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Hayes M, Aluko RE, Aurino E, Mora L. Generation of Bioactive Peptides from Porphyridium sp. and Assessment of Their Potential for Use in the Prevention of Hypertension, Inflammation and Pain. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:422. [PMID: 37623703 PMCID: PMC10456242 DOI: 10.3390/md21080422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, hypertension, and negative heart health outcomes including cardiovascular disease are closely linked but the mechanisms by which inflammation can cause high blood pressure are not yet fully elucidated. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes play a role in pain, inflammation, and hypertension development, and inhibition of these enzymes is currently of great interest to researchers and pharmaceutical companies. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the drug of choice in terms of COX inhibition but can have negative side effects for consumers. Functional food ingredients containing cyclooxygenase inhibitors offer a strategy to inhibit cyclooxygenases without negative side effects. Several COX inhibitors have been discovered, to date, from marine and other resources. We describe here, for the first time, the generation and characterization of a bioactive hydrolysate generated using Viscozyme® and Alcalase from the red microalga Porphyridium sp. The hydrolysate demonstrates in vitro COX-1 inhibitory activity and antihypertensive activity in vivo, assessed using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Peptides were identified and sequenced using MS and assessed using an in silico computational approach for potential bioactivities. The peptides predicted to be bioactive, including GVDYVRFF, AIPAAPAAPAGPKLY, and LIHADPPGVGL were chemically synthesized and cyclooxygenase inhibition was confirmed. Peptides AIPAAPAAPAGPKLY and LIHADPPGVGL had COX-1 IC50 values of 0.2349 mg/mL (0.16 µM) and 0.2193 mg/mL (0.2 µM), respectively. The hydrolysate was included in a food carrier (jelly candies) and an antihypertensive effect was observed in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hayes
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rotimi E. Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Elena Aurino
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Leticia Mora
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
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Teixeira CSS, Villa C, Sousa SF, Costa J, Ferreira IMPLVO, Mafra I. An in silico approach to unveil peptides from Acheta domesticus with potential bioactivity against hypertension, diabetes, cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112847. [PMID: 37254421 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Entomophagy is a sustainable alternative source of proteins for human nutrition. Acheta domesticus is one of the three insect species that complies with the European Union Regulation on novel foods, but to date, there are no reports on their potential bioactive peptides. In this study, an in silico approach was applied to simulate the gastrointestinal (GI) digestion of six A. domesticus proteins and identify new peptides with potential anti-hypertensive and/or anti-diabetic properties, resulting from their capability to inhibit the somatic Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (sACE) and/or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), respectively. A molecular docking protocol was applied to evaluate the binding interactions between the 43 peptides ranked with high probability of being bioactive and three drug targets: DPP-4 and two catalytic domains (N- and C-) of sACE. Five peptides (AVQPCF, CAIAW, IIIGW, DATW and QIVW) showed high docking scores for both enzymes, suggesting their potential to inhibit the DPP-4 and both catalytic domains of sACE, thus possessing multifunctional bioactive properties. Two peptides (PIVCF and DVW) showed higher docking scores for the N-domain of sACE, indicating a potential action as selective inhibitors and consequently with anti-cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis bioactivities. This is the first study identifying peptides originated from the simulated GI digestion of A. domesticus with potential activities against hypertension, diabetes, cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S S Teixeira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Caterina Villa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM - Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Park M, Kim KH, Jaiswal V, Choi J, Chun JL, Seo KM, Lee MJ, Lee HJ. Effect of black ginseng and silkworm supplementation on obesity, the transcriptome, and the gut microbiome of diet-induced overweight dogs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16334. [PMID: 34381138 PMCID: PMC8358025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Like humans, weight control in overweight dogs is associated with a longer life expectancy and a healthier life. Dietary supplements are one of the best strategies for controlling obesity and obesity-associated diseases. This study was conducted to assess the potential of black ginseng (BG) and silkworm (SW) as supplements for weight control in diet-induced overweight beagle dogs. To investigate the changes that occur in dogs administered the supplements, different obesity-related parameters, such as body condition score (BCS), blood fatty acid profile, transcriptome, and microbiome, were assessed in high energy diet (HD) and HD with BG + SW supplementation (HDT) groups of test animals. After 12 weeks of BG + SW supplementation, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced in the HDT group. In the transcriptome analysis, nine genes (NUGGC, EFR3B, RTP4, ACAN, HOXC4, IL17RB, SOX13, SLC18A2, and SOX4) that are known to be associated with obesity were found to be differentially expressed between the ND (normal diet) and HD groups as well as the HD and HDT groups. Significant changes in some taxa were observed between the HD and ND groups. These data suggest that the BG + SW supplement could be developed as dietary interventions against diet-induced obesity, and obesity-related differential genes could be important candidates in the mechanism of the anti-obesity effects of the BG + SW supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miey Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Animal Welfare Research Team, National Institute of Animal Science, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Korea
| | - Varun Jaiswal
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jihee Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ju Lan Chun
- Animal Welfare Research Team, National Institute of Animal Science, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Korea
| | - Kang Min Seo
- Animal Welfare Research Team, National Institute of Animal Science, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Lee
- Clinical Nutritional Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
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Park JE, Jeong YJ, Kim HY, Yoo YH, Lee KS, Yang WT, Kim DH, Kim JM. Hepatic Steatosis Alleviated in Diabetic Mice upon Dietary Exposure to Fibroin via Transgenic Rice: Potential STAMP2 Involvement in Hepatocytes. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:231-239. [PMID: 33110955 PMCID: PMC7576964 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many benefits of silk protein fibroin (SPF) have been suggested in biomedical
applications; and notably, significant SPF effects have been observed for
metabolic syndromes that are directly linked to insulin resistance, such as type
2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Based on our previous findings, we believe that SPF
from spiders exhibits outstanding glucose-lowering effects in diabetic
BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb mice. In order to evaluate the
dietary effects of SPF in diabetic animals, we generated several lines of
transgenic rice (TR) that expresses SPF, and the feeding of TR-SPF to diabetic
animals decreased blood glucose levels, but did not change insulin levels.
Western blot analyses of hepatic proteins showed that AMP-activated protein
kinase (AMPK) expression and phosphorylation both decreased in TR-SPF-fed
groups, compared with controls. This finding suggests that the glucose-lowering
effects in this diabetic animal model might be AMPK-independent. In contrast,
six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) was upregulated after TR-SPF
exposure. Together with STAMP2, the Akt protein phosphorylation increased after
TR-SPF exposure, which indicates that STAMP2 leads to Akt phosphorylation and
thus increases insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes. Importantly, the hepatic
steatosis that was seen in the liver of diabetic mice was remarkably alleviated
in TR-SPF-fed mice. Hepatocytes that were immunopositive for STAMP2 were
overwhelmingly observed in hepatic tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice compared to the
control. Taken together, these results suggest that feeding diabetic mice with
TR-SPF upregulates STAMP2 expression and increases Akt phosphorylation in
hepatic tissues and thus potentially alleviates insulin resistance and hepatic
steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Park
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Jeong
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Won Tae Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Doh Hoon Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
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Spider Silk Fibroin Protein Heterologously Produced in Rice Seeds Reduce Diabetes and Hypercholesterolemia in Mice. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101282. [PMID: 32998453 PMCID: PMC7650732 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin proteins are biomaterials with diverse applications. These spider and silkworm proteins have specific biological effects when consumed by mammals; in addition to reducing blood pressure and blood glucose and cholesterol levels, they have anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. In the present study, rice (Oryza sativa) was engineered to produce the C-terminus of the major ampullate spidroin protein from the spider Araneus ventricosus under the control of a Prolamin promoter. Homozygous transgenic rice lines were identified, and the therapeutic effect of this spider silk fibroin protein on the lipid and glucose metabolism was analyzed in a mouse model. Feeding fat-fed mice, the transgenic rice seeds for four weeks reduced serum concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lowered blood glucose levels. This is the first study to investigate the effects of consumption of rice seeds heterologously expressing spider silk fibroin protein in a mammalian model. Our findings suggest that functional foods containing spider silk fibroin protein might be useful as potential pharmaceutical materials for preventing and treating diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia.
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Hepatoprotective Effects of Steamed and Freeze-Dried Mature Silkworm Larval Powder against Ethanol-Induced Fatty Liver Disease in Rats. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030285. [PMID: 32143357 PMCID: PMC7142575 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkworm, Bombyx mori, contains high amounts of beneficial nutrients, including amino acids, proteins, essential minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. We have previously reported a technique for producing steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powder (SMSP), which makes it easier to digest mature silkworm. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of SMSP on alcoholic fatty liver disease and elucidated its mechanism of action. Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with SMSP (50 mg/kg) or normal diet (AIN-76A) were administered 25% ethanol (3 g/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 4 weeks. SMSP administration for 4 weeks significantly decreased hepatic fat accumulation in ethanol-treated rats by modulating lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation-related molecules such as sirtuin 1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1. Moreover, SMSP administration significantly diminished the levels of triglyceride in liver tissues by as much as 35%, as well as lowering the serum levels of triglyceride, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase in ethanol-treated rats. SMSP supplementation also decreased the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1 beta levels and cytochrome P450 2E1 generating oxidative stress. These results suggest that SMSP administration may be possible for the prevention of alcoholic liver disease.
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Jang SH, Oh MS, Baek HI, Ha KC, Lee JY, Jang YS. Silk peptide treatment potentiates natural killer cell activity in vitro and induces natural killer cell maturation and activation in mouse splenocytes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:369-379. [PMID: 31156004 PMCID: PMC6567191 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1617749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Context: Silk peptide from cocoons of silkworm (Bombyx mori L., Bombycidae) has been employed as a biomedical material and exhibits various bioactivities, including immune-modulating activity. Objective: We analyzed whether silk peptide exerts direct modulating effects on NK cells using an NK cell line in vitro and ex vivo splenocytes. We also attempted to delineate the mechanism underlying the modulation. Material and methods: In vitro activity of silk peptide on NK cells was determined by measurement of cytolytic activity against K562 cells at an effector-to-target ratio of 5:1 after incubation of NK-92MI cells with silk peptide (0-2000 μg/mL) for 48 and 72 h. Ex vivo activity of silk peptide on mouse splenic NK cells was determined similarly by using YAC-1 cells. Results: Treatment of NK-92MI NK cells with silk peptide (500-2000 μg/mL) significantly increased cytolytic activity on target cells by 2- to 4-fold. The same concentrations (500-2000 μg/mL) of silk peptide treatment also significantly enhanced the cytolytic activity of splenic NK cells against YAC-1 cells. Silk peptide treatment of IL-2-stimulated splenocytes induced enhanced expression of Th1, 2 and 17 cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-17. Finally, ex vivo treatment with silk peptide on mouse splenocytes significantly enhanced the degree of NK cell maturation in a dose-dependent manner from 3.49 to 23.79%. Discussion and conclusions: These findings suggest that silk peptide stimulates NK cells, thereby influencing systemic immune functions and improving natural immunity. Thus, silk peptide could be useful as a complementary therapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | | | - Ki-Chan Ha
- Healthcare Claims and Management Inc, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- CONTACT Yong-Suk Jang Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Dukjin-gu, Jeonju54896, Korea
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Park JE, Jeong YJ, Park JB, Kim HY, Yoo YH, Lee KS, Yang WT, Kim DH, Kim JM. Dietary Exposure to Transgenic Rice Expressing the Spider Silk Protein Fibroin Reduces Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Mice: The Potential Role of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Phosphorylation in Adipocytes. Dev Reprod 2019; 23:223-229. [PMID: 31660449 PMCID: PMC6812974 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). T2DM is correlated with obesity and most T2DM medications have been developed for enhancing insulin sensitivity. Silk protein fibroin (SPF) from spiders has been suggested as an attractive biomaterial for medical purposes. We generated transgenic rice (TR) expressing SPF and fed it to diabetic BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb mice to monitor the changes in blood glucose levels and adipose tissue proteins associated with energy metabolism and insulin signaling. In the present study, the adipocyte size in abdominal fat in TR-SPF-fed mice was remarkably smaller than that of the control. Whereas the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-activated protein kinase and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) protein levels were increased in abdominal adipose tissues after TR-SPF feeding, levels of six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) proteins decreased. Phosphorylation of AMPK at threonine 172 and IRS1 at serine 307 and tyrosine 632 were both increased in adipose tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice. Increased expression and phosphorylation of IRS1 at both serine 307 and tyrosine 632 in adipose tissues indicated that adipocytes obtained from abdominal fat in TR-SPF-fed mice were more susceptible to insulin signaling than that of the control. STAMP2 protein levels decreased in adipose tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice, indicating that STAMP2 proteins were reducing adipocytes that were undergoing lipolysis. Taken together, this study showed that TR-SPF was effective in reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and that concurrent lipolysis in abdominal adipocytes was associated with alterations of AMPK, IRS1, and STAMP2. Increased IRS1 expression and its phosphorylation by TR-SFP were considered to be particularly important in the induction of lipolysis in adipocytes, as well as in reducing blood glucose levels in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Park
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Jeong
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Joon Beom Park
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Won Tae Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Doh Hoon Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
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Jang SH, Oh MS, Baek HI, Ha KC, Lee JY, Jang YS. Oral Administration of Silk Peptide Enhances the Maturation and Cytolytic Activity of Natural Killer Cells. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e37. [PMID: 30402332 PMCID: PMC6215900 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk peptide, the hydrolysate of silk protein derived from cocoons, has been employed as a biomedical material and is believed to be safe for human use. Silk peptide display various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial. Although earlier investigations demonstrated that silk peptide stimulates macrophages and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, its effect on natural killer (NK) cell function has not yet been explored. In this study, we initially confirmed that silk peptide enhances NK cell activity in vitro and ex vivo. To assess the modulatory activity of silk peptide on NK cells, mice were fed various amounts of a silk peptide-supplemented diet for 2 months and the effects on immune stimulation, including NK cell activation, were evaluated. Oral administration of silk peptide significantly enhanced the proliferation of mitogen- or IL-2-stimulated splenocytes. In addition, oral silk peptide treatment enhanced the frequency and degree of maturation of NK cells in splenocytes. The same treatment also significantly enhanced the target cell cytolytic activity of NK cells, which was determined by cell surface CD107a expression and intracellular interferon-γ expression. Finally, oral administration of silk peptide stimulated T helper 1-type cytokine expression from splenic lymphocytes. Collectively, our results suggest that silk peptide potentiates NK cell activity in vivo and could be used as a compound for immune-modulating anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Oh
- Worldway Co., Ltd., Sejong 30003, Korea
| | - Hyang-Im Baek
- Healthcare Claims & Management Inc., Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | - Ki-Chan Ha
- Healthcare Claims & Management Inc., Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Application of Food-Grade Proteolytic Enzyme for the Hydrolysis of Regenerated Silk Fibroin from Bombyx mori. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1285823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro biodegradation of Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) was studied using food-grade proteolytic enzymes to replace acid hydrolysis. Based on the residual protein quantity and yield of amino acids (AAs) after enzymatic hydrolysis, we evaluated the proteolytic enzyme process of SF. FoodPro and Alcalase that are classified as alkaline proteases are selected as two of the best candidate enzymes for hydrolysis of SF. The activity of these enzymes exhibits a broad range of pH (6.5 to 9.0) and temperature (50°C to 65°C). The single enzyme treatment of SF using FoodPro exhibited a hydrolytic efficiency of 20–25%, and >2 g/L AAs were released after reaction for 3 h. A 2-stage enzymatic treatment using a combination of FoodPro and Flavourzyme in a sequence for a reaction time of 6 h was developed to enhance the efficiency of the proteolytic process. The yield of AAs and residual protein quantity in the enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from FoodPro-treated regenerated SF in the 1st step was 2,040 ± 23.7 mg/L and 70.6%, respectively. The yield of AAs was > two-fold (4,519 ± 42.1 mg/L), whereas the residual protein quantity decreased to 55.1% after the Flavourzyme treatment (2nd step) compared to those of the single FoodPro treatment. In the mixed treatment by simultaneously using FoodPro and Flavourzyme, approximately 45% of SF was degraded and 4.5 g/L of AAs were released within 3 h of reaction time. The regenerated SF and its enzymatic hydrolysates were characterized by performing UV-visible spectra, gel electrophoresis, and size-exclusion chromatography analyses. In the 2-stage treatment using FoodPro initially and subsequently Flavourzyme, the aggregates and high molecular weight proteins of SF were dissociated and degraded into the low molecular weight proteins/peptides (10–15 kDa and 27 kDa). SF hydrolysates as functional food might be enzymatically produced using the commercial food-grade proteolytic enzymes.
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Xu Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Chen S, Yao W, Gao X. Neuroprotective effects of silk fibroin hydrolysate against Aβ25–35 induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and primary hippocampal neurons by regulating ROS inactivation of PP2A. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Yun SM, Cho JM, Hong KS, Lee DY, Ji SD, Son JG, Kim EH. Gastroprotective effect of mature silkworm, Bombyx mori against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Zheng J, Wang J, Pan H, Wu H, Ren D, Lu J. Effects of IQP, VEP and Spirulina platensis hydrolysates on the local kidney renin angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8485-8492. [PMID: 28944898 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the antihypertensive effects of the bioactive Spirulina platensis peptides Ile‑Gln‑Pro (IQP), Val‑Glu‑Pro (VEP), as well as Spirulina platensis hydrolysates (SH), and assessed whether the synthesis of components of the myocardial and renal local renin angiotensin system (RAS) are regulated differentially in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The SHR were administrated with IQP, VEP and SH respectively (10 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks and received continuous monitoring of blood pressure (BP) for two more weeks. During the trial, the rats' kidney tissues were removed from these rats and collected at weeks 3, 6 and 8. The expression of the main components of local kidney RAS was measured at the mRNA levels by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and at the protein levels by ELISA or western blotting. Oral administration of IQP, VEP and SH into SHR resulted in marked antihypertensive effects. IQP, VEP and SH decreased rats' BP by affecting the expression of local kidney RAS components via downregulating the angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE), Ang II and angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin type‑1 receptor (AT 1), while upregulating ACE2, Ang (1‑7), Mas and AT 2. The comparisons of SH effects on local tissue RAS demonstrated that local kidney RAS regulated BP via the ACE‑Ang II‑AT 1/AT 2 axis and the ACE2‑Ang (1‑7)‑Mas axis primarily at the mRNA level, while the local myocardium RAS mainly at the protein level. This preliminary study suggests that the main components of local RAS presented different expression levels in myocardium and kidney, which is important to the development of bioactive peptides targeting for lowering BP by changing the levels of some components in local RAS in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jingyue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Huanglei Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Difeng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
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Kim KO, Lee Y, Hwang JW, Kim H, Kim SM, Chang SW, Lee HS, Choi YS. Wound healing properties of a 3-D scaffold comprising soluble silkworm gland hydrolysate and human collagen. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:318-26. [PMID: 24503353 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials that serve as scaffolds for cell proliferation and differentiation are increasingly being used in wound repair. In this study, the potential regenerative properties of a 3-D scaffold containing soluble silkworm gland hydrolysate (SSGH) and human collagen were evaluated. The scaffold was generated by solid-liquid phase separation and a freeze-drying method using a homogeneous aqueous solution. The porosity, swelling behavior, protein release, cytotoxicity, and antioxidative properties of scaffolds containing various ratios of SSGH and collagen were evaluated. SSGH/collagen scaffolds had a high porosity of 61-81% and swelling behavior studies demonstrated a 50-75% increase in swelling, along with complete protein release in the presence of phosphate-buffered saline. Cytocompatibility of the SSGH/collagen scaffold was demonstrated using mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord. Furthermore, SSGH/collagen efficiently attenuated oxidative stress-induced cell damage. In an in vivo mouse model of wound healing, the SSGH/collagen scaffold accelerated wound re-epithelialization over a 15-day period. Overall, the microporous SSGH/collagen 3-D scaffold maintained optimal hydration of the exposed tissues and decreased wound healing time. These results contribute to the generation of advanced wound healing materials and may have future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Oh Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Hwang
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woon Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bundang CHA Hospital, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui Sam Lee
- Sericultural & Apicultural Materials Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Choi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Pyo KH, Kim MK, Shin KS, Chun HS, Shin EH. Involvement of Trypsin-Digested Silk Peptides in the Induction of RAW264.7 Macrophage Activation. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of macrophages by trypsin-digested silk peptides was investigated by considering CD11b and CD40 expression in the RAW264.7 cell, a murine macrophage. Silk protein hydrolysates were digested with trypsin, following by centrifugal purification using the Centriprep 30k concentrator. Trypsin-digested total silk peptides and its centrifugal fractions were tested for macrophage activation in vitro. The functional peptide of fractionated silk peptides was examined by LC/MS/MS analysis. Trypsin-digested and fractionated silk peptides of more than 30 kDa induced an increase in the activation markers CD11b and CD40 in RAW264.7 cells. These results are supported by morphological changes reflecting an increase in the number of dendrites in activated cells. The fractionated silk peptides examined by LC/MS/MS contained partial peptides of Bombyx mori fibroin. These results suggest that the activation of RAW264.7 macrophages may be induced not by sericin-derived peptides but by fibroin-derived ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Pyo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ki Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, 443–760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Deparment of food Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung 456-756, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea
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16
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Contreras MDM, Sanchez D, Sevilla MÁ, Recio I, Amigo L. Resistance of casein-derived bioactive peptides to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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In vivo hypotensive and physiological effects of a silk fibroin hydrolysate on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1987-9. [PMID: 23047112 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A silk fibroin hydrolysate (SFH) exhibited a pronounced in vivo blood pressure-lowering effect on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) accompanied with decreases in the plasma angiotensin II, endothelin (ET), TNF-α and NO concentrations. We also observed a markedly decreased LPO level, a parameter of oxidative tissue damage, in the medium- and high-dose SFH-treated groups which was accompanied by an increased SOD level in erythrocytes. Our data suggest ACE inhibition together with an improved antioxidative status as the underlying antihypertensive mechanism for the silk fibroin hydrolysate. Since SFH could markedly lower the blood pressure and improve several physiological parameters involved in the occurrence of hypertension, it could be used as a possible supplement against cardiovascular diseases and as a functional food ingredient.
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18
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Kim DW, Hwang HS, Kim DS, Sheen SH, Heo DH, Hwang G, Kang SH, Kweon H, Jo YY, Kang SW, Lee KG, Park KW, Han KH, Park J, Eum WS, Cho YJ, Choi HC, Choi SY. Effect of silk fibroin peptide derived from silkworm Bombyx mori on the anti-inflammatory effect of Tat-SOD in a mice edema model. BMB Rep 2012; 44:787-92. [PMID: 22189681 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.12.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether silk fibroin peptide derived from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, could inhibit inflammation and enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of Tat-superoxide dismutase (Tat-SOD), which was previously reported to effectively penetrate various cells and tissues and exert anti-oxidative activity in a mouse model of inflammation. Inflammation was induced by topical treatment of mouse ears with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Histological, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction data demonstrated that silk fibroin peptide or Tat-SOD alone could suppress elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by TPA. Moreover, silk fibroin peptide significantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of Tat-SOD, although it had no influence on in vitro and in vivo transduction of Tat-SOD. Silk fibroin peptide exhibited anti- inflammatory activity in a mice model of inflammation. Therefore, silk fibroin peptide alone or in combination with Tat-SOD might be used as a therapeutic agent for various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
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19
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Martínez-Maqueda D, Miralles B, Recio I, Hernández-Ledesma B. Antihypertensive peptides from food proteins: a review. Food Funct 2012; 3:350-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Staljanssens D, Van Camp J, Herregods G, Dhaenens M, Deforce D, Van de Voorde J, Smagghe G. Antihypertensive effect of insect cells: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Peptides 2011; 32:526-30. [PMID: 20800635 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the in vitro ACE inhibitory and in vivo antihypertensive effect of insect cell extracts. The IC(50) of three insect cell lines from different type and insect species origin: S2 (embryo, Drosophila melanogaster), Sf21 (ovary, Spodoptera frugiperda) and Bm5 (ovary, Bombyx mori), were evaluated. Most interesting results were that the IC(50) values ranged between 0.4 and 0.9 mg/ml, and that an extra hydrolysis with gastrointestinal enzymes did not increase the ACE inhibitory activity conspicuously. Finally, a single oral administration with a gavage of 150 mg cell extract/kg BW to spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) significantly decreased (p<0.05) their systolic blood pressure (SBP) with 5-6% (9-12 mmHg) compared to the controls at 6 h post-administration. Here the undigested and digested insect S2 cell extracts were equal in activity to lower the SBP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of in vivo antihypertensive activity of insect cell extracts and this without an extra digestion requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Staljanssens
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Zhou F, Xue Z, Wang J. Antihypertensive effects of silk fibroin hydrolysate by alcalase and purification of an ACE inhibitory dipeptide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6735-6740. [PMID: 20481470 DOI: 10.1021/jf101101r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin, which is normally discarded as an industrial byproduct in clothing plants, was hydrolyzed with alcalase. Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of the silk fibroin hydrolysates (SFH) were investigated, and the hydrolysate with hydrolysis degree of 17% exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity. At the tested 600 mg/kg.d and 1200 mg/kg x d doses, SFH significantly lowered blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after chronic oral administration. SFH was further purified using consecutive chromatographic methods on Sephadex G-15 column and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on an octadecylsilane column. After its purity was confirmed by analytical RP-HPLC and capillary electrophoresis, one ACE inhibitory dipeptide was isolated, and its molecular mass and amino acid sequence were determined as 238.2 Da and Gly-Tyr, respectively, by LC-ESI/MS. The results of this study suggest that silk fibroin byproducts have the possibility to become an effective source for ACE inhibitory peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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22
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Jeong J, Hur W. Even-numbered peptides from a papain hydrolysate of silk fibroin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:836-40. [PMID: 20176517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A protease with broad substrate specificity usually produces a complex peptide mixture. However, even-numbered peptides were obtained at high proportion upon papain hydrolysis of fibroin composed of highly repetitive Ala- and Gly-rich blocks. MALDI-TOF and ESI mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the even-numbered peptides were in the forms of di-, tetra-, hexa-, and octa-peptides with repeating units in combination of Ala-Gly, Ser-Gly, Tyr-Gly, and Val-Gly. Application of tandem mass spectrometry identified the sequences of the tetra-peptides to be in the order of Ala-Gly-X-Gly (X = Tyr or Val). Therefore, the substrate specificity of papain and the unique repetitive sequence of fibroin generated the hydrolysate composed of even number of amino acids at a high percentage. In this work, fibroin hydrolysate was investigated as an example of an end product of protein hydrolysis, which provides a clue to understand the fate of peptides in a protein hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Jeong
- The Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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23
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Enzymatic degradation of fibroin fiber by a fibroinolytic enzyme of Brevibacillus thermoruber YAS-1. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 108:211-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Hong F, Ming L, Yi S, Zhanxia L, Yongquan W, Chi L. The antihypertensive effect of peptides: a novel alternative to drugs? Peptides 2008; 29:1062-71. [PMID: 18384915 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many types of bioactive peptides that inhibit angiotensin I, angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1) in the cardiovascular system contribute to the prevention and treatment of hypertension. These inhibitory peptides are derived from many food proteins or artificial synthetic products. Further research examining the bioavailability of ACE inhibitory peptides will lead to the development of more effective ACE inhibitory peptides and foods. Our research also demonstrates that ACE inhibitory peptide LAP may lower blood pressure with no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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