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dos Santos ÉRQ, Maia JGS, Fontes-Júnior EA, Maia CDSF. Linalool as a Therapeutic and Medicinal Tool in Depression Treatment: A Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1073-1092. [PMID: 34544345 PMCID: PMC9886818 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210920094504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent disease worldwide, limiting psychosocial functioning and thequality of life. Linalool is the main constituent of some essential oils from aromatic plants, representing about 70% of these volatile concentrates. Evidence of the linalool activity on the central nervous system, mainly acting as an antidepressant agent, is increasingly abundant. This review aimed to extend the knowledge of linalool's antidepressant action mechanisms, which is fundamental for future research, intending to highlight this natural compound as a new antidepressant phytomedication. A critical analysis is proposed here with probable hypotheses of the synergic mechanisms that support the evidence of antidepressant effects of the linalool. The literature search has been conducted in databases for published scientific articles before December 2020, using relevant keywords. Several pieces of evidence point to the anticonvulsant, sedative, and anxiolytic actions. In addition to these activities, other studies have revealed that linalool acts on the monoaminergic and neuroendocrine systems, inflammatory process, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF, resulting in considerable advances in the knowledge of the etiology of depression. In this context, linalool emerges as a promising bioactive compound in the therapeutic arsenal, capable of interacting with numerous pathophysiological factors and acting on several targets. This review claims to contribute to future studies, highlighting the gaps in the linalool knowledge, such as its kinetics, doses, routes of administration, and multiple targets of interaction, to clarify its antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éverton Renan Quaresma dos Santos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e Comportamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil;
| | - José Guilherme S. Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Enéas Andrade Fontes-Júnior
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e Comportamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil;
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e Comportamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Campus do Guamá, Belém-Pará 66075-900, Brazil; Tel: +55 (91) 3201-7202; E-mails: ;
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Abe K, Okada S, Ishijima T. The activities of the ILSI Japan endowed chair, at the University of Tokyo, regarding functional food genomics. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:35-39. [PMID: 33259622 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Abe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Okada
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishijima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Wolffenbüttel AN, Zamboni A, Becker G, Dos Santos MK, Borille BT, de Cássia Mariotti K, Fagundes AC, de Oliveira Salomón JL, Coelho VR, Ruiz LV, de Moura Linck V, Dallegrave E, Cano P, Esquifino AI, Leal MB, Limberger RP. Citrus essential oils inhalation by mice: Behavioral testing, GCMS plasma analysis, corticosterone, and melatonin levels evaluation. Phytother Res 2017; 32:160-169. [PMID: 29168240 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of orange essential oils (EOs) as a complementary treatment is very common in Brazilian popular culture. The levels of melatonin (MEL) and corticosterone (CORT) hormones were investigated simultaneously, by the Luminex™ immunoassay system in mice plasma, after Citrus aurantium and Citrus sinensis EOs inhalation for 30 min. The plasma was analyzed by headspace through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for investigation of the EO components. Mice were submitted to behavioral testing to research anxiolytic-like, sedative, and antidepressant-like effects. The inhalation of atmosphere obtained from vaporization of 10% solution of this Citrus EO separately did not affect MEL or CORT plasma levels; that is, the MEL and CORT levels did not present variation in function of the EO in the schedule used. On the other hand, the imipramine positive control used altered the level of MEL as expected. The EO constituents were detected in plasma at different ratios that is present in inhaled EO. Behavioral tests showed that the inhalation of 10% C. sinensis EO presents an anxiolytic-like and sedative effect. Thus, C. sinensis EO can be a valuable tool for treatment of the anxiety disturbs, apparently without interference with MEL and CORT physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nunes Wolffenbüttel
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda Zamboni
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Becker
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maíra Kerpel Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Tassi Borille
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kristiane de Cássia Mariotti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Fagundes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Rodrigues Coelho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leire Virto Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviane de Moura Linck
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pilar Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Esquifino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirna Bainy Leal
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Inhalation of a racemic mixture (R,S)-linalool by rats experiencing restraint stress alters neuropeptide and MHC class I gene expression in the hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:314-319. [PMID: 28595953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some odorants have physiological and psychological effects on organisms. However, little is known about the effects of inhaling them, particularly on the central nervous system. Using DNA microarray analysis, we obtained gene expression profiles of the hypothalamus from restraint stressed rats exposed to racemic (R,S)-linalool. Hierarchical clustering across all probe sets showed that this inhalation of (R,S)-linalool influenced the expression levels of a wide range of genes in the hypothalamus. A comparison of transcription levels revealed that the inhalation of (R,S)-linalool restored the expression of 560 stress-induced probe sets to a normal status. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that these genes were associated with synaptic transmission via neurotransmitters including anxiolytic neuropeptides such as oxytocin and neuropeptide Y. These genes also included several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules necessary for neural development and plasticity. Moreover, Upstream Regulator Analysis predicted that the hormone prolactin would be activated by the inhalation of (R,S)-linalool under stress. Our results reveal some of the molecular mechanisms associated with odor inhalation in the hypothalamus in organisms under stress.
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