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Pang X, Tang YJ, Ren XH, Chen QM, Tang YL, Liang XH. Microbiota, Epithelium, Inflammation, and TGF-β Signaling: An Intricate Interaction in Oncogenesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1353. [PMID: 29997586 PMCID: PMC6029488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota has been widely considered to play a critical role in human carcinogenesis. Recent evidence demonstrated that microbiota, epithelial barrier and inflammation has made up a tightly interdependent triangle during the process of carcinogenesis. Hence, we discussed the triangle relationship of microbiota dysbiosis, epithelial barrier dysfunction and dysregulated immune responses to elucidate the mechanisms by which microbiota induces carcinogenesis, especially highlighting the reciprocal crosstalk between transforming growth factor-β signaling and every side of the tumorigenic triangle. This sophisticated interaction will provide insight into the basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis and may bring new hope to cancer prevention and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Ren
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Braker G, Tiedje JM. Nitric oxide reductase (norB) genes from pure cultures and environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:3476-83. [PMID: 12788753 PMCID: PMC161466 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.6.3476-3483.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2003] [Accepted: 02/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR-based approach was developed to recover nitric oxide (NO) reductase (norB) genes as a functional marker gene for denitrifying bacteria. norB database sequences grouped in two very distinct branches. One encodes the quinol-oxidizing single-subunit class (qNorB), while the other class is a cytochrome bc-type complex (cNorB). The latter oxidizes cytochrome c, and the gene is localized adjacent to norC. While both norB types occur in denitrifying strains, the qnorB type was also found in a variety of nondenitrifying strains, suggesting a function in detoxifying NO. Branch-specific degenerate primer sets detected the two norB types in our denitrifier cultures. Specificity was confirmed by sequence analysis of the norB amplicons and failure to amplify norB from nondenitrifying strains. These primer sets also specifically amplified norB from freshwater and marine sediments. Pairwise comparison of amplified norB sequences indicated minimum levels of amino acid identity of 43.9% for qnorB and 38% for cnorB. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of two classes of norB genes, which clustered according to the respective primer set. Within the qnorB cluster, the majority of genes from isolates and a few environmental clones formed a separate subcluster. Most environmental qnorB clones originating from both habitats clustered into two distinct subclusters of novel sequences from presumably as yet uncultivated organisms. cnorB clones were located on separate branches within subclusters of genes from known organisms, suggesting an origin from similar organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesche Braker
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Mesa S, Velasco L, Manzanera ME, Delgado MAJ, Bedmar EJ. Characterization of the norCBQD genes, encoding nitric oxide reductase, in the nitrogen fixing bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:3553-3560. [PMID: 12427946 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-11-3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The genes norCBQD that encode the bc-type nitric oxide reductase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 have been isolated and characterized. norC and norB encode the cytochrome c-containing subunit II and cytochrome b-containing subunit I of nitric oxide reductase, respectively. norQ encodes a protein with an ATP/GTP-binding motif, and the predicted norD gene product shows similarity with NorD from other denitrifiers. Mutational analysis indicates that the two structural norC and norB genes are required for microaerobic growth under nitrate-respiring conditions. A mutant strain lacking a functional norC gene also lacked the 16 kDa c-type cytochrome that is normally detectable by haem-staining of proteins from membranes of microaerobically grown wild-type cells. Expression of a transcriptional fusion of the nor promoter region to the reporter gene lacZ (P(norC)-lacZ) was not detected in aerobically grown cells of USDA110, but the fusion was induced threefold when the cells were cultured under microaerobic conditions (1% O(2)) with either nitrite or nitric oxide, and about 18-fold when nitrate was the N oxide present in the medium. The P(norC)-lacZ fusion was not expressed in the B. japonicum fixK(2) mutant strain 9043, but complementation of the mutant with the fixK(2) gene restored beta-galactosidase activity to levels similar to those found in the parental strain. The promoter region of the norCBQD genes has been characterized by primer extension. A major transcript initiates 45.5 bp downstream of the centre of a putative binding site for the transcription factor FixK(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Socorro Mesa
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidı́n, CSIC, E-18080 Granada, Spain1
| | - Leonardo Velasco
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Hortı́cola.E-04700 El Ejido, Almerı́a, Spain2
| | - Maximino E Manzanera
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK3
| | - Marı A J Delgado
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidı́n, CSIC, E-18080 Granada, Spain1
| | - Eulogio J Bedmar
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidı́n, CSIC, E-18080 Granada, Spain1
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Abstract
Denitrification, the reduction of nitrate or nitrite to nitrous oxide or dinitrogen, is the major mechanism by which fixed nitrogen returns to the atmosphere from soil and water. Although the denitrifying ability has been found in microorganisms belonging to numerous groups of bacteria and Archaea, the genes encoding the denitrifying reductases have been studied in only few species. Recent investigations have led to the identification of new classes of denitrifying reductases, indicating a more complex genetic basis of this process than previously recognized. The increasing number of genome sequencing projects has opened a new way to study the genetics of the denitrifying process in bacteria and Archaea. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on denitrifying genes and compared their genetic organizations by using new sequences resulting from the analysis of finished and unfinished microbial genomes with a special attention paid to the clustering of genes encoding different classes of reductases. In addition, some evolutionary relationships between the structural genes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Philippot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-UMR 111 Géosols-Microbiologie des Sols-17, rue Sully-B.V. 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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Hayashi NR, Igarashi Y. ATP binding and hydrolysis and autophosphorylation of CbbQ encoded by the gene located downstream of RubisCO genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:1434-40. [PMID: 11820782 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CbbQ is encoded by the gene located downstream of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase genes (cbbLS) in the thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus. The protein possesses two nucleotide-binding motifs in its amino acid sequence, and it posttranslationally activates RubisCO. We present ATP hydrolysis and binding of CbbQ. CbbQ releases P(i) from ATP only in the presence of Mg(2+). CbbQ interacts with an 2'(3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the presence or absence of Mg(2+). The interaction with Mg(2+) and/or a nucleotide induces a conformational change in CbbQ. Autophosphorylation of CbbQ occurs only in the absence of Mg(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro R Hayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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