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Dahab M, Idris H, Zhang P, Aladhadh M, Alatawi EA, Ming LC, Goh KW, Ser HL. Influence of Maqian essential oil on gut microbiota and immunoresponses in type 1 diabetes: In silico study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29490. [PMID: 38655301 PMCID: PMC11035065 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diversity and homeostasis of gut bacterial composition is highly associated with the pathogenesis of insulin dysfunction and type 1 diabetes melittus (T1D), hence emerged in parallel with the activation of autoimmunity. We aimed to study the bioactive potential of essential oil from Zanthoxylum myriacanthum var. pubescens Huang (Maqian) through computational approaches. Twelve chemical constituents derived from Maqian essential oil were docked with selected proteins (i.e., 3pig, 1kho, 7dmq, 4m4d, 2z65, 4glp, and 3fxi) in which are involved in gut microbiota modulation in T1D. Subsequently, the prediction of bioavailability properties of the small molecules were evaluated. Among all chemical constituents, the post-docking interaction analysis demonstrated that α-phellandrene exhibits the strongest binding affinity and induces gut microbiota modulation with β-fructofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium longum. The current result revealed the potential of 3-Carene and α-Pinene in inducing specific changes in gut microbiota downregulating Clostridium perfringens and quenching Leptotrichia shahii respectively. β-Pinene possess exceptionally strong binding affinity that effectively disrupt the interaction between lipopolysaccharide and its cognate receptors, while α-Phellandrene was exhibited the uppermost binding affinity with TLR4/MD2 and could likely target TLR4 stimulating lipopolysaccharide. Our results are the first to report on the gut microbiota modulation effects of α-Phellandrene and β-Phellandrene via actions on LPS binding to CD14 and the TLR4 co-receptor signaling. In conclusion, our findings based on computational approaches, small molecules from Maqian present as promising agents which could regulate inflammatory response and modulate gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Dahab
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, International University of Africa, P.O. Box 2469, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hajo Idris
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping Zhang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Yunnan Key Laboratory for the Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Mohammed Aladhadh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eid A Alatawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, 47500, Malaysia
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Park C, Woo H, Park MJ. Development of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae Essential Oils from Forest Waste in South Korea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3409. [PMID: 37836148 PMCID: PMC10574680 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing awareness of environmental issues has garnered increasing interest in the use of waste material in a wide variety of applications. From this viewpoint, developing essential oils from forest waste can bring new cost opportunities for the effective and sustainable management of unused forestry biomass. However, better knowledge of the production, chemical constituents, and application of essential oils is necessary. Among the species considered to be of interest from the point of view of their essential oils and forest biomass, Pinaceae and Cupressaceae were selected in this study as potential candidates for commercial essential oils based on previous studies. This current study focuses on investigating Pinaceae (Larix kaempferi, Pinus densiflora, and Pinus koraiensis) and Cupressaceae (Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera) essential oils extracted from various parts from the perspective of their bioactive compounds and potential applications. This is followed by an overview of the essential oils industry in South Korea, with particular attention being paid to utilising unused forest biomass. Therefore, this is a comprehensive review suggesting that Pinaceae and Cupressaceae essential oils extracted from various parts of forest waste could be utilised in various industries, adding value to the aspect of sustainable industry. Furthermore, our study contributes towards capturing the value of forest resources through the utilisation of native essential oils in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjoo Park
- College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Heesung Woo
- College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi-Jin Park
- Forest Industrial Materials Division, Forest Products and Industry Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea;
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Park C, Woo H. Development of Native Essential Oils from Forestry Resources in South Korea. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12121995. [PMID: 36556360 PMCID: PMC9785413 DOI: 10.3390/life12121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
South Korea’s forests occupy approximately 70% of the mainland, therefore, there is considerable potential for waste coming from the forest. Extracting essential oils from underutilised biomass is an economic and sustainable method for the production of high-added-value products. These days, countries’ ownership of domestic natural resources is becoming vital, so there is an urgent need for developing the essential oils from native plants. To increase the value of native essential oils in South Korea, the National Institute of Forest Science (NiFoS) established the <Essential oils bank> to develop the native essential oils as well as develop more research infrastructure by sharing information on native essential oils and enhancing their value. We review the selected essential oils which are listed in the <Essential oil bank> from the literature on major chemical constituents, biological activity, and potential uses of essential oils. Those utilising forest resources for commercial essential oil production need to consider the stable supply of plant material in terms of forest management and conservation. Therefore, Pinaceae (Larix kaempferi, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis) and Cupressaceae (Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera) could be potential candidates for commercial essential oil as their waste materials are easily obtained from the plantation after forest management. With their unique fragrance and the bioactive compounds in their oils, potential candidates can be utilised in various industry sectors.
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Ethanol Extract of Pinus koraiensis Leaves Mitigates High Fructose-Induced Hepatic Triglyceride Accumulation and Hypertriglyceridemia. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pinus koraiensis is a valuable plant source of functional health foods and medicinal materials. Hypertriglyceridemia affects about 15–20% of adults and is related to stroke, metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Dietary fructose, a risk factor for developing hypertriglyceridemia, significantly increases postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels and aggravates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of ethanol extract from P. koraiensis needles (EPK) on fructose (Fr)-induced cell culture and animal models, respectively. Our team determined the bioactivity, such as anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemic functions, of P. koraiensis needle extract. The EPK markedly reduced TG levels in the liver and serum and enhanced TG excretion through feces in high-fructose-fed rats. Furthermore, the EPK inhibited de novo lipogenesis and its markers—carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory marker. Consistent with the results of the in vivo experiment, the EPK decreased SREBP-1, ChREBP, HMGCR, FAS, TNF-α, and iNOS expression levels, resulting in slower lipid accumulation and lower TG levels in Fr-induced HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that EPK mitigates hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic TG accumulation by inhibiting de novo lipogenic and pro-inflammatory factors.
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Bhardwaj K, Islam MT, Jayasena V, Sharma B, Sharma S, Sharma P, Kuča K, Bhardwaj P. Review on essential oils, chemical composition, extraction, and utilization of some conifers in Northwestern Himalayas. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2889-2910. [PMID: 32515528 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are regarded as alternative therapeutic agents for many diseases. In phytotherapy research areas, it is now well reported that conifers are the rich source of EOs. This review aims to update information on the biological sources and the best extraction processes of the significant constituents along with the traditional and therapeutic properties of the EOs from selected conifers of Himachal Pradesh, Northwestern Himalaya. In the present review, ten conifer species of high values have been selected. Results from several studies suggest that the conifers contain monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, ketones, alcohols, and esters, which are used in medicines, food products, and cosmetics as well as other commercial and industrial products. Traditionally, the EOs from the conifers have been reported to be used against fever, cough, bronchitis, skin diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and asthma. The pharmacological studies suggest that these EOs can be used as antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, aphrodisiac, and astringent agents. It is, therefore, concluded that the EOs from the conifers might be one of the promising tools for the treatment of various diseases. Extensive research is required to ascertain the efficacy of the EOs from unstudied conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Bhardwaj
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Somesh Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Himachal Pradesh State Biodiversity Board, Shimla, India
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Prerna Bhardwaj
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
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Lee J, Kong B, Lee SH. Patchouli Alcohol, a Compound from Pogostemon cablin, Inhibits Obesity. J Med Food 2019; 23:326-334. [PMID: 31750759 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity predisposes people to a variety of chronic metabolic diseases. Identification of natural factors that prevent the development of obesity is likely to be the most successful means of ameliorating the current obesity epidemic. Patchouli alcohol is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in Pogostemon cablin and possesses health benefit activities. This study was designed to examine if patchouli alcohol affects adipogenesis, and investigates the underlying mechanisms whereby patchouli alcohol exerts antiobesity effect. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were differentiated with treatment of different concentrations of patchouli alcohol. An in vivo study was performed to test the effect of patchouli alcohol gavage on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Treatment of patchouli alcohol reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner without toxicity. Regarding mechanism, treatment of patchouli alcohol reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBPα) and increased expression of total and active β-catenin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Oral gavage of patchouli alcohol led to a significant reduction of body weight and fat accumulation in the mice fed with HFD. Transcriptome analysis indicates that smad7 is most highly activated gene in patchouli alcohol-treated 3T3-L1 cells. Patchouli alcohol possesses health benefit effect through inhibiting adipogenesis and fat tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Byungwhi Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Hong SH, Lee H, Lee HJ, Kim B, Nam MH, Shim BS, Kim SH. Ethanol Extract ofPinus koraiensisLeaf Ameliorates Alcoholic Fatty Liver via the Activation of LKB1-AMPK SignalingIn VitroandIn Vivo. Phytother Res 2017; 31:783-791. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuk Hong
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Bum-Sang Shim
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
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Shpatov AV, Popov SA, Salnikova OI, Kukina TP, Shmidt EN, Um BH. Composition and Bioactivity of Lipophilic Metabolites from Needles and Twigs of Korean and Siberian Pines (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. and Pinus sibirica Du Tour). Chem Biodivers 2016; 14. [PMID: 27449469 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic extractive metabolites in different parts of the shoot system (needles and defoliated twigs) of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, and Siberian pine, Pinus sibirica, were studied by GC/MS. Korean pine needles comprised mainly bornyl p-coumarate, heterocyclic 15-O-functionalized labdane type acids (lambertianic acid), 10-nonacosanol, sterols and their esters. While Siberian pine needles contained less bornyl p-coumarate, lambertianic acid, sterols and their esters, but were richer in other 15-O-functionalized labdane type acids. The major components of the twig extract of P. koraiensis were lambertianic acid, abietane and isopimarane type acids, cembrane type alcohols, 8-O-functionalized labdanoids, sterols, sterol esters, and acylglycerols. The same extract of P. sibirica differed in larger amounts of other 15-O-functionalized labdane type acids and pinolenic acid glycerides, but in less quantities of cembranoids and 8-O-functionalized labdanoids. The labdane type pinusolic acid was detected for the first time in Korean pine. P. koraiensis was found to be unique in the genus for an ability to synthesize phyllocladane diterpenoids. The content of bound Δ5 -unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted fatty acids in the twig extracts of the both pines was similar or superior to that in their seed oil. Among the pines' metabolites tested isocembrol was strongest in inhibition of both α-glucosidase (IC50 2.9 μg/ml) and NO production in activated macrophages (IC50 3.6 μg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Shpatov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry (NIOC), Acad. Lavrentyev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk, RU-630090
| | - Sergey A Popov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry (NIOC), Acad. Lavrentyev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk, RU-630090
| | - Olga I Salnikova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry (NIOC), Acad. Lavrentyev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk, RU-630090
| | - Tatyana P Kukina
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry (NIOC), Acad. Lavrentyev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk, RU-630090
| | - Emma N Shmidt
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry (NIOC), Acad. Lavrentyev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk, RU-630090
| | - Byung Hun Um
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology - Gangneung Institute (KIST), 290 Daejeon-dong, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 210-340, Korea
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Luciardi MC, Blázquez MA, Cartagena E, Bardón A, Arena ME. Mandarin essential oils inhibit quorum sensing and virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Lee MS, Cho SM, Lee MH, Lee EO, Kim SH, Lee HJ. Ethanol extract of Pinus koraiensis leaves containing lambertianic acid exerts anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:51. [PMID: 26846328 PMCID: PMC4743410 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic mechanisms of lambertianic acid (LA) isolated from Pinus koraiensis leaves and the ethanol extract of Pinus koraiensis leaves (EPK), both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Differentiated 3T3L-1 cells were treated with EPK (25 or 50 μg/mL) or LA (200 μM) and analyzed by western blotting or RT-PCR. In vitro, lipid accumulation of adipocytes was observed using Oil-Red-O staining and triglyceride analysis. The contribution of AMPK to anti-obesity activity was assessed by siRNA-mediated AMPK knockdown. After AMPK silencing, expression of AMPK was observed by western blotting. To confirm the in vitro activity, an animal study was conducted by administering a normal diet, HFD, and EPK for 6 weeks. Obesity-related physiological parameters and protein levels were measured. Results LA induced the expression of p-AMPK and inhibited PPARγ, C/EBP α, adiponectin, FAS, SREBP-1, and HMGCR expression. EPK containing LA significantly decreased lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels in the differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells. EPK treatment suppressed the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, FABP, GPDH, and cholesterol-synthesis-related factors in the differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells. EPK increased the expression of p-AMPK. The effects of EPK were reversed on inhibiting AMPK by using AMPK siRNA and compound C. In vivo analysis showed that body weight gain, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and AI value in the EPK treatment group were lower than those in the HFD control group. EPK induced the expression of p-AMPK and inhibited PPARγ in liver and adipose tissue. Conclusions Overall, the results suggest that EPK containing LA exerts significant anti-obesity and cholesterol-lowering effects by activating AMPK. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1031-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Su J, Wang H, Ma C, Lou Z, Liu C, Tanver Rahman M, Gao C, Nie R. Anti-diabetic activity of peony seed oil, a new resource food in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Food Funct 2015; 6:2930-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00507h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peony seed oil rich in α-linolenic acid (38.66%), linoleic acid (26.34%) and oleic acid (23.65%) reduced fasting blood glucose of diabetic mice induced by STZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Caoyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Zaixiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Chengxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - MdRamim Tanver Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Chuanzhong Gao
- Anhui Tongling Ruipu Peony Industry Development Co
- Ltd
- Anhui 244000
- China
| | - Rongjing Nie
- Anhui Tongling Ruipu Peony Industry Development Co
- Ltd
- Anhui 244000
- China
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Essential oil of Pinus koraiensis inhibits cell proliferation and migration via inhibition of p21-activated kinase 1 pathway in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:275. [PMID: 25074784 PMCID: PMC4138364 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential oil of Pinus koraiensis (EOPK) is biologically active compound obtained from the leaves of P. koraiensis. The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer mechanism of EOPK in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. METHODS HCT116 cell proliferation was assessed by conducting crystal violet and BrdU assays. To assess the effects of EOPK on cell migration, we performed a wound-healing assay. Further, the contribution of PAK1 to EOPK-induced AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) suppression was assessed by siRNA-mediated PAK1 knockdown. Changes to the expression and phosphorylation of PAK1 and its effectors were determined by western blotting, and changes to the actin cytoskeleton were determined by performing an immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS EOPK significantly decreased HCT116 cell proliferation and migration, and induced G1 arrest without affecting normal cells. Additionally, EOPK suppressed the expression of PAK1, and decreased ERK and AKT phosphorylation in HCT116 cells. Finally, EOPK suppressed β-catenin, cyclin D1, and CDK4/6 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate that EOPK significantly reduced proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, EOPK suppressed PAK1 expression in a dose-dependent manner, and this suppression of PAK1 led to inhibition of ERK, AKT, and β-catenin activities. Our findings suggest that EOPK exerts its anticancer activity via the inhibition of PAK1 expression, suggesting it may be a potent chemotherapeutic agent for colorectal cancer.
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