocin TW21, the molecular weight and amino acid sequence both revealed it to be a novel bacteriocin. SIGNIFICANT AND IMPACT OF STUDY A new member of class IIa bacteriocin was identified. This bacteriocin shows great inhibitory ability against L. monocytogenes and could be applied as a natural food preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Gui-Shan, Taiwan
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Sawa N, Koga S, Okamura K, Ishibashi N, Zendo T, Sonomoto K. Identification and characterization of novel multiple bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus sakei D98. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:61-9. [PMID: 23594273 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize novel multiple bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus sakei D98. METHODS AND RESULTS Lactobacillus sakei D98 isolated from Shubo (rice malt) produced at least three bacteriocins. Using three purification steps, three novel antimicrobial peptides termed sakacin D98a, sakacin D98b and sakacin D98c were purified from the culture supernatant. Amino acid and DNA sequencing analysis revealed that the sakacins D98a, D98b and D98c are novel class IIa-like or class IId bacteriocins. In particular, sakacin D98b has a variant pediocin-box sequence, YANGVXC (with Ala instead of Gly), and a different location for the disulfide bridge (Cys(11) and Cys(18)) from that found in other class IIa bacteriocins. CONCLUSIONS Three novel bacteriocins were identified from Lactobacillus sakei D98. Their antimicrobial spectra and intensities indicate that these sakacins would have different modes of action. In addition, sakacin D98b showed low inhibitory activity against Listeria, probably due to the differences in amino acids and position of the disulfide bridge compared with the other class IIa bacteriocins. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Sakacins D98a and D98c are novel bacteriocins belonging to class IId bacteriocins. On the other hand, sakacin D98b, a class IIa-like bacteriocin, has a unique internal structure and activity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sawa
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chen YS, Liou MS, Ji SH, Yu CR, Pan SF, Yanagida F. Isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria from Yan-tsai-shin
(fermented broccoli stems), a traditional fermented food in Taiwan. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:125-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.-s. Chen
- Department of Biotechnology; Ming Chuan University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - M.-s. Liou
- Department of Biotechnology; Ming Chuan University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - S.-h. Ji
- Department of Biotechnology; Ming Chuan University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - C.-r. Yu
- Department of Biotechnology; Ming Chuan University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - S.-f. Pan
- Department of Biotechnology; Ming Chuan University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - F. Yanagida
- The Institute of Enology and Viticulture; Yamanashi University; Yamanashi Japan
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Perez RH, Himeno K, Ishibashi N, Masuda Y, Zendo T, Fujita K, Wilaipun P, Leelawatcharamas V, Nakayama J, Sonomoto K. Monitoring of the multiple bacteriocin production by Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3 through a developed liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry-based quantification system. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:490-6. [PMID: 22762972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3 produces four antimicrobial peptides referred here as enterocins NKR-5-3A, B, C and D. A two-step electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (ESI-LC/MS)-based quantification system was developed to monitor its multiple bacteriocin production profiles, which is essential in understanding the complex production regulation mechanism of strain NKR-5-3. The developed ESI-LC/MS-based quantification system can easily monitor the multiple bacteriocin production of this strain. Using the developed system, the production of enterocin NKR-5-3B was found to be not as variable as those of the other enterocins in different cultivation media. Production of enterocin NKR-5-3B was also found to have a wider optimum incubation temperature (20-30°C) than enterocins NKR-5-3A, C and D (25°C). Furthermore, at least 2 nM of the bacteriocin-like inducing peptide, enterocin NKR-5-3D, regulated the production of NKR-5-3 enterocins except enterocin NKR-5-3B. These findings taken together suggest that enterocin NKR-5-3B has an independent production regulation mechanism from the other NKR-5-3 enterocins. The developed system could effectively pin-point the production profiles of the multiple bacteriocins of E. faecium NKR-5-3 under different fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney H Perez
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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