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Design, synthesis, in vitro, in silico, and SAR studies of flavone analogs towards anti-dengue activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21646. [PMID: 36517573 PMCID: PMC9751290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavone has recently been proved as a promising scaffold for the development of a novel drug against dengue fever, one of the major health threats globally. However, the structure-activity relationship study of flavones on the anti-dengue activity remains mostly limited to the natural-occuring analogs. Herein, 27 flavone analogs were successfully synthesized, of which 5 analogs (5e, 5h, 5o, 5q, and 5r) were novel. In total, 33 analogs bearing a diverse range of substituents were evaluated for their efficacy against DENV2-infected LLC/MK2 cells. The introduction of electron-withdrawing groups on ring B such as Br (5m) or NO2 (5n and 5q) enhanced the activity significantly. In particular, the tri-ester 5d and di-ester 5e exhibited low toxicity against normal cell, and exceptional DENV2 inhibition with the EC50 as low as 70 and 68 nM, respectively, which is over 300-fold more active compared to the original baicalein reference. The viral targets for these potent flavone analogs were predicted to be NS5 MTase and NS5 RdRp, as suggested by the likelihood ratios from the molecular docking study. The great binding interaction energy of 8-bromobaicalein (5f) confirms the anti-dengue activity at atomistic level. The physicochemical property of all the synthetic flavone analogs in this study were predicted to be within the acceptable range. Moreover, the QSAR model showed the strong correlation between the anti-dengue activity and the selected molecular descriptors. This study emphasizes the great potential of flavone as a core structure for further development as a novel anti-dengue agent in the future.
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Toxicity profile of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. fruits extract in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Biochemical Constituents of Phaleria macrocarpa (Leaf) Methanolic Extract Inhibit ROS Production in SH-SY5Y Cells Model. Biochem Res Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2640873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Reactive oxygen species generation in mammalian cells profoundly affects several critical cellular functions, and the lack of efficient cellular detoxification mechanisms which remove these radicals may lead to several human diseases. Several studies show that ROS is incriminated as destructive agents in the context of the nervous system especially with advance in age leading to neurodegeneration. Current treatments of this disease are not effective and result in several side effects. Thus, the search for alternative medicines is in high demand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the reactive oxygen inhibitory effect of Phaleria macrocarpa 80% (leaf) extract. Methods. The leaf was extracted with 80% methanol. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and ROS inhibitory activities were evaluated using dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay in the SH-SY5Y cells model. Results. The result revealed ROS inhibitory activities of the crude extract with highly significant differences at
between the group that were treated with crude extract only, the group treated with crude extract and exposed to H2O2, and the group exposed to H2O2 only as well as the group that were maintained in complete media. Bioactive compounds show the presence of vitexin and isovitexin following the HPLC method. Conclusion. High antioxidant activities and low toxicity effect of this crude revealed its high benefit to be used as natural medicine/supplements.
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Osman AG, Ali Z, Fantoukh O, Raman V, Kamdem RST, Khan I. Glycosides of ursane-type triterpenoid, benzophenone, and iridoid from Vangueria agrestis ( Fadogia agrestis) and their anti-infective activities. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:683-691. [PMID: 30325205 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1497031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Four ursane-type triterpenoid glycosides (1-4), two benzophenone glycosides (5 and 6), and one iridoid glucoside (7) were isolated and characterized from the dried roots of Vangueria agrestis. Compounds 1 (3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl]pomolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester) and 5 (2-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-6,4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone) were found to be new metabolites. The identity of all compounds has been accomplished, primarily, based on 1 D and 2 D NMR and HRESMS analysis. Compounds 6 and 2, showed inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei with IC50 22.3 µM for 6 and IC50 11.1 µM, IC90 12.3 µM for 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Galal Osman
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Omer Fantoukh
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Vijayasankar Raman
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ramsay S T Kamdem
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ikhlas Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
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Pan J, Yi X, Wang Y, Chen G, He X. Benzophenones from Mango Leaves Exhibit α-Glucosidase and NO Inhibitory Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7475-7480. [PMID: 27643634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a succulent tropical fruit. Bioactive phytochemical investigation has been carried out to the leaves of mango. Three new benzophenone glycosides, along with 14 known compounds, were purified and identified. The novel benzophenones were elucidated to be 2,4,4',6-tetrahydroxy-3'-methoxybenzophenone-3-C-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), 4,4',6-trihydroxybenzophenone-2-O-α-l-arabinofuranoside (7), and 4',6-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-(2″),3-C-(1″)-1″-desoxy-α-l-fructofuranoside (11). The α-glucosidase inhibitory, NO production inhibitory, and antioxidant activities were assessed for the purified benzophenones and triterpenoids. Some benzophenones showed moderate α-glucosidase and NO inhibitory activities. The IC50 value of the α-glucosidase inhibitory of isolated compounds 1, 13, and 14 were 284.93 ± 20.29, 239.60 ± 25.00, and 297.37 ± 8.12 μM, respectively. Most compounds showed moderate effects to reduce the NO content in 50 and 100 μM. The above results of bioactivity powerfully demonstrated the phytochemicals from mango, especially benzophenones, probably partially rational for its antidiabetes and anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , 280 East Outer Ring Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaomin Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , 280 East Outer Ring Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , 280 East Outer Ring Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guisi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , 280 East Outer Ring Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiangjiu He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , 280 East Outer Ring Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, State Administration of TCM , Guangzhou 510006, China
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Hashimoto M, Yoshida T, Hashidoko Y. Synthesis of Benzophenone and Phenylazide Derivatives of Salicin for Functional Analysis of the Bitter Taste Receptor Using Photoaffinity Labeling. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-s(t)4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Antioxidants, phytochemicals, and cytotoxicity studies on Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl seeds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:410184. [PMID: 24818141 PMCID: PMC3985173 DOI: 10.1155/2014/410184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the utilization of certain medicinal plants as therapeutic agents has drastically increased. Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is frequently used in traditional medicine. The present investigation was undertaken with the purpose of developing pharmacopoeial standards for this species. Nutritional values such as ash, fiber, protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents were investigated, and phytochemical screenings with different reagents showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponin glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. Our results also revealed that the water fraction had the highest antioxidant activity compared to the methanol extract and other fractions. The methanol and the fractionated extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water) of P. macrocarpa seeds were also investigated for their cytotoxic effects on selected human cancer cells lines (MCF-7, HT-29, MDA-MB231, Ca Ski, and SKOV-3) and a normal human fibroblast lung cell line (MRC-5). Information from this study can be applied for future pharmacological and therapeutic evaluations of the species, and may assist in the standardization for quality, purity, and sample identification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the phytochemical screening and cytotoxic effect of the crude and fractionated extracts of P. macrocarpa seeds on selected cells lines.
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Altaf R, Asmawi MZB, Dewa A, Sadikun A, Umar MI. Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. extracts. Pharmacogn Rev 2013. [PMID: 23922460 DOI: 10.4103/0973–7847.112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phaleria macrocarpa, commonly known as Mahkota dewa is a medicinal plant that is indigenous to Indonesia and Malaysia. Extracts of P. macrocarpa have been used since years in traditional medicine that are evaluated scientifically as well. The extracts are reported for a number of valuable medicinal properties such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant and vasorelaxant effect. The constituents isolated from different parts of P. macrocarpa include Phalerin, gallic acid, Icaricide C, magniferin, mahkoside A, dodecanoic acid, palmitic acid, des-acetylflavicordin-A, flavicordin-A, flavicordin-D, flavicordin-A glucoside, ethyl stearate, lignans, alkaloids andsaponins. The present review is an up-to-date summary of occurrence, botanical description, ethnopharmacology, bioactivity and toxicological studies related to P. macrocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Altaf
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Altaf R, Asmawi MZB, Dewa A, Sadikun A, Umar MI. Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. extracts. Pharmacogn Rev 2013; 7:73-80. [PMID: 23922460 PMCID: PMC3731883 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phaleria macrocarpa, commonly known as Mahkota dewa is a medicinal plant that is indigenous to Indonesia and Malaysia. Extracts of P. macrocarpa have been used since years in traditional medicine that are evaluated scientifically as well. The extracts are reported for a number of valuable medicinal properties such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant and vasorelaxant effect. The constituents isolated from different parts of P. macrocarpa include Phalerin, gallic acid, Icaricide C, magniferin, mahkoside A, dodecanoic acid, palmitic acid, des-acetylflavicordin-A, flavicordin-A, flavicordin-D, flavicordin-A glucoside, ethyl stearate, lignans, alkaloids andsaponins. The present review is an up-to-date summary of occurrence, botanical description, ethnopharmacology, bioactivity and toxicological studies related to P. macrocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Altaf
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Liu Q, Guo T, Li W, Li D, Feng Z. Synthesis and Evaluation of BenzophenoneO-Glycosides as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:771-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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