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Lam P, Vinnakota C, Guzmán BCF, Newland J, Peppercorn K, Tate WP, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Kwakowsky A. Beta-Amyloid (Aβ 1-42) Increases the Expression of NKCC1 in the Mouse Hippocampus. Molecules 2022; 27:2440. [PMID: 35458638 PMCID: PMC9027496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing need for developing disease-modifying treatments as current therapies only provide marginal symptomatic relief. Recent evidence suggests the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system undergoes remodeling in AD, disrupting the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the brain. Altered expression levels of K-Cl-2 (KCC2) and N-K-Cl-1 (NKCC1), which are cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs), have been implicated in disrupting GABAergic activity by regulating GABAA receptor signaling polarity in several neurological disorders, but these have not yet been explored in AD. NKCC1 and KCC2 regulate intracellular chloride [Cl-]i by accumulating and extruding Cl-, respectively. Increased NKCC1 expression in mature neurons has been reported in these disease conditions, and bumetanide, an NKCC1 inhibitor, is suggested to show potential therapeutic benefits. This study used primary mouse hippocampal neurons to explore if KCC2 and NKCC1 expression levels are altered following beta-amyloid (Aβ1-42) treatment and the potential neuroprotective effects of bumetanide. KCC2 and NKCC1 expression levels were also examined in 18-months-old male C57BL/6 mice following bilateral hippocampal Aβ1-42 stereotaxic injection. No change in KCC2 and NKCC1 expression levels were observed in mouse hippocampal neurons treated with 1 nM Aβ1-42, but NKCC1 expression increased 30-days post-Aβ1-42-injection in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus. Primary mouse hippocampal cultures were treated with 1 nM Aβ1-42 alone or with various concentrations of bumetanide (1 µM, 10 µM, 100 µM, 1 mM) to investigate the effect of the drug on cell viability. Aβ1-42 produced 53.1 ± 1.4% cell death after 5 days, and the addition of bumetanide did not reduce this. However, the drug at all concentrations significantly reduced cell viability, suggesting bumetanide is highly neurotoxic. In summary, these results suggest that chronic exposure to Aβ1-42 alters the balance of KCC2 and NKCC1 expression in a region-and layer-specific manner in mouse hippocampal tissue; therefore, this process most likely contributes to altered hippocampal E/I balance in this model. Furthermore, bumetanide induces hippocampal neurotoxicity, thus questioning its suitability for AD therapy. Further investigations are required to examine the effects of Aβ1-42 on KCC2 and NKCC1 expression and whether targeting CCCs might offer a therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lam
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.L.); (C.V.); (B.C.-F.G.); (J.N.); (H.J.W.); (R.L.M.F.)
| | - Chitra Vinnakota
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.L.); (C.V.); (B.C.-F.G.); (J.N.); (H.J.W.); (R.L.M.F.)
| | - Beatriz Calvo-Flores Guzmán
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.L.); (C.V.); (B.C.-F.G.); (J.N.); (H.J.W.); (R.L.M.F.)
| | - Julia Newland
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.L.); (C.V.); (B.C.-F.G.); (J.N.); (H.J.W.); (R.L.M.F.)
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (K.P.); (W.P.T.)
| | - Warren P. Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (K.P.); (W.P.T.)
| | - Henry J. Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.L.); (C.V.); (B.C.-F.G.); (J.N.); (H.J.W.); (R.L.M.F.)
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.L.); (C.V.); (B.C.-F.G.); (J.N.); (H.J.W.); (R.L.M.F.)
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.L.); (C.V.); (B.C.-F.G.); (J.N.); (H.J.W.); (R.L.M.F.)
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
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Wu CH, Dong CD, Kumar Patel A, Rani Singhania R, Yang MJ, Guo HR, Kuo JM. Characterization of waste cell biomass derived glutamate decarboxylase for in vitro γ-aminobutyric acid production and value-addition. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125423. [PMID: 34153863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste biomass of Lactobacillus brevis obtained from in vivo γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production was used for value-addition. This study aims to extract glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and characterize it for in vitro GABA production. Extracted GAD showed an excellent activity for in vitro GABA production. 52 W ultrasonic output was best in crude GAD extraction which was purified by Q HP anion-exchange column followed by Superdex-200 colloid separation column. The molecular weight of the purified GAD was determined to be ~53 kDa, and the Km value for L-glutamic acid was calculated ~7.65 mM. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) acted as the best cofactor for GAD. Optimum temperature and PLP dosing were deferring for crude and purified enzyme forms which respectively exhibited at 45°C, 55°C, 200 µmol and 20 µmol whereas optimum pH was the same at 4.5. GAD finds applications in food industries hence its detailed characterization would be promising for commercial exploitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Wu
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jie Yang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Rong Guo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Min Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
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PRAMAI P, THANASUKARN P, THONGSOOK T, JANNOEY P, CHEN F, JIAMYANGYUEN S. Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) Extracted from Germinated Rice: Enzymatic Properties and Its Application in Soymilk. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:S166-S170. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.s166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phaiwan PRAMAI
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University
| | - Parita THANASUKARN
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University
| | - Tipawan THONGSOOK
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University
| | - Panatda JANNOEY
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University
| | - Feng CHEN
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University
| | - Sudarat JIAMYANGYUEN
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University
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Wu XH, Song JJ, Faull RLM, Waldvogel HJ. GABAAand GABABreceptor subunit localization on neurochemically identified neurons of the human subthalamic nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:803-823. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hua Wu
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Junru Song
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Richard Lewis Maxwell Faull
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Henry John Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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Comparative evaluation of recombinant protein production in different biofactories: the green perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:136419. [PMID: 24745008 PMCID: PMC3972949 DOI: 10.1155/2014/136419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in heterologous systems has increased significantly. Most applications involve complex proteins and glycoproteins that are difficult to produce, thus promoting the development and improvement of a wide range of production platforms. No individual system is optimal for the production of all recombinant proteins, so the diversity of platforms based on plants offers a significant advantage. Here, we discuss the production of four recombinant pharmaceutical proteins using different platforms, highlighting from these examples the unique advantages of plant-based systems over traditional fermenter-based expression platforms.
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Wang L, Xu DX, Lv YG, Zhang H. Purification and biochemical characterisation of a novel glutamate decarboxylase from rice bran. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1027-1033. [PMID: 20355143 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is a useful enzyme whose main function is to catalyse the irreversible alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamate to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid. The cheap and abundant rice-processing by-product rice bran contains a high amount of GAD, the purification and characterisation of which have not yet been reported. In this study, research on rice bran GAD was initiated. RESULTS Rice bran GAD was purified to homogeneity via a combined purification protocol of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and two gel filtrations, with a purification fold of 128.6 and an activity recovery of 21.3%. The enzyme was active at pH 5.5 and 40 degrees C and retained 80% of its original activity in the pH range 5-9 and the temperature range 30-50 degrees C. GAD activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of Ca2+ but strongly inhibited by Ag+, Hg2+, sodium dodecyl sulfate and CH3COOH. Kinetic determination of the apparent K(m) for L-glutamate and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate gave values of 27.4 mmol L(-1) and 1.16 micromol L(-1) respectively. CONCLUSION Considering that rice bran is cheap and commercially available and that rice bran GAD is relatively stable, the development of cost-effective rice bran GAD-related functional foods would seem to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology & School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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