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Tromp AT, van Strijp JAG. Studying Staphylococcal Leukocidins: A Challenging Endeavor. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:611. [PMID: 32351474 PMCID: PMC7174503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer of the human skin and nose, but also a human pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases. It is well established that S. aureus secretes an arsenal of virulence factors that have evolved to circumvent the human immune system. A major group of S. aureus virulence factors is the bi-component β-barrel pore-forming toxins, also known as leukocidins. These pore-forming toxins target specific cells of the innate and adaptive immune system by interacting with specific receptors expressed on the cell membrane. Even though still heavily debated, clinical and epidemiological studies suggest the involvement of one of the bi-component toxin, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), as an important factor contributing to the epidemic spread and increased virulence of CA-MRSA strains. However, the host- and cell-specificity of PVL and other leukocidins, and the lack of adequate in vivo models, fuels the controversy and impairs the appropriate assessment of their role in S. aureus pathophysiology. Currently, the mechanisms of pore-formation and the contribution of PVL and other leukocidins to S. aureus pathophysiology are incompletely understood. This review summarizes our current understanding of leukocidin pore-formation, knowledge gaps, and highlights recent findings identifying novel host-factors involved in the toxin-host interface. As a result, this review furthers emphasizes the complexity behind S. aureus leukocidin cytotoxicity and the challenges associated in the quest to study and understand these major virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelino T Tromp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Gerdol M, Cervelli M, Oliverio M, Modica MV. Piercing Fishes: Porin Expansion and Adaptation to Hematophagy in the Vampire Snail Cumia reticulata. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:2654-2668. [PMID: 30099551 PMCID: PMC6231492 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic pore-forming proteins are widespread in living organisms, being mostly involved in both sides of the host-pathogen interaction, either contributing to the innate defense or promoting infection. In venomous organisms, such as spiders, insects, scorpions, and sea anemones, pore-forming proteins are often secreted as key components of the venom. Coluporins are pore-forming proteins recently discovered in the Mediterranean hematophagous snail Cumia reticulata (Colubrariidae), highly expressed in the salivary glands that discharge their secretion at close contact with the host. To understand their putative functional role, we investigated coluporins' molecular diversity and evolutionary patterns. Coluporins is a well-diversified family including at least 30 proteins, with an overall low sequence similarity but sharing a remarkably conserved actinoporin-like predicted structure. Tracking the evolutionary history of the molluscan porin genes revealed a scattered distribution of this family, which is present in some other lineages of predatory gastropods, including venomous conoidean snails. Comparative transcriptomic analyses highlighted the expansion of porin genes as a lineage-specific feature of colubrariids. Coluporins seem to have evolved from a single ancestral porin gene present in the latest common ancestor of all Caenogastropoda, undergoing massive expansion and diversification in this colubrariid lineage through repeated gene duplication events paired with widespread episodic positive selection. As for other parasites, these findings are congruent with a "one-sided arms race," equipping the parasite with multiple variants in order to broaden its host spectrum. Overall, our results pinpoint a crucial adaptive role for coluporins in the evolution of the peculiar trophic ecology of vampire snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, Trieste University, Italy
| | | | - Marco Oliverio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Modica
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.,UMR5247, University of Montpellier, France
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Bose U, Wang T, Zhao M, Motti CA, Hall MR, Cummins SF. Multiomics analysis of the giant triton snail salivary gland, a crown-of-thorns starfish predator. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6000. [PMID: 28729681 PMCID: PMC5519703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant triton snail (Charonia tritonis) is one of the few natural predators of the adult Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTS), a corallivore that has been damaging to many reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Charonia species have large salivary glands (SGs) that are suspected to produce either a venom and/or sulphuric acid which can immobilize their prey and neutralize the intrinsic toxic properties of COTS. To date, there is little information on the types of toxins produced by tritons. In this paper, the predatory behaviour of the C. tritonis is described. Then, the C. tritonis SG, which itself is made up of an anterior lobe (AL) and posterior lobe (PL), was analyzed using an integrated transcriptomics and proteomics approach, to identify putative toxin- and feeding-related proteins. A de novo transcriptome database and in silico protein analysis predicts that ~3800 proteins have features consistent with being secreted. A gland-specific proteomics analysis confirmed the presence of numerous SG-AL and SG-PL proteins, including those with similarity to cysteine-rich venom proteins. Sulfuric acid biosynthesis enzymes were identified, specific to the SG-PL. Our analysis of the C. tritonis SG (AL and PL) has provided a deeper insight into the biomolecular toolkit used for predation and feeding by C. tritonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bose
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - T Wang
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - M Zhao
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - C A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - M R Hall
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - S F Cummins
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia.
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The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:199-230. [PMID: 24847020 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce water-soluble proteins with the capacity to oligomerize and form pores within cellular lipid bilayers is a trait conserved among nearly all forms of life, including humans, single-celled eukaryotes, and numerous bacterial species. In bacteria, some of the most notable pore-forming molecules are protein toxins that interact with mammalian cell membranes to promote lysis, deliver effectors, and modulate cellular homeostasis. Of the bacterial species capable of producing pore-forming toxic molecules, the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most notorious. S. aureus can produce seven different pore-forming protein toxins, all of which are believed to play a unique role in promoting the ability of the organism to cause disease in humans and other mammals. The most diverse of these pore-forming toxins, in terms of both functional activity and global representation within S. aureus clinical isolates, are the bicomponent leucocidins. From the first description of their activity on host immune cells over 100 years ago to the detailed investigations of their biochemical function today, the leucocidins remain at the forefront of S. aureus pathogenesis research initiatives. Study of their mode of action is of immediate interest in the realm of therapeutic agent design as well as for studies of bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an updated perspective on our understanding of the S. aureus leucocidins and their function, specificity, and potential as therapeutic targets.
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Spaan AN, Vrieling M, Wallet P, Badiou C, Reyes-Robles T, Ohneck EA, Benito Y, de Haas CJ, Day CJ, Jennings MP, Lina G, Vandenesch F, van Kessel KP, Torres VJ, van Strijp JA, Henry T. The staphylococcal toxins γ-haemolysin AB and CB differentially target phagocytes by employing specific chemokine receptors. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5438. [PMID: 25384670 PMCID: PMC4228697 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evasion of the host phagocyte response by Staphylococcus aureus is crucial to successful infection with the pathogen. γ-haemolysin AB and CB (HlgAB, HlgCB) are bicomponent pore-forming toxins present in almost all human S. aureus isolates. Cellular tropism and contribution of the toxins to S. aureus pathophysiology are poorly understood. Here we identify the chemokine receptors CXCR1, CXCR2 and CCR2 as targets for HlgAB, and the complement receptors C5aR and C5L2 as targets for HlgCB. The receptor expression patterns allow the toxins to efficiently and differentially target phagocytic cells. Murine neutrophils are resistant to HlgAB and HlgCB. CCR2 is the sole murine receptor orthologue compatible with γ-haemolysin. In a murine peritonitis model, HlgAB contributes to S. aureus bacteremia in a CCR2-dependent manner. HlgAB-mediated targeting of CCR2(+) cells highlights the involvement of inflammatory macrophages during S. aureus infection. Functional quantification identifies HlgAB and HlgCB as major secreted staphylococcal leukocidins.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/physiology
- Bacterial Toxins
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hemolysin Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Peritonitis/microbiology
- Peritonitis/pathology
- Peritonitis/physiopathology
- Phagocytes/microbiology
- Phagocytes/pathology
- Receptors, CCR2/deficiency
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/physiology
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Receptors, Complement/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/physiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/pathology
- Staphylococcal Infections/physiopathology
- Staphylococcus aureus
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Affiliation(s)
- András N. Spaan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Manouk Vrieling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Wallet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Badiou
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tamara Reyes-Robles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Ohneck
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, USA
| | - Yvonne Benito
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Carla J.C. de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Gérard Lina
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kok P.M. van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, USA
| | - Jos A.G. van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
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Leitner G, Krifucks O, Jacoby S, Lavi Y, Silanikove N. Concentrations of ganglioside type M1 and immunoglobulin G in colostrum are inversely related to bacterial infection at early lactation in cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3337-42. [PMID: 18765592 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The levels of IgG and ganglioside type M1 in the colostrum of cows and heifers were analyzed to examine their utility in predicting acquisition of intramammary infection (IMI) during the first weeks postpartum. In general, high levels of IgG and ganglioside type M1 in cows were associated with lower new incidence of IMI, and linear discriminate analysis based on these 2 variables yielded 69.4% successful classification into cows that did or did not acquire new IMI. This analysis was less successful in heifers because a high proportion of them joined the herd when already infected with bacteria in their udders. It is suggested that application of a wider range of measures that reflect the immune status would enable the identification of most cows prone to new IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, PO Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Shiomi K, Kawashima Y, Mizukami M, Nagashima Y. Properties of proteinaceous toxins in the salivary gland of the marine gastropod (Monoplex echo). Toxicon 2002; 40:563-71. [PMID: 11821129 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three proteinaceous toxins (named echotoxins 1, 2, and 3) with both lethal and hemolytic activities were purified from the salivary gland of the marine gastropod (Monoplex echo) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and cation-exchange FPLC on Mono S, although marked reduction in toxicity was observed in the latter chromatography. When subjected to reverse-phase HPLC on TSKgel Phenyl-5PW RP, echotoxin 2 afforded a single peak, while both echotoxins 1 and 3 were further separated into two components, respectively. All echotoxins are monomeric simple proteins with a molecular mass of about 25kDa and their N-termini are blocked. Amino acid compositions of echotoxins 1a, 1b, and 2 are closely similar to one another, being characterized by the abundance of Gly and Ala and the absence of half-Cys, Met, and Trp. Of the sugars, lipids and glycolipids tested, gangliosides potently inhibited the hemolytic activity of echotoxins. Furthermore, ganglioside G(T1b) inhibited both in vivo hemolysis and lethality in mice displayed by echotoxins. It is thus concluded that echotoxins injected into mice induce rapid hemolysis by binding to receptors (possibly gangliosides) gangliosides in the erythrocyte membrane, eventually leading to death of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Shiomi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan-4, Minato-ku, 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prévost
- Institut de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur-Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3, rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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