1
|
Takahashi M, Kumari P, Li C, Mikami K. Low temperature causes discoloration by repressing growth and nitrogen transporter gene expression in the edible red alga Pyropia yezoensis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 159:105004. [PMID: 32662437 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reduced availability of nitrogen sources in seawater leads to discoloration of the edible red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis and induces the expression of genes encoding ammonium, nitrate and urea transporters. In the present study, we demonstrate that low temperatures can also cause discoloration of this economically important seaweed. Thus, we addressed regulatory mechanisms of cold-inducible discoloration. When P. yezoensis thalli were incubated at 0, 5 and 10°C, the thalli exhibited retarded growth and discoloration, along with reduced phycoerythrin contents. Fertilization with nitrogen sources did not recover this discoloration at 0°C, suggesting that defects in nitrogen absorption cause low temperature-induced discoloration. The expression levels of many nitrogen transporter genes were reduced at low temperature. We propose that low temperature-mediated repression of ammonium, nitrate and urea transporter gene expression promotes the reduced absorption of nitrogen sources in P. yezoensis, thereby leading to discoloration. This process is different from the well-known mechanism underlying discoloration in P. yezoensis under nitrogen-deficient conditions at normal culture temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumu Takahashi
- Faculty of Bio-Industry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Puja Kumari
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, 041-0821, Japan
| | - Chengze Li
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, 041-0821, Japan
| | - Koji Mikami
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, 041-0821, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nadel O, Rozenberg A, Flores-Uribe J, Larom S, Schwarz R, Béjà O. An uncultured marine cyanophage encodes an active phycobilisome proteolysis adaptor protein NblA. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:848-854. [PMID: 31600852 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phycobilisomes (PBS) are large water-soluble membrane-associated complexes in cyanobacteria and some chloroplasts that serve as light-harvesting antennae for the photosynthetic apparatus. When deplete of nitrogen or sulphur, cyanobacteria readily degrade their phycobilisomes allowing the cell to replenish these vanishing nutrients. The key regulator in the degradation process is NblA, a small protein (∼6 kDa), which recruits proteases to the PBS. It was discovered previously that not only do cyanobacteria possess nblA genes but also that they are encoded by genomes of some freshwater cyanophages. A recent study, using assemblies from oceanic metagenomes, revealed genomes of a novel uncultured marine cyanophage lineage, representatives of which contain genes coding for the PBS degradation protein. Here, we examined the functionality of nblA-like genes from these marine cyanophages by testing them in a freshwater model cyanobacterial nblA knockout. One of the viral NblA variants could complement the non-bleaching phenotype and restore PBS degradation. Our findings reveal a functional NblA from a novel marine cyanophage lineage. Furthermore, we shed new light on the distribution of nblA genes in cyanobacteria and cyanophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nadel
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Andrey Rozenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - José Flores-Uribe
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Shirley Larom
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Rakefet Schwarz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Oded Béjà
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Forchhammer K, Schwarz R. Nitrogen chlorosis in unicellular cyanobacteria – a developmental program for surviving nitrogen deprivation. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:1173-1184. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Forchhammer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Rakefet Schwarz
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life SciencesBar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan 5290002 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Levi M, Sendersky E, Schwarz R. Decomposition of cyanobacterial light harvesting complexes: NblA-dependent role of the bilin lyase homolog NblB. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:813-821. [PMID: 29575252 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phycobilisomes, the macromolecular light harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria are degraded under nutrient-limiting conditions. This crucial response is required to adjust light excitation to the metabolic status and avoid damage by excess excitation. Phycobilisomes are comprised of phycobiliproteins, apo-proteins that covalently bind bilin chromophores. In the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, the phycobiliproteins allophycocyanin and phycocyanin comprise the core and the rods of the phycobilisome, respectively. Previously, NblB was identified as an essential component required for phycocyanin degradation under nutrient starvation. This protein is homologous to bilin-lyases, enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of bilins to apo-proteins. However, the nblB-inactivated strain is not impaired in phycobiliprotein synthesis, but rather is characterized by aberrant phycocyanin degradation. Here, using a phycocyanin-deficient strain, we demonstrate that NblB is required for degradation of the core pigment, allophycocyanin. Furthermore, we show that the protein NblB is expressed under nutrient sufficient conditions, but during nitrogen starvation its level decreases about two-fold. This finding is in contrast to an additional component essential for degradation, NblA, the expression of which is highly induced under starvation. We further identified NblB residues required for phycocyanin degradation in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate phycocyanin degradation in a cell-free system, thereby providing support for the suggestion that NblB directly mediates pigment degradation by chromophore detachment. The dependence of NblB function on NblA revealed using this system, together with the results indicating presence of NblB under nutrient sufficient conditions, suggests a rapid mechanism for induction of pigment degradation, which requires only the expression of NblA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mali Levi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eleonora Sendersky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Rakefet Schwarz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao LS, Su HN, Li K, Xie BB, Liu LN, Zhang XY, Chen XL, Huang F, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ. Supramolecular architecture of photosynthetic membrane in red algae in response to nitrogen starvation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1751-1758. [PMID: 27528560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The availability of nitrogen is one of the most important determinants that can limit the growth of photosynthetic organisms including plants and algae; however, direct observations on the supramolecular architecture of photosynthetic membranes in response to nitrogen stress are still lacking. Red algae are an important evolutionary group of algae which contain phycobilisomes (PBSs) on their thylakoid membranes, as do cyanobacteria. PBSs function not only as light-harvesting antennae but also as nitrogen storage. In this report, alterations of the supramolecular architecture of thylakoid membranes from red alga Porphyridium cruentum during nitrogen starvation were characterized. The morphology of the intact thylakoid membrane was observed to be round vesicles. Thylakoid membranes were reduced in content and PBSs were degraded during nitrogen starvation. The size and density of PBSs were both found to be reduced. PBS size decreased by less than one-half after 20days of nitrogen starvation, but their hemispherical morphology was retained. The density of PBSs on thylakoid membranes was more seriously affected as time proceeded. Upon re-addition of nitrogen led to increasing of PBSs on thylakoid membranes. This work reports the first direct observation on alterations in the supramolecular architecture of thylakoid membranes from a photosynthetic organism in response to nitrogen stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hai-Nan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xi-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bai-Cheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sendersky E, Kozer N, Levi M, Moizik M, Garini Y, Shav-Tal Y, Schwarz R. The proteolysis adaptor, NblA, is essential for degradation of the core pigment of the cyanobacterial light-harvesting complex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:845-852. [PMID: 26173720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial light-harvesting complex, the phycobilisome, is degraded under nutrient limitation, allowing the cell to adjust light absorbance to its metabolic capacity. This large light-harvesting antenna comprises a core complex of the pigment allophycocyanin, and rod-shaped pigment assemblies emanating from the core. NblA, a low-molecular-weight protein, is essential for degradation of the phycobilisome. NblA mutants exhibit high absorbance of rod pigments under conditions that generally elicit phycobilisome degradation, implicating NblA in degradation of these pigments. However, the vast abundance of rod pigments and the substantial overlap between the absorbance spectra of rod and core pigments has made it difficult to directly associate NblA with proteolysis of the phycobilisome core. Furthermore, lack of allophycocyanin degradation in an NblA mutant may reflect a requirement for rod degradation preceding core degradation, and does not prove direct involvement of NblA in proteolysis of the core pigment. Therefore, in this study, we used a mutant lacking phycocyanin, the rod pigment of Synechococcus elongatusPCC7942, to examine whether NblA is required for allophycocyanin degradation. We demonstrate that NblA is essential for degradation of the core complex of the phycobilisome. Furthermore, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy provided in situ evidence for the interaction of NblA with allophycocyanin, and indicated that NblA interacts with allophycocyanin complexes that are associated with the photosynthetic membranes. Based on these data, as well as previous observations indicating interaction of NblA with phycobilisomes attached to the photosynthetic membranes, we suggest a model for sequential phycobilisome disassembly by NblA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Sendersky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Noga Kozer
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Mali Levi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Michael Moizik
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Yuval Garini
- Physics Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Yaron Shav-Tal
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Rakefet Schwarz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sendersky E, Kozer N, Levi M, Garini Y, Shav-Tal Y, Schwarz R. The proteolysis adaptor, NblA, initiates protein pigment degradation by interacting with the cyanobacterial light-harvesting complexes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:118-126. [PMID: 24798071 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the cyanobacterial protein pigment complexes, the phycobilisomes, is a central acclimation response that controls light energy capture. The small protein, NblA, is essential for proteolysis of these large complexes, which may reach a molecular mass of up to 4 MDa. Interactions of NblA in vitro supported the suggestion that NblA is a proteolysis adaptor that labels the pigment proteins for degradation. The mode of operation of NblA in situ, however, remained unresolved. Particularly, it was unclear whether NblA interacts with phycobilisome proteins while part of the large complex, or alternatively interaction with NblA, necessitates dissociation of pigment subunits from the assembly. Fluorescence intensity profiles demonstrated the preferential presence of NblA::GFP (green fluorescent protein) at the photosynthetic membranes, indicating co-localization with phycobilisomes. Furthermore, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy provided in situ evidence for interaction of NblA with phycobilisome protein pigments. Additionally, we demonstrated the role of NblA in vivo as a proteolysis tag based on the rapid degradation of the fusion protein NblA::GFP compared with free GFP. Taken together, these observations demonstrated in vivo the role of NblA as a proteolysis adaptor. Additionally, the interaction of NblA with phycobilisomes indicates that the dissociation of protein pigment subunits from the large complex is not a prerequisite for interaction with this adaptor and, furthermore, implicates NblA in the disassembly of the protein pigment complex. Thus, we suggest that, in the case of proteolysis of the phycobilisome, the adaptor serves a dual function: undermining the complex stability and designating the dissociated pigments for degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Sendersky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fujii G, Imamura S, Hanaoka M, Tanaka K. Nuclear-encoded chloroplast RNA polymerase sigma factor SIG2 activates chloroplast-encoded phycobilisome genes in a red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3354-9. [PMID: 24036445 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The phycobilisome (PBS) is a photosynthetic light-harvesting complex in red algae, whose structural genes are separately encoded by both the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. While the expression of PBS genes in both genomes is responsive to environmental changes to modulate light-harvesting efficiency, little is known about how gene expression of the two genomes is coordinated. In this study, we focused on the four nuclear-encoded chloroplast sigma factors to understand aspects of this coordination, and found that SIG2 directs the expression of chloroplast PBS genes in the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Fujii
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-29 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakamura Y, Sasaki N, Kobayashi M, Ojima N, Yasuike M, Shigenobu Y, Satomi M, Fukuma Y, Shiwaku K, Tsujimoto A, Kobayashi T, Nakayama I, Ito F, Nakajima K, Sano M, Wada T, Kuhara S, Inouye K, Gojobori T, Ikeo K. The first symbiont-free genome sequence of marine red alga, Susabi-nori (Pyropia yezoensis). PLoS One 2013; 8:e57122. [PMID: 23536760 PMCID: PMC3594237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nori, a marine red alga, is one of the most profitable mariculture crops in the world. However, the biological properties of this macroalga are poorly understood at the molecular level. In this study, we determined the draft genome sequence of susabi-nori (Pyropia yezoensis) using next-generation sequencing platforms. For sequencing, thalli of P. yezoensis were washed to remove bacteria attached on the cell surface and enzymatically prepared as purified protoplasts. The assembled contig size of the P. yezoensis nuclear genome was approximately 43 megabases (Mb), which is an order of magnitude smaller than the previously estimated genome size. A total of 10,327 gene models were predicted and about 60% of the genes validated lack introns and the other genes have shorter introns compared to large-genome algae, which is consistent with the compact size of the P. yezoensis genome. A sequence homology search showed that 3,611 genes (35%) are functionally unknown and only 2,069 gene groups are in common with those of the unicellular red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. As color trait determinants of red algae, light-harvesting genes involved in the phycobilisome were predicted from the P. yezoensis nuclear genome. In particular, we found a second homolog of phycobilisome-degradation gene, which is usually chloroplast-encoded, possibly providing a novel target for color fading of susabi-nori in aquaculture. These findings shed light on unexplained features of macroalgal genes and genomes, and suggest that the genome of P. yezoensis is a promising model genome of marine red algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Nakamura
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (YN); (TG)
| | - Naobumi Sasaki
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kobayashi
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ojima
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motoshige Yasuike
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuya Shigenobu
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Satomi
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Koji Shiwaku
- Hitachi Solutions, Ltd., Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ichiro Nakayama
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuminari Ito
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakajima
- Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Chuou-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tokio Wada
- Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuhara
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Gojobori
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YN); (TG)
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Su HN, Xie BB, Zhang XY, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ. The supramolecular architecture, function, and regulation of thylakoid membranes in red algae: an overview. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 106:73-87. [PMID: 20521115 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Red algae are a group of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. Phycobilisomes (PBSs), which are composed of various types of phycobiliproteins and linker polypeptides, are the main light-harvesting antennae in red algae, as in cyanobacteria. Two morphological types of PBSs, hemispherical- and hemidiscoidal-shaped, are found in different red algae species. PBSs harvest solar energy and efficiently transfer it to photosystem II (PS II) and finally to photosystem I (PS I). The PS I of red algae uses light-harvesting complex of PS I (LHC I) as a light-harvesting antennae, which is phylogenetically related to the LHC I found in higher plants. PBSs, PS II, and PS I are all distributed throughout the entire thylakoid membrane, a pattern that is different from the one found in higher plants. Photosynthesis processes, especially those of the light reactions, are carried out by the supramolecular complexes located in/on the thylakoid membranes. Here, the supramolecular architecture, function and regulation of thylakoid membranes in red algal are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Nan Su
- The State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|